ABSTRACT
Introduction: Determinants of health are divided into four types, such as “Biological-Psychological-Environmental-Social Determinants”. The social determinants of health include gender disparities, economic status, ethnicity, race, geographic isolation, or having a specific health condition. Moreover, the social deter-minants are interdependent and interrelated with one another. There can also be a primary determinant that affects the other determinants. For example, educational level of the patients is associated with knowledge and awareness of eye care and its conditions. However, education might have a different effect than income in should be access of eye care when needed. Methodology: The study is mainly dependent on secondary data analysis. Results: The primary objective of the study is to illustrate the sociological aspects of visual impairment-related inequities and to identify the social determinants of visual impairments and disparities in India. An-other aim of the paper is to present a deeper understanding of how inequities impact the incidence of visual impairment and blindness based on the social determinants of health. The present study adopts the ecological and Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) framework 2008. We reaffirm the fact that inequi-ties negatively affect the visual impairment and blindness conditions. The national health policies should take into account the social determinants of visual impairment in their policies relating to comprehensive eye care. Social and economic factors are connected with health and welfare; those socio-economic inequalities con-tribute to health inequalities. For reducing the health inequalities around the world, we need effective policy implementation and proper fund pools. Furthermore, committed action on societal determinants of health, sufficient human resources are also necessary to control the health disabilities, include visual impairment
ABSTRACT
To understand the urban territory through the analysis of Social Determinants of Health (SDOH) as a prerequisite for structuring a Healthy City Project. This research was characterized as a documentary survey through the Laws, Master Plan and Management Reports of the City of Maracanaú and in the Government Health Information Notebooks. The analysis took place through the reading and identification of what was about the SDOH, using Content Analysis. The results brought two categories of analysis that structured a diagnosis of the area, mapping the weaknesses found with regard to the SDOH analyzed, such as: population growth, mortality rate, urban violence, among others. It is believed that the diagnosis of the area carried out through the SDOH made it possible to identify the intervention points that can be used for the preparation of a Healthy City Project.
Compreender o território urbano por meio da análise dos Determinantes Sociais de Saúde (DSSs) como pressupostos para a estruturação de uma Agenda de Cidade Saudável. Esta pesquisa se caracterizou como um levantamento documental por meio das leis, plano diretor e relatórios de gestão da cidade de Maracanaú e nos cadernos de informação em saúde do governo. A análise se deu pela leitura e identificação do que versava sobre os DSSs, utilizando-se a análise de conteúdo. Os resultados trouxeram duas categorias de análise que estruturaram um diagnóstico do território, mapeando as fragilidades encontradas no que diz respeito aos DSSs analisados como crescimento demográfico, taxa de mortalidade, violência urbana, dentre outros. Acredita-se que o diagnóstico do território realizado por meio dos DSSs possibilitou identificar os pontos interventivos que possam ser utilizados para a preparação de uma agenda de cidade saudável.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: AIDS epidemic has given visibility to the incidence of tuberculosis, for being the most frequent opportunistic infection. It is known that individuals who are socially vulnerable are more susceptible to HIV transmission and tuberculosis as well. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to conduct a geoepidemiological study on HIV/AIDS, AIDS-Tuberculosis co-infection and social vulnerability. METHOD: This is an ecological study using incidence rates and the human development index to produce thematic maps and a descriptive analysis of epidemiology. The records of reported cases of HIV/AIDS from 1982 to 2007 were used, considering as cases of AIDS-Tuberculosis those records that were positively diagnosed with tuberculosis and those records with unknown diagnosis of tuberculosis, but showing compatible signs and symptoms with tuberculosis (fever, cough, cachexia and asthenia). RESULTS: The maps allowed the identification of areas with social differences and different patterns of incidence of HIV/AIDS and AIDS-Tuberculosis; regional differences were similar to those found by Josué de Castro, in 1940; regions with higher human development index values also showed higher incidence HIV/AIDS and AIDS-Tuberculosis. CONCLUSION: The prevention of HIV infection must be geographically specific, given socioeconomic and cultural differences. Although official records show decline in AIDS-TB co-infection, treatment of cases of HIV/AIDS should observe the occurrence of opportunistic diseases, which should be notified and/or updated.
