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1.
Int. j. morphol ; 38(4): 815-819, Aug. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1124859

ABSTRACT

The skull is a reliable structure for determining the sex of an adult individual; it is generally resistant in adverse conditions, allowing it to be used for the analysis of sexual dimorphism. In the present study we analysed 10 non-metric characteristics of skulls of Brazilian adult individuals in order to: Determine the strength of association between sex and the morphological characteristics of the skull, the morphological characteristic(s) with greatest diagnostic influence for sex, and analyse whether the morphological characteristics of the skull predict sex. The study included 179 macerated skulls of Brazilian adults, (69 female, 110 male). The sex of all the skulls included was identified. The investigators were calibrated prior to analysis and all the evaluations were carried out under blinding. Pearson's Chi-squared test was used. The sensitivity and specificity were analysed and a ROC curve was constructed. Binary logistic regression was carried out. The SPSS v.22 software was used, with a significance threshold of 5 %. All the characteristics analysed presented statistically significant differences (p<0.05). The frontal profile, the superciliary arch and the glabella presented the greatest sensitivity, best balance between sensitivity and specificity and greatest area under curve. The regression model with the frontal profile, superciliary arch and mastoid process was significant [X2(2) = 115,728 p=0.000, R2 Negelkerke=0.657], and presented correct sex classification in 90 % of cases (Males: 87.4 %; Females: 83.1 %). In unknown individuals for whom the skull is present, non-metric analysis of the frontal profile, superciliary arch, mastoid process and glabella can be used as instruments for sex identification.


El cráneo es una estructura confiable para la determinación sexual de un individuo adulto y suele ser resistente en condiciones adversas, por lo que puede ser utilizado para el análisis del dimorfismo sexual. En el presente estudio analizamos 10 características no métricas de cráneos de individuos brasileños adultos a fin de determinar la fuerza de asociación entre el sexo y características morfológicas del cráneo; determinar la(s) característica(s) morfológica(s) con mejor poder para diagnosticar el sexo; y analizar si las características morfológicas del cráneo son previsoras del sexo. Fueron incluidos 179 cráneos macerados de brasileños adultos, (69 femeninos, 110 masculinos). Todos los cráneos incluidos presentaban identificación de sexo. Los investigadores fueron previamente calibrados y todas las evaluaciones fueron realizadas de forma ciega. Se utilizó la prueba de Chicuadrado de Pearson. Se analizó la sensibilidad y especificidad y se construyó una curva ROC. Se realizó regresión logística binaria. Se utilizó el software SPSS v.22, considerando umbral de significación de 5 %. Todas las características analizadas presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas (p<0,05). El perfil frontal, el arco superciliar y la glabela fueron las características que presentaron mayor sensibilidad, mejor equilibrio sensibilidad/especificidad y mayor area under curve. El modelo de regresión con el perfil frontal, arco superciliar y proceso mastoides fue significativo [X2(2) = 115,728 p=0.000, R2 Negelkerke=0,657], y presentó una clasificación sexual correcta de 90 % (Males; 87,4 %; Females: 83,1 %). En individuos desconocidos en los cuales esté presente el cráneo, el análisis no-métrico del perfil frontal, del arco superciliar, del proceso mastoides y de la glabela pueden ser utilizados como herramienta para identificación sexual.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Skull/anatomy & histology , Sex Determination by Skeleton/methods , Brazil , Logistic Models , Predictive Value of Tests , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and Specificity
2.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-175338

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Sphenoid sinus is the most inaccessible paranasal sinus, enclosed within the sphenoid bone and intimately related to numerous vital neural and vascular structures.The internal structure of the sphenoidal sinus varies greatly in different skulls and on opposite sides of the same skull, and the great differences observed may be responsible for the total lack of any previous attempt to determine the arrangement and significance of the ridges and septa which are frequently found therein. Objective : To study the sphenoid air sinus anatomy in detail in relation to its Morphology and Pneumatization. Material and Methods: 80 macerated skulls (Males=48, Females=32) of age group 40-60 yrs are cleaned and subjected to 3D axial multislider CT scan. Axial and coronal images of slice thickness of 4mm were obtained. sphenoid sinus symmetry and pneumatisation was observed and classified. To obtain proper evaluation of the neighboring structures and their relation to the sphenoid sinus, 2-mm contiguous slice thickness will be used from anterior to posterior sphenoid sinus. Results: The present study showed symmetry in 56 skulls( 70%) , asymmetry in 18 skulls(22.5%) and presence of transverse septa in 6 skulls (7.5%). The sellar type of pneumatisation in 68 skulls (85%), presellar type in 8(10%) and post sellar type in 4 skulls (5%). Conclusion: This study will prove invaluable in the trans-sphenoidal approach to the pituitary as this technique needs thorough understanding of the pituitary fossa and surrounding structures.

