Ideological Influences on Intergroup Attitudes in the Context of the Hague Court Boundary Dispute between Peru and Chile / Influencias ideológicas de las actitudes intergrupales en el contexto de la disputa fronteriza entre Perú y Chile ante la Corte de la Haya / Influências ideológicas das atitudes intergrupais no contexto da disputa fronteiriça entre Peru e Chile frente à Corte de Haia

Abstract In the context of the border dispute presented by Peru against Chile in the The Hague Court, this study analyzes the influences of two ideological motivational dimensions: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) on a set of intergroup attitudes that involve both nations. To this end, a survey study of 196 Chileans and 223 Peruvians participants was conducted. The instruments used to measure ideology and political attitudes are the following ones: RWA Scale; SDO Scale; Scale of Intergroup attitudes between Chile-Peru and specific questions on interest in the Hague litigation and willingness to fight for one's country. The results show that in the Peruvian case attitudes of belligerence and alert and a greater willingness to fight for the country are better explained by the RWA, while in the Chilean case these same attitudes are explained both by the RWA as well as the SDO. On the other hand, pacificist attitudes are explained inversely by SDO in both countries. These findings support the hypothesis that intergroup dynamics between both countries have been marked by expressed actions of a Chilean expansionism versus a Peruvian vengefulness and suggest that equalitarianism will promote attitudes toward respect and cooperation between both groups, changing the frames of expansionism and vengefulness for one of a culture of peace.

Resumo Este estudo analisa as influências de duas dimensões motivacionais ideológicas: o Autoritarismo de Direita (RWA) e a Orientação à Dominação Social (SDO) em um conjunto de atitudes intergrupais que envolvem Perú e Chile, no contexto da disputa fronteiriça apresentada pelo primeiro contra o segundo na Corte de Haia. Para isso, foi desenvolvido um estudo com 196 participantes do Chile e 223 do Peru. Os instrumentos utilizados para medir a ideologia e as atitudes políticas são os seguintes: Questionário de RWA; questionário de SDO; questionário de atitudes intergrupos entre Chile é Peru e itens de interesse na disputa ante A Haia e a vontade de lutar pelo próprio país. Os resultados mostram que, no caso peruano, as atitudes de beligerância e alerta, e uma maior disposição de lutar pelo país são explicadas pelo RWA, enquanto no caso chileno, essas mesmas atitudes são explicadas tanto pelo RWA quanto pela SDO. Por outro lado, as atitudes pacifistas são diminuidas pela SDO nos dois países. Estos resultados corroboram á hipótese da dinâmica intergrupal entre os dois países, marcada por ações explícitas do expansionismo chileno versus revanchismo peruano; os resultados também sugerem que as ideologias igualitarias poderão promover atitudes de respeito e cooperação entre os dois grupos, alterando os esquemas expansionista e revanchista para uma cultura de paz.

Resumen En el contexto de la disputa fronteriza presentada por Perú contra Chile ante la Corte de la Haya, este estudio analiza las influencias dos dimensiones motivacionales ideológicas: el Autoritarismo de Derecha (RWA) y la Orientación a la Dominancia Social (SDO) en un conjunto de actitudes intergrupales que involucran a ambas naciones. Con esta finalidad, fue desarrollado un estudio por encuestas con 196 participantes de Chile y 223 de Perú. Los instrumentos utilizados para medir la ideología y las actitudes políticas son los siguientes: Escala de RWA; Escala de SDO; Escala de actitudes intergrupales entre Chile-Perú y preguntas específicas sobre el interés en el litigio de La Haya y la disposición de luchar por el propio país. Los resultados muestran que en el caso peruano las actitudes de beligerancia y alerta, y una mayor disposición a luchar por el país son explicadas por el RWA, mientras en el caso chileno, estas mismas actitudes son explicadas tanto por el RWA como por la SDO. Por otra parte, las actitudes pacifistas son explicadas inversamente por la SDO en ambos países. Estos hallazgos corroboran la hipótesis sobre las dinámicas intergrupales entre ambos países, las cuales han estado marcadas por acciones explicitas de expansionismo chileno versus revanchismo peruano; asimismo, los resultados sugieren que el igualitarismo promovería actitudes hacia el respeto y cooperación entre ambos grupos, cambiando los esquemas expansionista y revanchista por uno de cultura de paz.

