Prenatal diagnosis and neonatal phenotype of a de novo microdeletion of 17p11.2p12 associated with Smith–Magenis syndrome and external genital defects

Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS, OMIM: 182290) is a multiple congenital anomalies and intellectual disability syndrome due to a 3.45 Mb microdeletion involving 17p11.2 and is estimated to occur about one in 25,000 births. Up to now, the ultrasound findings of the foetus with SMS and their external genital defects in patients are rarely reported. This case indicates that foetus with SMS may present polyhydramnios and ventriculomegaly in the second trimester. The newborn male patient had an abnormal phenotype in which he has micropenis and his anus is close to the perineal body. The identification of this case may further expand the phenotypic spectrum of this genetic disorder.

Dental management for a child with smithmagenis syndrome under general anesthesia: case report

Introduction: Smith-Magenis Syndrome (SMS) is a genetic disease characterized by a neuro-behavioral deficiency caused by mutations or deletions at the 17p11.2 locus comprising the retinoic acid-induced 1 (RAI1) gene. The diagnosis is made through clinical analysis looking for characteristics and to prove this suspicion, a technique called Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) is required. Objective: The aim of this case report is to be the first to describe the planning and execution of dental treatment for a 5yearold female patient with SMS under general anesthesia. Case report: The patient was admitted to the clinic of the Universidade Federal Fluminense, with possible dental pain, in the anamnesis the need for invasive treatment was observed in many dental elements and due to the patient's behavioral pattern, treatment under general anesthesia was chosen. Results: Procedures were performed (restorations and extractions) in the hospital in the same step. The child follow-up after the intervention every six month. Conclusion: SMS is a rare syndrome that requires extensive knowledge of the dentist and a detailed anamnesis to choose the best option to solve the case.

Introdução: A síndrome de Smith-Magenis (SMS) é uma doença genética caracterizada por uma deficiência neuro-comportamental causada por mutações ou deleções no locus 17p11.2 compreendendo o gene 1 induzido por ácido retinóico (RAI1). O diagnóstico é feito por meio de análises clínicas em busca de características e para comprovar essa suspeita, é necessária a técnica denominada Hibridização In Situ por Fluorescência (FISH). Objetivo: O objetivo deste relato de caso é o primeiro a descrever o planejamento e execução do tratamento odontológico para uma paciente do sexo feminino de 5 anos de idade com SMSsob anestesia geral. Relato do caso: O paciente deu entrada no ambulatório da Universidade Federal Fluminense, com possível dor dentária, na anamnese observou-se a necessidade de tratamento invasivo em diversos elementos dentais e devido ao padrão de comportamento do paciente optou-se pelo tratamentosob anestesia geral. Resultados: Os procedimentos foram realizados (restaurações e extrações) no hospital na mesma etapa. O acompanhamento da criança após a intervenção foi a cada seis meses. Conclusão: A SMS é uma síndrome rara que requer amplo conhecimento do dentista e uma anamnese detalhada para aescolha da melhor opção para a solução do caso.

Fetal Smith-Magenis syndrome diagnosed after pregnancy termination by low-coverage whole-genome sequencing: a report of two cases / 中华围产医学杂志

We reported two fetal cases diagnosed with Smith-Magenis syndrome.One case was found with bilateral ventriculomegaly,double-outlet right ventricle,pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect when performing fetal echocardiography.Then the fetus was diagnosed with severe tetralogy of Fallot and tortuous ductus arteriosus by autopsy.The other case was suggested to have tetralogy of Fallot,right aortic arch and ectopic ductus arteriosus by fetal echocardiography,which was later confirmed by autopsy.Both of the two pregnancies were terminated.Tissue samples of the two fetuses were analyzed by the low-coverage whole-genome sequencing,and both cases carried a microdeletion of 3.63 Mb and 4.86 Mb in chromosome 17pl 1.2,which overlapped with the missing segments causing Smith-Magenis syndrome.Therefore,the two fetuses were both diagnosed with Smith-Magenis syndrome.

Research on the Diagnosis of Smith-Magenis Syndrome / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

[Objective] We explore the diagnosis of Smith-Magenis syndrome and its clinical features of children,to raise the domestic awareness of this disease.[Methods] In this study,the child received peripheral blood chromosome microarray analysis,blood routine and urine routine,growth hormone provocation test,insulin-like growth factor Ⅰ and insulin-like growth factor binding protein Ⅲ test,cortisol (8a) test,prolactin test,adrenocorticotropic hormone test,thyroid function test,liver and kidney function test,blood biochemistry test,fasting insulin test,2-hour plasma glucose test,the antibodies and antigens test of hepatitis B.The bone age measurement and the pituitary gland MRI were also performed.We use the above figures to diagnose Smith-Magenis syndrome,assess and observe the condition of the child in Smith-Magenis syndrome.[Results] In this case,the chromosomal microarray analysis revealed a deletion of about 3.6Mb fragments in the chr17p11.2 region,including main functional gene RAI1,which was associated with Smith-Magenis syndrome.According to the clinical manifestations and the result of chromosome microarray analysis,the diagnosis of children with Smith-Magenis syndrome was made clear.[Conclusion] Genetic tests are the standard for diagnosing Smith-Magenis syndrome.When children have special facial features combined with multiple system disorders,early genetic examination is conducive to early diagnosis,and can reduce the time and economic cost.