3.
Int. j. morphol ; 30(2): 399-404, jun. 2012. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-651803

ABSTRACT

The transcondylar approach (TA) has been used in surgeries to access lesions in areas close to the foramen magnum (FM) and is performed directly through the occipital condyle (OC) or through the atlanto-occipital joint and adjacent portions of the same. The objective of this study is to examine anatomical variations related to the TA by morphometric parameters of the FM, OC and of the hypoglossal canal (HC) in dry skulls and in computed tomography (CT). In 111 skulls, characteristics of the HC, and measures related to the FM, the HC and to the OC were examined. In CT, the measurements obtained bilaterally in 10 patients who underwent examination of the skull base in 1 mm-thick axial helical cuts were the distances from the outer half of the clivus to the opening of the HC; from the lower portion of the OC to the middle of HC; from the inner half of the clivus to the intracranial opening of the HC and to the midpoint of the HC; from the HC extracranial opening to the lower portion of the OC and to the outer half of the clivus. The results of CT measurements are consistent to previous studies of morphometric variations related to the TA, with no significant difference between the measurements obtained in the right and in the left sides, or related to gender. The data obtained by three-dimensional CT images are important in assessing the morphometric variations of pre-surgical patientsof TA.


El acceso transcondilar (AT)ha sido utilizado comoun procedimiento quirúrgico para lesiones cercanas al foramen magnum(FM)y se realizadirectamente a través delcóndilooccipital (CO)o por medio delas porciones atlanto-occipitalconjuntay adyacentesde lamisma.El objetivo del presenteestudio fue examinarlas variaciones anatómicas relacionadas con el AT mediantelos parámetros morfométricos del FM, CO y el canal delhipogloso (CH) en cráneossecos y tomografía computadorizada (CT). En 111 cráneos fueron examinadas las característicasdel CH y tomadas medidas relacionadas con el FM, CO y CH. En la CT, las mediciones se obtuvieron de forma bilateral en10 pacientes que se sometieron a exámen de la base del cráneo en corte axial helicoidal de 1mm de espesor. Las medidas tomadas fueron las distancias: de la mitad exterior del clivus a la apertura del CH; de la parte inferior de las emisiones de CO a la mitad del CH; de la mitad interna del clivus a la apertura intracraneal del CH y hasta el punto medio del CH; de la apertura extracraneal del CH a la parte inferior de las emisiones de CO y hasta la mitad exterior del clivus. Los resultados de las mediciones de CT son consistentes con estudios prévios de los cambios morfométricos en relación con AT, sin diferencia significativa entre las mediciones obtenidas en el lado derecho e izquierdo y ni en relación con el sexo. Los datos obtenidos a través de imágenes en tres dimensiones de CT son importantes para evaluarlas variaciones morfométricas de pre-quirúrgicos en el AT.


Subject(s)
Female , Mandibular Condyle/anatomy & histology , Foramen Magnum/anatomy & histology , Cephalometry , Mandibular Condyle , Foramen Magnum , Tomography, X-Ray Computed
4.
Int. j. morphol ; 27(3): 643-648, sept. 2009. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-598917

ABSTRACT

Del cráneo humano se obtienen datos métricos para el diagnóstico de sexo, edad y afinidad racial. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar, por medio de dimensiones lineales faciales y craneales, una función discriminante e identificar aquellas dimensiones más útiles, para predecir el color de piel a partir de cráneos. Se analizaron 208 cráneos de la colección de la Universidade Federal de São Paulo, pertenecientes a individuos con afinidad racial para blanco, negro y mulato, de acuerdo al registro. Se determinaron las siguientes dimensiones: Biéurica, Glabela-Opistocráneo, Basion- Bregma, Nasion- Prostion, Bicigomática, ancho máximo de la apertura piriforme y la distancia Nasion-Espinal. Se realizó un análisis estadístico con ANOVA de un factor, test de Bonferroni y Schaffe y se calculó la función discriminante. Sólo el ancho máximo de la apertura piriforme presentó diferencias estadísticas en los grupos según color de piel. Al análisis por sexo, al grupo de cráneos masculinos se agregó la longitud Nasión ­ Prostión. La función discriminante construida con el ancho máximo de la apertura piriforme, sólo permitió clasificar correctamente el 53,8 por ciento de los cráneos. La función discriminante calculada en esta muestra tiene una limitada utilidad y se hace necesario el análisis de otras dimensiones para población brasilera.