Orientação à dominância social (SDO) e autoritarismo em adolescentes: Uma revisão sistemática / Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Authoritarianism in Adolescents: A Systematic Review

RESUMO O estudo do autoritarismo e da orientação à dominância social (SDO) tem virado foco de pesquisas recentemente, devido à sua importância na vida das pessoas. O artigo objetivou investigar a presença dos construtos autoritarismo e SDO em adolescentes e as variáveis comumente associadas, por meio de uma revisão sistemática utilizando o modelo PRISMA . Dois juízes consultaram as bases Pubmed, BVS, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO e EBSCO. Dos 278 artigos encontrados 12 artigos foram selecionados. Identificou-se três categorias: transgeracionalidade, caraterísticas cognitivo-comportamentais, e valores sociopolíticos. Os principais resultados sugerem que a transmissão do autoritarismo e da SDO está associada à relação estabelecida pelos pais, a fatores como a inteligência e a personalidade e a participação em atividades cívicas e sociais. Verificou-se a ausência de estudos experimentais e o predomínio de pesquisas com delineamento quantitativo transversal. É importante a identificação de posicionamentos políticos e visões sobre o mundo durante a adolescência.

ABSTRACT The study of authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) has recently become the focus of research, due to its importance in people's lives. This article aimed to investigate the presence of the concept authoritarianism and SDO and the variables commonly associated in adolescents, through a systematic review using the PRISMA protocol. Two judges consulted the databases Pubmed, BVS, Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO and EBSCO. Of the 278 articles found, 12 articles were selected. Three categories were identified: transgenerationality, cognitive-behavioral characteristics, and socio-political values. The main results suggest that the transmission of authoritarianism and SDO is associated with the relationship established by the parents, with factors such as intelligence and personality and participation in civic and social activities. There was an absence of experimental studies and a predominance of research with a quantitative cross-sectional design. It is important to identify political positions and world views during adolescence.

Ideology, sexism, and beliefs about sexual violence in Peruvian university students and future police officers

Abstract The main objective of the present study is to establish a comparison between ideology (RWA and SDO), ambivalent sexism and beliefs about sexual violence, in a sample of Peruvian trainee from a police officer school (n = 81) and university students (n = 196). In addition, as a specific objective, it seeks to explore the relationships between the mentioned variables. The results showed significant differences between the groups at the level of the RWA (Right Wing Authoritarianism) ideological variable and the Subordination of women dimension of the Beliefs about Sexual Violence variable. Likewise, the structural model shows that the variables RWA and SDO (Social Dominance Orientation) have an impact on the dimensions of beliefs about sexual violence: Attribution of blame to women, Subordination of women and Exaggeration of women, having as mediators Benevolent and Hostile Sexism. The results show that beliefs about sexual violence in the sample of this study link to sexism and these, in turn, to ideology; however, the routes in which these beliefs are configured vary between police trainee and university students. Higher levels of RWA are observed in police trainee, an ideological indicator that, in this sample, paradoxically tends to be inversely related to sexism and beliefs about sexual violence against women that blame and subordinate them. Regarding the path of social dominance, this also directly relates to both expressions of benevolent and hostile sexism, although with greater predominance with the second, appealing to sex as a structural element on which this ideological component is established.

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal establecer una comparación entre la ideología (RWA y SDO), el sexismo ambivalente y las creencias sobre la violencia sexual, en una muestra de cadetes de una escuela de oficiales (n=81) y estudiantes universitarios (n=196). Además, como objetivo específico, busca explorar las relaciones entre dichas variables. Los resultados demostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos a nivel de la variable ideológica RWA (Right Wing. Authoritarianism) y la dimensión Subordinación de la mujer de la variable Creencias sobre la Violencia Sexual. Asimismo, el modelo estructural evidencia que las variables RWA y SDO (Social Dominance Orientation) afectan las dimensiones de creencias sobre la violencia sexual: Atribución de la culpa a la mujer, Subordinación de la mujer y Exageración de la mujer teniendo como mediadores al Sexismo Benevolente y Hostil. Los resultados muestran que las creencias sobre violencia sexual en la muestra están vinculadas al sexismo y estas, a la ideología también; sin embargo, los recorridos en que estas creencias se configuran varían entre estudiantes de policía y estudiantes universitarios. En estudiantes de policía se observan niveles más altos de RWA, indicador ideológico que, en esta muestra, paradójicamente tiende a estar inversamente relacionado con el sexismo y creencias sobre la violencia sexual contra las mujeres que las culpan y subordinan. En cuanto al camino del SDO, también está directamente relacionado con expresiones de sexismo benevolente y hostil, aunque con mayor predominio con el segundo, apelando al sexo como elemento estructural sobre el que se establece este componente ideológico.

