ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study compares the emotional reaction and inhibitory effect on smoking urge between foreign antismoking advertisements and Korean antismoking advertisements. METHODS: Twenty-seven male smokers responded to a self-report survey including a Questionnaire on Smoking Urge and on emotional reactions such as disgust, anger and fear after watching a foreign antismoking advertisement, neutral images, and a Korean antismoking advertisement. We compared the smoking urge between the foreign antismoking advertisement and Korean antismoking advertisement and investigated emotional reactions associated with reduction in the smoking urge. RESULTS: The foreign antismoking advertisement inhibited the smoking urge but Korean antismoking advertisement did not. A significantly higher emotional response was evoked by the antismoking advertisements than in neutral images. However, among the emotions respondents reported about the foreign antismoking advertisement, only disgust was significantly associated with smoking urge. CONCLUSION: These results support published research, in that warning labels with high-rated emotional reactions are associated with reduction in the smoking urge. High emotional reactions such as disgust may enhance the effect of Korean antismoking advertisements.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Anger , Smoke , Smoking Cessation , Smoking , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: There is a controversy on the mechanism of nicotine dependence. Some suggest that the negative reinforcement such as withdrawal symptoms plays an important role, but others suggest that the positive reinforcement through the opioid-dopamine system plays an important role. Under the assumptions that the positive reinforcement and the opioid-dopamine interaction to have an important role in nicotine dependence, this study examined the effects of chronic naltrexone treatment on smoking behaviors, smoking urges to smoking cues and neuroendocrine responses to smoking. METHODS: In a randomized, placebo-control, double-blind design, voluntarily admitted regular smokers who wanted to quit smoking received naltrexone (13 persons) or placebo (12 persons) treatment for 2 weeks. Each week, naltrexone side effects, discomforts after the reduction of cigarette smoking, smoking urges to smoking cues, daily cigarette smoking amount, and expiratory carbon monooxide levels were checked. Also blood beta-endorphin, dynorphin, prolactin, ACTH, and cortisol levels were measured before and after smoking. RESULTS: Naltrexone treatment group showed significantly reduced smoking urges to smoking cues (p=0.036 at 2nd week), daily cigarette smoking amount (p=0.027 at 1st week), and expiratory CO levels (p=0.002 at 1st week, p=0.039 at 2nd week). Naltrexone treatment group also showed significantly increase cortisol level after smoking during the 1st week (p=0.048), and ACTH and prolactin level during the 2nd week (respectively p=0.010, p=0.009). But, the levels of beta-endorphin and dynorphin A were not different between the two groups. Discomfort profiles after the reduction of cigarette smoking, systolic and diastolic BP, and pulse rates were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Longterm naltrexone treatment could be an effective tool used for the cessdtion of smoking. It was suggested that naltrexone blocks the positive reinforcement effects of smoking rather than the negative reinforcement effects of nicotine withdrawal.