Starting from human skulls, metric data are obtained for the sex diagnosis, age and racial affinity. The purpose of this study was to determine, by means of facial and cranial lineal dimensions, a discriminant function and to identify those more useful dimensions to predict the skin color starting from skulls. 208 skulls of the collection of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo were analyzed, belonging to individuals with racial affinity for white, black and mulatto, according to the registration. The following dimensions were determined: Right Eurion- left Eurion, Glabella-Opisthocranion, Basion - Bregma, Nasion - Prosthion, Bizigomatic, Maximum width of the Piriform Aperture and the Nasion-Spinal distance. It was carried out a statistical analysis with ANOVA one way, Bonferroni and Schaffe test and the discriminant function was calculated. The maximum width of the piriform aperture only presented statistical differences in the groups according to skin color. To the analysis for sex, to the group of males skulls the Nasion ¡ Prostión dimension was added. The discriminant function built with the maximum width of the piriform aperture, only allowed to classify 53,8 percent of the skulls correctly. The discriminant function calculated in this sample has a limited utility and it becomes necessary the analysis of other dimensions for Brazilian population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Face/anatomy & histology , Face/physiology , Discriminant Analysis , Racial Groups/ethnology , Biometry/methods , Cephalometry/methods
5.
Int. j. morphol ; 27(2): 327-331, June 2009. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-563077

ABSTRACT

The sex determination of human skeletons is important in forensic and anthropological research. It can be carried out through qualitative or quantitative analysis of morphological parameters of dimorphism. The shape of the piriform aperture is one of the classic indicators of sexual dimorphism since it describes differences between males and females according to strong population-specific behavior. The purpose of this study was to analyze the presence of sexual dimorphism in the size of the piriform aperture and its relationship with individual skin color. We used 90 human skulls from the Collection of the Federal Universidad de São Paulo (UNIFESP), with registered data on sex, age and skin color (classified as white, black and brown). The dimensions studied were: height, upper width and lower width of piriform aperture. All dimensions were greater in males than females, however, only the piriform aperture height was found to be significant with p <0.01. By analyzing differences and grouping them according skin color, the piriform aperture height was found to be significantly higher (p <0.05) in white, black and brown males. In the group of black individuals skulls, we found significant differences in the upper width (p <0.05). The main differences, related to the piriform aperture height and the low influence of skin color in the presence of sexual dimorphism in the piriform aperture size, are in contrast with what has been reported in the literature and justify the revision of the classic indicators used for diagnosis of sex in specific populations.


El diagnóstico del sexo a partir de osamentas humanas es importante en investigación antropológica y forense, éste puede ser realizado mediante análisis cualitativos o cuantitativos de parámetros morfológicos de dimorfismo. La forma de la apertura piriforme es uno de los indicadores clásicos de dimorfismo sexual, a partir de ella se han descrito diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en sus dimensiones, con un fuerte comportamiento población-específico. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la presencia de dimorfismo sexual en las dimensiones de la apertura piriforme y su relación con el color de piel de los individuos. Se utilizaron 90 cráneos humanos de la Colección de la Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), con registro de sexo, edad y color de piel (clasificadas en blanco, negro y pardo). Las dimensiones analizadas fueron: altura, ancho superior e inferior de la apertura piriforme. Todas las dimensiones resultaron mayores en hombres que en mujeres, sin embargo, sólo la altura de la apertura piriforme resultó ser significativa con p<0.01. Al analizar las diferencias agrupándolas por color de piel, obtuvimos que la altura de la apertura piriforme resultó ser mayor y significativa (p<0.05) en hombres blancos, negros y pardos. En el grupo de cráneos de individuos negros, además, encontramos diferencias significativas en el ancho superior (p<0.05). Las principales diferencias encontradas, referidas a la altura de la apertura piriforme, y la baja influencia del color de piel en la presencia de dimorfismo sexual en las dimensiones de la apertura piriforme, contrastan con lo reportado en la literatura y justifican la revisión de los indicadores clásicos utilizados para el diagnóstico del sexo en poblaciones específicas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Female , Skull/anatomy & histology , Skull/growth & development , Skull/ultrastructure , Sex Characteristics , Brazil/ethnology , Cranial Fossa, Anterior/anatomy & histology , Cranial Fossa, Anterior/embryology , Indians, South American/ethnology , Indians, South American/genetics , Body Size/ethnology
6.
Arq. méd. ABC ; 32(2)jul.-dez. 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-499515