Uso de redes sociales, orientación a la dominancia social y prejuicio hacia los inmigrantes

Resumen Este estudio analiza la relación entre diferentes tipos de uso de redes sociales, la orientación a la dominancia social y el prejuicio sutil y manifiesto hacia inmigrantes en la población de la ciudad y provincia de Buenos Aires. En base a una muestra no probabilística (n = 134) llevamos a cabo un análisis de correlación y un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple para examinar las relaciones entre las variables. Los resultados indican que existe una asociación positiva entre la orientación a la dominancia social y el prejuicio hacia inmigrantes (r = 0.39,p<0.001) y una asociación negativa entre la adicción a redes sociales y la oposición a la igualdad (r=-0.30,p<0.05). No se encontraron relaciones significativas entre los diferentes usos de redes sociales y el prejuicio hacia inmigrantes. Los resultados del análisis de regresión indicaron que la orientación a la dominancia social es el único factor predictivo del prejuicio hacia inmigrantes de entre las variables estudiadas.

Abstract This study examines the relationships between different kinds of social media use, social dominance orientation and subtle and blatant prejudice towards immigrants. We used a non-random sample of argentines living in either the Autonomous City or the Province of Buenos Aires (n = 134) to conduct correlation and regression analyses to test for associations between the study variables. The results show that there is a positive association between social dominance orientation and prejudice towards immigrants (r = 0.39,p<0.001) and a negative association between social media addiction and opposition to equality (r=-0.30,p<0.05). We found no significant correlations between the social media use variables and prejudice towards immigrants. Multiple linear regression analysis results show that social dominance orientation is the only statistically significant factor that predicts prejudice among the study variables.

Predictores psicosociales que subyacen al pensamiento político: un estudio en dos poblaciones universitarias costarricenses / Psychosocial underpinnings predicting the political thought: a study on two Costa Rican universities / Preditores psicossociais subjacentes ao pensamento político: um estudo em duas populações universitárias da Costa Rica / Indicateurs psychosociaux qui soustendent la pensée politique: une étude réalisée au sein de deux communautés universitaires costariciennes

El objetivo de la investigación es determinar la relación existente entre las actitudes en cuanto a la libertad económica y el Autoritarismo como dos variables dependientes respecto a las variables independientes a) nivel de dominancia social, b) la atribución de la pobreza, c) el nivel de religiosidad individual y d) la percepción de la naturaleza humana. Las variables dependientes que pretenden representar el pensar político se encuentran representadas por dos variables escalares; una de actitudes hacia la libertad económica representando la tradicional "izquierda - derecha" y otra de Autoritarismo. El estudio fue llevado a cabo con una muestra de 196 estudiantes de dos universidades costarricenses, una pública y una privada especializada en ciencias de la salud. Entre los resultados más importantes se obtuvo una relación entre la orientación a la dominancia social y autoritarismo, además de relaciones significativas en cuanto a la religiosidad con a) el autoritarismo, b) libertad económica (derecha económica) y c) la percepción positiva de la naturaleza humana.

The aim is to determine the existing relation between attitudes towards economical freedom and Authoritarianism as two dependent variables in comparison to the independent variables a) level of Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), b) poverty attribution, c) the individual religiosity level and d) the perception on human nature. The dependent variables represent the political thinking which is represented by two variables; economical freedom representing the traditional "left - right" conception regarding the economical aspect, and an authoritarianism scale. 196 college students from two Costa Rican universities were surveyed; a public and a private one specialized in health sciences. Among the most important results, a significant relation was found between Social Dominance Orientation and Authoritarianism, as well as between religiousness and a) Authoritarianism, b) Economic freedom (right-wing), and c) a positive perception on human nature.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar a relação entre as variáveis dependentes atitudes para com a liberdade econômica e autoritarismo com as variáveis independentes: a) nível de dominância social, b) atribuição de pobreza, c) nível de religiosidade individual e d) percepção da natureza humana. As variáveis dependentes que pretendem representar o pensamento político foram representadas por duas variáveis escalares, uma de atitudes em relação à liberdade econômica que representa a tradicional "esquerda - direita" e outra de autoritarismo. O estudo foi realizado com uma amostra de 196 estudantes de duas universidades de Costa Rica, uma pública e uma privada especializada em ciências da saúde. Destacam-se como resultados a relação entre a orientação em relação à dominância social e o autoritarismo, além de relações significativas entre a religiosidade e as variáveis: a) autoritarismo, b) libertade econômica (direita econômica) y c) a percepção positiva naturaza humana.