Diagnóstico molecular de síndrome de Smith-Magenis por MLPA (Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification) / Molecular diagnosis of Smith-Magenis syndrome using MLPA (Multiplex Ligationdependent Probe Amplification)

La genética médica avanza rápidamente gracias a las tecnologías que definen con precisión el aporte de los genes en el desarrollo de enfermedades. Algunos síndromes se presentan en la población general, y su diagnóstico y manejo son importantes para brindar al paciente cuidados y pronósticos de vida adecuados. Presentamos el caso de una niña dismórfica nacida a las 33 semanas de gestación por cesárea por preemclampsia materna. El análisis citogenético reveló una deleción heterocigota en el brazo corto del cromosoma 17 (46, XX, del 17p11.2) en el estudio cromosómico. El diagnóstico se complementó con el análisis de MLPA, que mide la presencia/ausencia de ciertos genes definidos en algunos síndromes, y confirmó la deleción de 2.1 megabases que incluyen el gen RAI1, responsable del Síndrome de Smith-Magenis.

Medical genetics is rapidly advancing thanks to technologies that accurately define which genes are involved in the development of diseases. Some syndromes occur in the general population, and their diagnosis and treatment are important to provide patients with an adequate care and prognosis. We present the case of a dysmorphic child who was born at 33 weeks of pregnancy by caesarean delivery due to preeclampsia. Cytogenetic analysis showed a heterozygous deletion on the short arm of chromosome 17 (46, XX, del 17p11.2). The diagnosis was complemented by MLPA analysis, which measures the presence/absence of certain genes defined in some syndromes, and confirmed the deletion of 2.1 megabases of DNA, including the RAS1 gene, responsible for the Smith-Magenis syndrome.

A Case of Smith-Magenis Syndrome with Multiple Organ Malformations

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a genetic disease caused by microdeletion of p11.2 in chromosome 17. SMS patients have characteristic facial features and accompanying congenital malformations involving the brain, cardiovascular system, and urinary tract. Compared with the distinctive facial characteristics, organ malformations are less common. Several cases of SMS with tetralogy of Fallot have been reported in Korea, none of which were accompanied by other organ malformations. We present the first case report in Korea of an SMS patient with malformations of the brain, heart, and urinary tract.

Reciprocal Deletion and Duplication of 17p11.2-11.2: Korean Patients with Smith-Magenis Syndrome and Potocki-Lupski Syndrome

Deletion and duplication of the -3.7-Mb region in 17p11.2 result in two reciprocal syndrome, Smith-Magenis syndrome and Potocki-Lupski syndrome. Smith-Magenis syndrome is a well-known developmental disorder. Potocki-Lupski syndrome has recently been recognized as a microduplication syndrome that is a reciprocal disease of Smith-Magenis syndrome. In this paper, we report on the clinical and cytogenetic features of two Korean patients with Smith-Magenis syndrome and Potocki-Lupski syndrome. Patient 1 (Smith-Magenis syndrome) was a 2.9-yr-old boy who showed mild dysmorphic features, aggressive behavioral problems, and developmental delay. Patient 2 (Potocki-Lupski syndrome), a 17-yr-old boy, had only intellectual disabilities and language developmental delay. We used array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) and found a 2.6 Mb-sized deletion and a reciprocal 2.1 Mb-sized duplication involving the 17p11.2. These regions overlapped in a 2.1 Mb size containing 11 common genes, including RAI1 and SREBF.