ABSTRACT

Os ossos suturais são ossos supranumerários no interior dassuturas. São pequenos agrupamentos ósseos de forma irregularque freqüentemente aparecem ao longo da sutura lambdóidea. Oobjetivo deste trabalho é analisar quantitativamente a distribuiçãodos ossos suturais em crânios de indivíduos adultos observandosuas variações quanto ao local de aparecimento e quantidadede ossos por crânio. Foram utilizados 272 crânios de ambosos sexos e diferentes faixas etárias, pertencentes ao Museu deOssos do Departamento de Anatomia Descritiva e Topográficada UNIFESP-EPM, que foram analisados e fotografados parailustração deste trabalho. Em 98 crânios os ossos suturaisestavam presentes, dos quais 39% dos crânios tinham ossosunilaterais, 18% ossos bilaterais, 16% ossos medianos e 27%ossos em vários locais. Quanto ao número de ossos, na maioriados casos cada crânio possuía um osso sutural (49%), seguido dedois ossos suturais em 24% dos casos. Em relação ao local ondese encontram, a presença mais significativa está entre os ossosparietais e o osso occipital, sendo 36% dos ossos encontradosdo lado direito, 38,3% dos ossos encontrados do lado esquerdo e11,4% dos ossos encontrados medianamente. Os ossos suturaissão inconstantes e quando presentes aparecem com maiorfreqüência entre os ossos occipital e parietal de ambos os ladospodendo ser unilaterais, bilaterais ou medianos.


The sutural bones are extranumerical bones inside thesutures of irregular form which frequently appear along thelambdoidea suture. We intend to analyse them quantitativelyin adult human skulls, observing their variaton accordingto the place they appear and the number. Two hundred andseventy-two skulls of both gender and different age wereused. They belong to the Bone Museum of the Descriptive andTopographic Anatomy Department of UNIFESP-EPM, whichwere analysed and photographed to illustrate this researchwork. The sutural bones were presented in 36% of the skullsin which 39% of the cases they were unilateral, 18% bilateral,16% average and 27% dispersed. Most of the skulls (49%) hadonly one sutural bone followed by two (24%). In most cases,the bones were located between the occipital and parietalbones, 36% on the right side of the skull, 38.3% on the leftside of the skull and 11.4% average. The sutural bones areinconstant but appear more frequently between the occipitaland parietal bones in both sides and they can be unilateral,bilateral or average.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Skull/anatomy & histology , Cranial Sutures/anatomy & histology
7.
Int. j. morphol ; 25(4): 801-804, Dec. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-626939

ABSTRACT

La presencia de huesos suturales es producto de alteraciones en la formación de los huesos anchos del cráneo, considerándose también, variables étnicas, siendo de interés para la anatomía humana, antropología física, imagenología y medicina legal. Con la finalidad de contribuir al conocimiento de los huesos suturales y su incidencia en individuos originarios, se analizó su presencia en 23 cráneos de changos del Norte de Chile quienes se encuentran clasificados y pertenecen a la colección del Museo Regional de Antofagasta. Se comprobó la presencia de suturales en el 43,5% de los casos, con un rango de 1 a 9, siendo bilaterales en el 60%. Predominan los huesos en el lado izquierdo (64,9%) y en cráneos braquicefálicos (IC=96,8). Se identificó el hueso lambda o interparietal en el 13,04% de los cráneos. Los datos obtenidos se corresponden con los descritos en la literatura.


The presence of sutural bones is a product of alterations in the formation of the wide bones of the skull, in addition to ethnic variables, being of interest in human anatomy, physical anthropology, imagenology and legal medicine. With the purpose of contributing to the knowledge of the sutural bones and its incidence in original individuals, its presence in 23 skulls of changos of the North of Chile was analyzed that are classified and that they belong to the collection of the Regional Museum of Antofagasta. The presence of sutural bones in 43.5% of the cases with a rank from 1 to 9 was verified, being bilateral in 60%. The bones in the left side (64,9%) and in brachicephalic skulls predominate (IC=96,8). The lambda or interparietal bone was identified in 13.04% of the skulls. The collected data correspond with the described ones by Literature.


Subject(s)
Humans , Indians, South American , Cranial Sutures/anatomy & histology , Chile , Anthropology, Physical
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