L'objectif de la recherche est de déterminer la relation existante des attitudes face à la liberté économique et l'Autoritarisme, comme deux variables dépendantes, par rapport aux variables indépendantes : a) le niveau de dominance sociale, b) l'attribution de la pauvreté, c) le niveau de religiosité individuelle et d) la perception de la nature humaine. Les variables dépendantes que prétend représenter la pensée politique, sont représentées par deux variables scalaires; l'une, d'attitudes envers la liberté économique représentant la traditionnelle "gauche - droite" et, l'autre, de l'Autoritarisme. L'étude a été élaborée sur un échantillonnage de 196 étudiants issus de deux universités costariciennes, une université publique et une université privée, spécialisée en sciences de la santé. Parmi les résultats les plus importants se trouve une relation entre l'orientation de dominance sociale et autoritarisme, et de relations significatives quant à la religiosité avec a) l'autoritarisme, b) la liberté économique (droite économique) et la perception positive de la nature humaine.

Relaciones entre el autoritarismo y la dominancia social de acuerdo al nivel de contraste ideológico del contexto socio-político argentino

El autoritarismo del ala de derechas y la orientación a la dominancia social constituyen dos variables claves en el análisis de diversos fenómenos abordados por la Psicología Política. En esa línea, se afirma que se trata de dos constructos independientes que apuntan a visiones del mundo diferentes, pero que se encontrarían vinculados, variando su nivel de asociación, en función de determinadas características del contexto social en el que se estudian. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue analizar las relaciones entre el autoritarismo del ala de derechas y la orientación a la dominancia social en el contexto socio-político argentino caracterizado por su bajo nivel de contraste ideológico. De esta manera, se testeo la hipótesis de Duckitt (2001) en el contexto local, respecto de que las vinculaciones entre ambos constructos serían fuerte en contextos de alta polarización ideológica y débil en escenarios políticos no estructurados en función del eje izquierda-derecha. Para tal fin, se trabajó con cuatro muestras (NTotal = 1511) de estudiantes universitarios/as, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 52 años divididos/as, de los/as cuales 1061 participantes fueron mujeres (70,21%). Las relaciones entre el autoritarismo del ala de derechas y la orientación a la dominancia social varían en los diferentes estudios desde valores débiles a moderados (.25 < r < .35; p < .01). En función de los resultados, se discuten las particularidades que adquiere la vinculación entre estos dos constructos en el escenario socio-político argentino y se sugieren futuras líneas de análisis.

O autoritarismo de direita e orientação à dominância social são duas variáveis-chave na análise de vários fenômenos abordados pela Psicologia Política. Nesse sentido, afirma-se que é duas construções independentes que têm como alvo diferentes visões de mundo, mas que seria encontrada ligada, variando o seu nível de parceria, com base em certas características do contexto social em que são estudados. O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação entre o autoritarismo de direita e orientação à dominância social no contexto sócio-político argentino caracterizado pelo seu baixo nível de contraste ideológico. Assim, a hipótese do Duckitt (2001) teste no contexto local, sobre as ligações entre as duas construções seriam contextos ideológicos fortes e fracos de alta polarização em cenários políticos não estruturados, dependendo do eixo esquerda-direita. Para este fim, trabalhamos com quatro amostras de estudantes universidade (NTotal = 1511), com idade entre 18 e 52 anos, dos quais 1.061 eram mulheres (70,21%). As relações entre o autoritarismo de direita e orientação à dominância social variam em diferentes estudos de fraca a moderadas (.25 < r < .35; p < 0,01). Dependendo dos resultados, as particularidades entre estas duas construções teóricas são discutidas no cenário sócio-político argentino e futuras linhas de análise são sugeridas.

Right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation are two main variables for the analysis of different phenomena in Political Psychology. In this line, it is stated that both independent constructs are targeting different worldviews, but that would be found linked, varying its level of relations, based on certain characteristics of the social context in which they are studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation in Argentinian socio-political context characterized by its low level of ideological contrast. Thus, the hypothesis tested in the local context, regarding the linkages between the two constructs would be strong in ideological contexts of high polarization and weak political scenarios unstructured depending on the left-right axis Duckitt (2001). To this purpose, we worked with four university students samples (NTotal = 1511), aged between 18 and 52 years old and 1061 of them were women (70.21%). Relations between right wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation vary in different studies from weak to moderate values ​​(.25 < r <.35; p < .01). On the whole, the particularities acquired by the link between these two constructs in the Argentinian socio-political scenario are discussed and future lines of analysis are suggested.

