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Objective:To explore the effects of acute sleep fragmentation (SF) on cognitive function and the relationship between hippocampal Homer1a and synaptic plasticity in aged rats.Methods:One hundred and eight SPF grade male SD rats aged 22 to 24 months were divided into three groups according to random number table: control group (Control group), non-sleep fragmentation group (NSF group) and sleep fragmentation group (SF group), with 36 rats in each group.A sleep fragmentation model was established by sleep deprivation rod method.Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests were used to evaluate the learning and memory function of rats.Homer1a expression in hippocampus was detected by Western blot, and its distribution in CA1 area of hippocampus was observed by immunohistochemical staining.Golgi staining was used to observe the density of dendritic spines in CA1 area of hippocampus, and in vitro electrophysiological patch clamp test was used to detect the slope of field excitatory postsynaptic potential(fEPSP) from CA3 to CA1 in hippocampus.SPSS 22.0 and GraphPad Prism 9.3 softwares were used for data statistical analysis and mapping.One-way ANOVA was used for comparison among groups, and Tukey-Kramer test was used for further pairwise comparison. Results:(1)In the behavioral tests, there were statistical differences in the times of crossing the original platform, the target quadrant residence time and the new object recognition index at 1 h and 24 h among the three groups( F=13.63, 11.34, 21.26, 16.22, all P<0.01). The times of crossing the original platform in SF group((2.00±1.27) times) was lower than that of Control group ((5.67±2.16) times) and NSF group ((6.50±2.35) times) (both P<0.05). The target quadrant residence time in SF group ((9.02±4.84) s) was shorter than that in Control group ((24.73±7.37) s) and NSF group ((27.81±8.37)s) (both P<0.05). The new object recognition index at 1 h and 24 h in SF group were lower than those in Control group and NSF group (all P<0.05). (2) In Western blot assay, the expression of Homer1a protein in hippocampus of SF group(0.91±0.13) was higher than that of Control group(0.70±0.05) and NSF group(0.74±0.04)(both P<0.05). (3) In immunohistochemical staining, the optical density value of the Homer1a protein in CA1 area of hippocampus in the SF group was higher than that in the Control group and NSF group(both P<0.05). (4) In Golgi staining, the density of dendritic spines in CA1 area of hippocampus in SF group was lower than that in Control group and NSF group (both P<0.05). (5) In vitro electrophysiological test showed that the slope of fEPSP in CA3-CA1 area of hippocampus in SF group were lower than that in Control group and NSF group (both P<0.05). Conclusion:Acute SF intervention in aged rats can cause cognitive impairment, which may be associated with the inhibition of hippocampal synaptic plasticity induced by hippocampal Homer1a overexpression.
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Insomnia is a subjective experience of difficulty in falling asleep and/or maintaining sleep accompanied by the impairment of daytime social functioning due to insufficient sleep quality or quantity to meet normal physiological needs.It has chronic damage to all the human body systems and is the most common sleep disorder.The main mechanism for the occurrence and maintenance of insomnia is the hyperarousal hypothesis,and microarousal,as a cortical arousal,is also involved in the formation of the hyperarousal mechanism.The mechanism and clinical significance of microarousal were reviewed and summarized in this paper in order to guide the clinical work.
Subject(s)
Humans , Arousal , Sleep , Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders , Sleep QualityABSTRACT
Background@#Sleep disorders are one of the earliest non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Sleep disorders could, therefore, have value for recognition and diagnosis in PD. However, no unified classification and diagnostic criteria exist to evaluate sleep disorders by polysomnography (PSG). Utilizing PSG to monitor sleep processes of patients with PD and analyze sleep disorder characteristics and their relationship with demographic parameters could aid in bridging this gap. This preliminary study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristic of sleep disorders in PD using PSG.@*Methods@#PSG was used to evaluate sleep disorders in 27 patients with PD and 20 healthy volunteers between August 2015 and July 2018 in Fujian Medical University Union Hospital. Total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency (SE), total wake time, and other parameters were compared between the two groups. Finally, the correlation between sleep disorders and age, disease duration, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-III scores, Hoehn-Yahr stage, and levodopa dose were analyzed. The main statistical methods included Chi-square test, two independent samples t test, Fisher exact test, and Pearson correlation.@*Results@#Sleep fragmentation in the PD group was significantly increased (74.1%) while difficulty falling asleep and early awakening were not, as compared to healthy controls. No significant differences were found in time in bed, sleep latency (SL), non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 1 (N1), N1%, N2, N2%, N3%, and NREM% between PD and control groups; but TST (327.96 ± 105.26 min vs. 414.67 ± 78.31 min, P = 0.003), SE (63.26% ± 14.83% vs. 76.8% ± 11.57%, P = 0.001), R N3 (20.00 [39.00] min vs. 61.50 [48.87] min, P = 0.001), NREM (262.59 ± 91.20 min vs. 337.17 ± 63.47 min, P = 0.003), rapid-eyemovement (REM) (32.50 [33.00] min vs. 85.25 [32.12] min, P < 0.001), REM% (9.56 ± 6.01 vs. 15.50 ± 4.81, P = 0.001), REM sleep latency (157.89 ± 99.04 min vs. 103.47 ± 71.70 min, P = 0.034) were significantly reduced in PD group.@*Conclusion@#This preliminary study supported that sleep fragmentation was an important clinical characteristic of sleep disorders in PD. Whether sleep fragmentation is a potential quantifiable marker in PD needs to be further investigated in the future study.