INTRODUÇÃO: A epidemia de AIDS deu visibilidade à incidência de tuberculose, por ter sido a infecção oportunista mais frequente nesses casos. Sabe-se que os indivíduos socialmente vulneráveis são mais suscetíveis à transmissão do HIV e também à tuberculose. OBJETIVO: Realizar um estudo geoepidemiológico sobre HIV/AIDS, coinfecção AIDS-tuberculose e vulnerabilidade social. MÉTODO: Trata-se de estudo ecológico com uso de coeficientes de incidência e do índice de desenvolvimento humano para produzir mapas temáticos e uma análise de epidemiologia descritiva. Foram utilizados os registros de notificação de casos de HIV/AIDS de 1982 a 2007. Foram considerados casos de AIDS-tuberculose os registros que tinham o diagnóstico positivo para tuberculose e aqueles que tinham diagnóstico ignorado para tuberculose, mas apresentavam sinais e sintomas compatíveis com a doença (febre, tosse, caquexia e astenia). RESULTADOS: Os mapas permitiram identificar regiões com diferenças sociais e diferentes padrões de incidência de HIV/AIDS e de AIDS-tuberculose. As diferenças regionais assemelham-se às encontradas por Josué de Castro, em 1940. As regiões com índice de desenvolvimento humano alto apresentaram alta incidência de HIV/AIDS e de AIDS-tuberculose. CONCLUSÃO: A prevenção da infecção pelo HIV deve ser geograficamente específica, dadas as diferenças socioeconômicas e culturais. Apesar de os registros oficiais mostrarem declínio da coinfecção AIDS-tuberculose, o tratamento dos casos de HIV/AIDS deve constatar a ocorrência de doenças oportunistas, que deveriam ser notificadas e/ou atualizadas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Human Development , Social Determinants of Health , Health Information Systems , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Tuberculosis , BrazilABSTRACT
Introducción Desde hace siglos, se reconoció el vínculo entre los determinantes sociales y la situación de salud de las personas, aunque en las últimas tres décadas ha renacido el interés en estudiar esa relación. Aumentaron las publicaciones científicas cuyos contenidos se relacionaban con las desigualdades sociales en salud y su vigencia lo convierte en tema obligado para el campo de la Salud Pública. Objetivo Revisar la información relevante sobre el tema de los determinantes y las desigualdades sociales en las políticas de salud. Fuente de datos Revisión documental y bibliográfica on-line y en formato electrónico sobre el tema. Se utilizaron los descriptores determinantes sociales, desigualdad e inequidad en salud, para la búsqueda en los sitios y páginas web de instituciones y centros bien reconocidos. Síntesis de los datos Breve recuento histórico acerca de las relaciones entre el estado de salud de las personas y sus condiciones sociales, así como, valoraciones y comentarios críticos sobre los enfoques utilizados por investigadores prestigiosos. Se resumieron los métodos utilizados para estudiar las desigualdades en salud y se ejemplificó, con la situación de estas investigaciones en México. Conclusiones Se necesitan procesos de investigación sobre los determinantes sociales, más abarcadores y sustentados en buenas evidencias. También, reconocer la utilidad de estas investigaciones para tomar decisiones, orientadas a solucionar los problemas de salud con enfoques aproximativos a sus determinantes y no exclusivamente desde la atención médica.
Introduction The linking between the social determinants and the health status of the people has been recognized for a very long time, although the last three decades has witnessed the rebirth of interest for this association. The number of scientific publications rose, the contents of which showed the social inequalities in health, hence their validity turns them into a mandatory topic in the field of public health. Objective To review the relevant information on the social determinants and inequalities in health policies. Data sources Literature and document review on-line and in electronic format about this topic. The subject headings such as social determinants, and health inequality and inequity were used for search in websites and pages from well-known centers and institutions. Data synthesis Brief historical account on the relationship between the health status of the people and their social conditions; assessments and critical comments on prestigious researchers´ approaches. Those methods for the study of health inequalities were summarized and exemplified with the situation of these research works in Mexico. Conclusions More comprehensive and good evidence-supported processes of research on the social determinants are required. Also, it is necessary to recognize the importance of these research works to make decisions to overcome health problems using approaches that guide us to their determinants, but not only from the medical care viewpoint.