Predictores de prejuicio sutil y manifiesto en el norte de Chile

El propósito del presente estudio es examinar la relación entre diversas variables como predictores del prejuicio racista (sutil y manifiesto) y proponer un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que exprese adecuadamente su relación. Estas variables incluyen: el autoritarismo, la orientación a la dominancia social, el conservadurismo y el hetero-estereotipo. Se busca establecer si todas ellas presentan una relación directa, indirecta o nula con el prejuicio. Como resultado se constató el prejuicio racista, se proponen y presentan evaluación del ajuste, de dos modelos predictivos del prejuicio, a los datos obtenidos. El estudio propone un modelo unifactorial y otro bifactorial, ambos con buenos indicadores de bondad de ajuste. Esta investigación cobra relevancia, considerando la situación de ciudad fronteriza de Arica y el aumento de inmigrantes latinoamericanos en los últimos años, hacia Chile.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between various variables as predictors of racist prejudice (subtle and manifest) and propose a model of structural equations that adequately expresses their relationship. These variables include: authoritarianism, orientation to social dominance, conservatism and hetero-stereotype. It seeks to establish whether all of them have a direct, indirect or null relationship with prejudice. As a result, the racist prejudice was verified, and the evaluation of the data obtained from two predictive models of prejudice is proposed and presented. The study proposes a unifactorial and a bifactorial model, both with good indicators of goodness of fit. This research becomes relevant, considering the situation of the border city of Arica and the increase of Latin American immigrants in recent years, towards Chile.

O objetivo deste estudo é examinar a relação entre várias variáveis como preditores de preconceito racista (sutil e manifesto) e propor um modelo de equações estruturais que expressem adequadamente sua relação. Essas variáveis incluem: autoritarismo, orientação ao domínio social, conservadorismo e heteroestereótipo. Ele procura estabelecer se todos eles têm uma relação direta, indireta ou nula com o preconceito. Como resultado, foi encontrado o preconceito racista, e dois modelos de avaliação do preconceito são propostos e apresentam ajuste aos dados obtidos. O estudo propõe um modelo unifatorial e um modelo bifatorial, ambos com bons indicadores de qualidade de ajuste. Esta pesquisa se torna relevante, considerando a situação da cidade fronteiriça de Arica e o aumento de imigrantes latino-americanos nos últimos anos, em direção ao Chile

Right Wing Autoritharism, Social Dominance Orientation, Controllability of the Weight and their Relationship with Antifat Attitudes / Autoritarismo, orientación a la dominancia social, controlabilidad del peso y su relación con las actitudes antiobesos

Antifat attitudes (AFA) refer to stereotyping based on people's weight. Literature suggests that people who have an ideologically conservative outlook on life also report negative attitudes toward obese people. Also, it is well established that one of the roots of AFA is the perception that prejudiced individuals have about the controllability of the weight. Therefore, in the current study it is analyzed if Right Wing Autoritharism (RWA, predisposition that individuals have to follow the dictates of a strong leader and traditional and conventional values) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO, the desire that one's ingroup dominates other outgroups) predicts prejudice toward obese people and if controllability of the weight mediates this relationship. 456 female students of the UNED (Spanish Open University) from 18 to 35 years were part of the final sample of the study. Results showed that RWA, SDO, controllability and AFA were positively correlated and that the relationship between RWA, SDO and AFA was mediated by the controllability of the weight.

Las actitudes antiobesos hacen referencia a los estereotipos sobre las personas con problemas de peso. La literatura sugiere que la gente que tiene una visión ideológica conservadora también presenta actitudes negativas hacia las personas obesas. Es un hecho bien establecido que una de las raíces de las actitudes negativas hacia los obesos es la percepción que tienen las personas prejuiciosas sobre la controlabilidad del peso. En el presente estudio se ha analizado si el autoritarismo (predisposición que tienen los individuos a seguir los dictados de un líder así como a tener valores convencionales y tradicionales) y la orientación a la dominancia social (el deseo de que el endogrupo domine al resto de exogrupos) predice el prejuicio hacia las personas obesas y si la controlabilidad del peso media esta relación. Para ello, se seleccionaron 456 mujeres estudiantes de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED) de 18 a 35 años. Los resultados pusieron de manifiesto que el autoritarismo, la orientación a la dominancia social, la controlabilidad del peso y las actitudes antiobesos estaban positivamente correlacionadas, y que la controlabilidad mediaba la relación entre las variables ideológicas y la actitud antiobesos.