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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common disorder that can lead to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as to metabolic, neurological, and behavioral consequences. It is currently believed that nasal obstruction compromises the quality of sleep when it results in breathing disorders and fragmentation of sleep. However, recent studies have failed to objectively associate sleep quality and nasal obstruction. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the influence of nasal obstruction on OSAS and polysomnographic indices associated with respiratory events. METHODS: Eleven original articles published from 2003 to 2013 were selected, which addressed surgical and non-surgical treatment for nasal obstruction, performing polysomnography type 1 before and after the intervention. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: In most trials, nasal obstruction was not related to the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), indicating no improvement in OSAS with reduction in nasal resistance. However, few researchers evaluated other polysomnography indices, such as the arousal index and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep percentage. These could change with nasal obstruction, since it is possible that the nasal obstruction does not completely block the upper airways, but can increase negative intrathoracic pressure, leading to sleep fragmentation.
RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) é um distúrbio muito prevalente que pode ocasionar morbi-mortalidade cardiovascular, além de consequências metabólicas, neurológicas e comportamentais. Atualmente, acredita-se que a obstrução nasal comprometa a qualidade do sono, devido a distúrbios respiratórios e fragmentação do sono. Entretanto, até o momento estudos recentes não conseguem relacionar objetivamente qualidade do sono e obstrução nasal. OBJETIVO: O objetivo principal desta revisão sistemática é avaliar a influência da obstrução nasal na SAOS e em índices polissonográficos associados a eventos respiratórios. MÉTODO: Foram selecionados um total de 11 artigos originais de 2003 a 2013 com tratamentos cirúrgicos e não cirúrgicos da obstrução nasal, realizando a polissonografia do tipo 1 antes e após a intervenção. RESULTADOS/CONCLUSÕES: Na maioria dos ensaios, a obstrução nasal não se relacionou ao índice de apneia-hipopneia, indicando ausência de melhora da SAOS com a redução da resistência nasal. Entretanto, poucos pesquisadores avaliaram índices polissonográficos como o índice de despertares e o percentual do sono REM (movimento rápido dos olhos) que poderiam vir alterados, uma vez que a obstrução nasal possivelmente não obstrui completamente a via aérea superior, mas aumenta a pressão negativa intratorácica, levando à fragmentação do sono.
Subject(s)
Humans , Nasal Obstruction/complications , Nasal Obstruction/physiopathology , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/complications , Sleep/physiology , Polysomnography , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Background: Reduction of upper airway (UA) dimensions during sleep is contemplated to cause reduced sleep efficiency (SE) but a definitive association is not affirmed. Efficacy of nasopharyngeal appliance (NPA) in management of UA resistance syndrome (UARS) has not been compared with mandibular repositioning splint (MRS). This study intended to assess relation of UA dimensions to SE and effectiveness of NPA. Materials and Methods: Research had two phases: Case–control study to determine association between UA and SE; randomized control trial (with independent concurrent trial groups and double‑blind design) to analyze treatment outcome with NPA. Subjects were categorized to three groups of 20 in each: A control group of healthy subjects (Group A); two “Randomly Assigned” sample groups of subjects with reduced SE (Groups B and C). Preliminary questionnaire for sleep analysis, Final data collection sheet (first and second case sheets) were recorded, cephalometric variables analyzed, and diagnostic overnight polysomnography was done to match and confirm selection criteria. Three‑dimensional computed tomography was done to analyze airway dimensions before and after appliance placement. ANOVA and post‑hoc tests were used for statistical analysis of results. Conclusions: Reduced UA dimension during sleep is associated with reduced SE; NPA gives better improvement for UARS than MRS.
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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the expression of a cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in slow wave sleep (SWS) in children with the well-defined chronic syndrome juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Twelve patients (9-17 years of age), 7 girls, with JIA were compared to matched controls by age, pubertal stage and gender. After one night of habituation in the sleep laboratory, sleep measurements were obtained by standard polysomnography with conventional sleep scoring and additional CAP analyses. The sleep parameters of the JIA and control groups were similar for sleep efficiency (91.1 ± 6.7 vs 95.8 ± 4.0), sleep stage in minutes: stage 1 (16.8 ± 8.5 vs 17.8 ± 4.0), stage 2 (251.9 ± 41 vs 262.8 ± 38.1), stage 3 (17.0 ± 6.0 vs 15.1 ± 5.7), stage 4 (61.0 ± 21.7 vs 77.1 ± 20.4), and rapid eye movement sleep (82.0 ± 27.6 vs 99.0 ± 23.9), respectively. JIA patients presented nocturnal disrupted sleep, with an increase in short awakenings, but CAP analyses showed that sleep disruption was present even during SWS, showing an increase in the overall CAP rate (P < 0.01). Overall CAP rate during non-rapid eye movement sleep was significantly higher in pediatric patients who were in chronic pain. This is the first study of CAP in pediatric patients with chronic arthritis showing that CAP analyses can be a powerful tool for the investigation of disturbance of SWS in children, based on sleep EEG visual analysis.