Análise molecular de pacientes com síndrome de Smith-Magenis / Molecular analysis of patients with Smith-Magenis Syndrome

A síndrome de Smith-Magenis (SMS) foi descrita , em 1986, como uma síndrome que envolvia uma mutação na região 17p em 9 pacientes. Sua prevalência esta estimada em um caso a cada 25.000 nascidos vivos. A SMS apresenta fenótipo que inclui características físicas, no desenvolvimento e comportamentais. Os sinais faciais se caracterizam por uma face larga e de forma quadrangular, braquicefalia, frontal proeminente, sinofre, fendas palpebrais alongadas para cima, ponte nasal larga, hipoplasia de face média, nariz largo e achatado, micrognatia na infância com relativa prognatia com a idade e lábio superior protruso e em „v‟ invertido. Os sinais clínicos mais importantes na SMS são omportamentais que levam a autoagressão, hiperatividade e déficit atenção. Foram estudados 31 pacientes brasileiros com suspeita diagnóstica de SMS. As análises genéticas realizadas para avaliar este grupo incluíram técnicas de citogenética molecular (FISH), aCGH, PCR quantitativa e busca por mutações na região de transcrição do gene RAI1. Os resultados demostraram que mais de 90% dos casos neste estudo tinham deficiência mental, atraso no desenvolvimento da fala e comportamento de auto-injúria. Além disso, 30% (9/30) tiveram deleção ou mutação de ponto na região 17p11.2 e RAI1 gene, sendo que 67% apresentaram uma deleção clássica (6/9), 11% tinham uma deleção atípica (1/9) e 22% (2/9) tinham uma mutação no gene RAI1. Foi possível determinar o ponto de quebra das deleções observadas e determinar os genes envolvidos. A deleção atípica descrita neste trabalho atingiu parte do gene RAI e até o momento não havia sido descrita. Além disso, duas mutações de ponto, no exon 3 do gene foram descritas. Por fim, dentro grupo estudado, foi diagnosticado um caso com síndrome da deleção 1p36, sendo possível a sugestão de um novo diagnóstico diferencial para a SMS...

The Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) was described in 1986 as a syndrome involving a deletion in the 17p region in 9 patients. Its prevalence is estimated at one case per 25.000 live births. The SMS has phenotype that includes physical and behavioral development. The facial features are characterized by brachycephaly, midface hypoplasia, relative prognatism, everted, "tented" upper lip and deep-set, close-spaced eyes. The most important clinical features in SMS are leading behavioral self-injury, hyperactivity and attention deficit. We studied 31 Brazilian patients with suggested diagnostic to SMS. The genetic analysis performed to evaluate this group included molecular cytogenetic techniques (FISH), aCGH, quantitative PCR and the search for mutations in the gene transcription RAI1. Results showed that over 90% of the cases in this study had intellectual disability, delayed speech-language development, and self-injurious behavior. Furthermore, 30% had deletion or point mutation in the 17p11.2 region and RAI1 gene. Within this group, we found that 67% carried a classic deletion, 11% had an atypical deletion and 22% had a mutation in the RAI1 gene. It was possible to determine the breakpoint of the deletions observed and to determine the genes involved. The atypical deletion described reached part of the gene RAI1 and to date had not been described. In addition, two point mutations in exon 3 gene have been described. Finally, in this study group, one case was diagnosed with 1p36 deletion syndrome hinting of a possible new Differential Diagnosis for SMS...

Two cases of Smith-Magenis syndrome / 소아과

SmithMagenis syndrome (SMS) is a rare disorder with multiple congenital anomalies caused by a heterozygous interstitial deletion involving chromosome 17p11.2, where the retinoic acid-induced 1 (RAI1) gene is located, or by a mutation of RAI1. Approximately 90% of the patients with SMS have a detectable 17p11.2 microdeletion on fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). SMS is characterized by mental retardation, distinctive behavioral features, craniofacial and skeletal anomalies, speech and developmental delay, and sleep disturbances. Although there are some intervention strategies that help individuals with SMS, there are no reported specific interventions for improving the outcome in children with SMS. Here, we report two cases of SmithMagenis syndrome.

Two Cases of Smith-Magenis Syndrome with Tetralogy of Fallot Confirmed by FISH / 대한진단검사의학회지

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is characterized by distinctive facial features, developmental delay, cognitive impairment, and behavioral abnormalities and associated with interstitial deletion of chromosome 17p11.2. We report 2 cases of SMS with tetralogy of Fallot. The first patient was reported having a normal conventional karyotype 7 years ago. However, as she grew up, she showed more compatible findings with SMS in behavior and phenotype. On the second cytogenetic study, interstitial deletion of 17p11.2 was detected by conventional banding technique which had 550 band resolution and it was confirmed by metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using D17S258 SMS probe (Oncor, Gaithersburg, MD, USA). The second patient showed subtle phenotypic feature except microcephaly and cardiac anomalies was confirmed as SMS by cytogenetic analysis and FISH. We suggest that FISH should be performed not to overlook the submicroscopic deletion when SMS is clinically suspected, even though cytogenetist can not detect any anomalies on the conventional cytogenetics. A confirmatory diagnosis using FISH would be helpful in terms of guiding medical management and leading to proper genetic counseling.