Identidad nacional y su relación con la dominancia social y la tolerancia a la transgresión en residentes de Buenos Aires (Argentina) / National identity and its relationship with social dominance and tolerance transgression in Buenos Aires' residents (Argentina)

El objetivo del estudio que se informa fue describir y analizar los componentes de la identidad nacional argentina y su relación con la orientación de la dominancia social (ODS) y la tolerancia a la transgresión normativa. Para tal fin, se realizaron encuestas a 170 sujetos que residían en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y el Conurbano Bonaerense (República Argentina). Los resultados evidencian un grado de identificación medio-alto con la categoría social argentino, a la vez que muestran una autoestima colectiva medio-alta. Los atributos autoestereotípicos que conforman la identidad nacional comprenden tres dimensiones: argentino positivo, argentino negativo y argentino avivado. Esta última dimensión fue la que presentó mayor consenso entre los participantes, lo que sugiere que la viveza es percibida como una interface entre lo negativo y lo positivo por sus características adaptativas y funcionales. Los resultados muestran además que la ODS se relaciona inversamente con los componentes positivos, y directamente con los componentes negativos de la identidad nacional, lo que lleva a pensar que el ser argentino no necesariamente se vincula con el estatus o poder en personas dominantes. Finalmente, en relación con la tolerancia a la transgresión, los niveles de acuerdo con la misma son bajos en la muestra. Las caracterizaciones del argentino negativo y argentino avivado se vinculan con la tolerancia hacia ciertos comportamientos transgresores, especialmente con aquellos considerados menos graves y que no perjudican directamente a terceros.

From early beginnings of the last century, the stereotypes and categorizations about the Argentineans where predominantly negative, both for foreigners as for Argentineans themselves (D’adamo & García Beaudoux, 1994). This lack of a positive nationalism has been related to the lack of adherence to the norm and corruption, as well as to the bias towards the European countries shown by the Argentinean society and its members. This negative social self-concept among Argentineans is not unique in the region, in fact, a study carried out in the 90’s revealed that most of Latin American countries had negative national identities (Salazar, J. M. & Salazar, M. A., 1998). However, more recent studies carried out in countries such as Peru or Mexico suggest that there might be a shift in some aspects of their national identities, from a mainly negative one to a more ambivalent one, with some positive and some negative aspects. Some of these studies also evidenced certain relations between the national identity and other psychosocial variables such as the social dominance orientation (SDO) and the political ideology. Both high levels of SDO and a right wing political ideology had a negative impact on the different components of the national identity. These results may enlighten the study of the national identity in Argentina, that’s why the aim of this study was to describe and analyze some components of the Argentinean national identity and their relationship to SDO and tolerance towards transgressive behaviors. To this end, a survey with 170 residents in Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires and its surroundings was carried out. Results showed middle-high levels of identification and collective self-esteem related to the Argentinean social category. The national self-stereotypes that conform Argentinean identity were gathered in three dimensions: Positive argentine, Negative argentine, and Crafty argentine. The last dimension was the most consensual among participants, suggesting that craftiness is perceived as an interface between the negative and positive self-stereotype dimensions, because of its functionality and adaptability characteristics. The results also showed that the SDO was inversely related to the positive dimension, and directly related to the negative dimension of national identity, which suggests that the Argentine social category is not linked to status or power in dominant people. Finally, scores of tolerance toward normative transgression were low in the sample. However, negative argentine and crafty argentine dimensions were more tolerant toward transgressor behaviors that could be considered less serious and not harmful to others. The results confirm the negative relation between the SDO and the positive national identity, although the causes of this relation are yet to be studied. The research also suggests that there might be a shift in some of the components and expressions of the national identity. As well as in other countries of Latin America, this shift is characterized for its ambivalence between some positive aspects and other negative ones. Perhaps this ambivalence is best characterized by the craftiness, where the negative aspects of norm transgression and individualism meet the positive aspects of social warmth, adaptability and creativity. As for further investigations, it’s important to study how the different national identities interact with specific scenarios, and how this interaction has an impact on the individual behavior. Altogether, this kind of research helps to understand the national identity more deeply, and therefore, enlighten us to make a positive change in order to develop a healthy social identity, based on mutual trust and respect.

Intolerancia a la ambigüedad, conservadurismo político y justificación de la inequidad económica, legal, educativa y étnica en la ciudad de Lima – Perú / Intolerância à ambiguidade, conservadorismo político e justificativa da inequidade econômica, legal, educativa e étnica na cidade de Lima, Peru / Intolerance to ambiguity, political conservatism, and justification of economic, legal, educational, and ethnic inequality in the city of Lima – Peru

Se analiza la relación entre el conservadurismo político y la justificación de cuatro formas de inequidad: económica, legal, educativa y étnica, en una muestra de estudiantes y graduados universitarios de la ciudad de Lima. Se evaluaron la intolerancia a la ambigüedad, el autoritarismo de ala derecha (RWA), la orientación hacia la dominancia social (SDO) y la orientación política de derecha. Un diagrama de sendero muestra que la intolerancia a la ambigüedad influye directamente sobre el RWA y la SDO, y estos a su vez lo hacen sobre los cuatro tipos de justificación de la inequidad. La SDO ejerce una influencia de mayor intensidad en comparación con el RWA.

The article analyzes the relationship between political conservatism and the justification of economic, legal, educational, and ethnic inequality in a sample of students and university graduates from the city of Lima. The following aspects were evaluated: intolerance toward ambiguity, right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), and rightist political orientation. A Path-analysis shows that intolerance toward ambiguity directly influences RWA and SDO, and that these variables, in turn, influence the four types of justification of inequality. SDO exerts a greater influence than RWA.

Analisa-se a relação entre o conservadorismo político e a justificativa de quatro formas de inequidade: econômica, legal, educativa e étnica, em uma amostra de estudantes e universitários formados da cidade de Lima. Avaliaram-se a intolerância à ambiguidade, o autoritarismo de direita (RWA), a orientação à dominância social (SDO) e a orientação política de direita. Um diagrama de trilha mostra que a intolerância à ambiguidade influencia diretamente sobre o RWA e a SDO, e estes, por sua vez, fazem isso sobre os quatro tipos de justificativa da inequidade. A SDO exerce uma influência de maior intensidade em comparação com o RWA.

Indagación del autoritarismo en la infancia: Vinculaciones con la orientación de dominancia social y los valores en niños y niñas de la ciudad de Córdoba (Argentina) / Authoritarianism's inquiry in childhood: Correlations with social dominance orientation and values in boys and girls from Córdoba City (Argentina)

El estudio que se informa apuntó a analizar las relaciones existentes entre los niveles de autoritarismo y de orientación de dominancia social y los valores sociales en población infantil. Se trabajó con una muestra no probabilística de tipo accidental de 280 niños de la ciudad de Córdoba, de ambos sexos, que tenían entre 9 y 11 años. Se administró un cuestionario compuesto por tres escalas que indagaban las variables en estudio, previo consentimiento informado de los padres y autorizaciones de los niños y de las autoridades de las instituciones escolares, atendiendo a las variables sociodemográficas de edad y sexo de los participantes. Se efectuaron análisis uni y bivariados de las variables estudiadas. Los resultados confirman la relación positiva existente entre la Agresión autoritaria con la Orientación a la dominancia grupal, entre el autoritarismo en sus dos dimensiones (Agresión autoritaria y Sumisión autoritaria) y la Orientación a la dominancia grupal con los valores sociales de Conservación, y entre la Orientación a la dominancia grupal con los valores de Autopromoción. También complementariamente y de acuerdo a lo esperado, se ratificaron relaciones inversas entre la Oposición a la igualdad con los valores de Apertura al cambio y de Autotrascendencia y entre la Orientación a la dominancia grupal, con los valores de Autotrascendencia. No obstante e inesperadamente se evidenció una relación inversa entre la Sumisión autoritaria con la Oposición a la igualdad y con los valores de Apertura al cambio y entre la Oposición a la igualdad con los valores de Conservación. En función de los resultados obtenidos se discute acerca de las particularidades que adquiere esta articulación a los fines de realizar un aporte a la comprensión de actitudes autoritarias en la niñez, debido a que es una etapa crucial para la adquisición de actitudes que impactan directamente en el comportamiento político y social (Huerta, Bañuelos, Rodríguez, Luz & Gómez, 2006, en Imhoff & Brussino, 2010).

This research, developed in the field of Political Psychology, aims to contribute to the understanding of authoritarian attitudes in during childhood, focusing on the relationships with other psychosocial and psycho-political variables such as social values and social dominance orientation. It's important to study the authoritarianism nowadays, due to the fact that it would obstruct the progress to a new political and economic model that allows the human development and the citizen's participation and involvement, favouring solidarity bonds and social identity (Zaiter, 2002). Thus, the scientific approach of this phenomenon makes its understanding possible and would give tools that can be used for the strengthening of democracy and the acquisition of values and democratic attitudes. Additionally, it's relevant to study the authoritarian attitudes in childhood owing to the fact that is an area of vacancy in the authoritarianism's field because most of the investigations study the authoritarianism in adults or teenagers. The research aims to analyze the relationships between the authoritarianism's level, the social dominance orientation's level and social values in children's population. This inquiry is a co-relational study in which the sample was selected using a non-random accidental sampling of 280 children from Córdoba city, male and female, from 9 to 11years old. The sample consists of 52.3% of girls and a 47.7% of boys, whereas in relation to the age distribution, there are 27.7% of 9 year old children, 32.6 % of 10 year old and 39.8% of 11 year old. The questionnaire was composed of three scales which inquiry into the variables involved and was applied with a previous parents' and head teachers' consent. These scales were: The adaptation of Altemeyer's (2006) Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) Scale to children from Córdoba city by Imhoff and Brussino (2011a); the adaptation of Sidanius and Pratto's (1999) Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) Scale to children's population from Córdoba city by Imhoff and Brussino (2012), and the adaptation of Schwartz and Rubel-Lifschitz's (2009) Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) to children's population from Córdoba city by Imhoff and Brussino (2011b). In addition, socio-demographic variables such as sex and age were asked. Furthermore, the questionnaires were administered orally and individually to each child. Afterwards, univariate and bivariate analysis were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Regarding the results, unvaried analysis showed a higher level of Authoritarian submission than Authoritarian aggression. In relation to social dominance orientation, high scores in Opposition to equality were obtained and a homogeneous distribution in the level of Group based-dominance. Meanwhile, concerning to the children's valorative preference, high scores were found in Self-enhancement, low scores in Self-transcendence and regarding to Conservation and Openness to change, significant differences were not found between high and low levels. Concerning the relationships between the variables, results confirmed a positive relation between Authoritarian aggression with Group based-dominance; between authoritarianism (both dimensions Authoritarian aggression and Authoritarian submission) and group based-dominance with Conservation; and between group based-dominance with Self-enhancement. Moreover, results also demonstrated a negative relationship between Opposition to equality with Openness to change and Self-transcendence; and between Groups based- dominance with Self-transcendence. On the other hand, results revealed a negative relationship between Authoritarian submission with Opposition to equality and Openness to change; and also between Opposition to equality with Conservation values. According to these results, the peculiarities that acquire this articulation are discussed in order to contribute to the understanding of authoritarian attitudes in childhood. Due to the fact that is a crucial stage for the acquisition of attitudes that impact directly in political and social behaviour (Huerta, Bañuelos, Rodríguez, Luz & Gómez, 2006).

Adaptación y validación de la versión reducida de la escala de autoritarismo de derechas (RWA) al contexto argentino / Adaptation and validation of the reduced version of the right wing authoritarianism scale (RWA) in argentinean context

Este trabajo presenta la adaptación y validación de una versión reducida de la escala de autoritarismo de derechas (RWA) al contexto argentino. Con ese objetivo, se llevaron a cabo tres estudios con estudiantes universitarios (n = 1273). La escala reducida mostró una confiabilidad de α = .74, indicando buenos índices de ajuste en el análisis factorial de tipo confirmatorio. La validez de la escala se observó a través de sus relaciones con otros constructos evaluados, entre ellos, la orientación a la dominancia social, el autoposicionamiento ideológico, la religiosidad, el interés por la política y los cinco grandes factores de la personalidad. Se concluye que la versión reducida de la escala RWA es una herramienta valida y confiable para la evaluación del autoritarismo del ala de derechas en el contexto argentino.

This paper presents an adaptation and validation of a shortened version of right-wing authoritarianism scale (RWA) to the argentinian context. Were conducted three studies (n =1273), with samples of university students. The reduced scale showed a reliability of α = 0.74, showing good it indices in conirmatory factorial analysis. The validity of the scale is observed through its relationships with other constructs tested, including the social dominance orientation, the ideological self-positioning, religiosity, interest in politics and the big ive personality factors. We concluded in a small tool for evaluation of right-wing authoritarianism in the argentinian context, valid and reliable.

Considering the roles of Culture and Social Status: The Protestant Work Ethic and Egalitarianism / Considerando el papel de la Cultura y el Estatus Social: Ética Protestante y Egalitarismo

The Protestant work ethic (PWE) is prevalent in many cultures. Abundant work in social psychology, primarily in the U.S., suggests that people use PWE to justify their own prejudice and society's differential treatment of less successful or disadvantaged persons. Recent theorizing suggests that PWE's intergroup meaning can be influenced by people's age, social status, and culture such that PWE not only has an intolerant or "justifier"-of-inequality meaning (disadvantaged persons deserve their disadvantage), but also a tolerant or equalizer meaning (effort is a social equalizer). The main goal of the present investigation was to show that PWE does not necessarily develop a justifier meaning within or across cultures. Past work shows that among the majority group, European Americans, PWE is positively related to egalitarianism among children but less so with increasing age, presumably because the justifier meaning becomes increasingly salient and group relevant (justifies their groups' high status). In Study 1, we show that among the majority group in Colombia, Mestizos, PWE is positively related to egalitarianism (and negatively related to social dominance orientation) across age groups, presumably because the justifier meaning is less salient and relevant in a culture where people tend to blame others less for their disadvantage. In Study 2, we show that among African Americans, who have historically been a disadvantaged and stigmatized group, PWE is positively related to egalitarianism across age groups, presumably because the justifier meaning is less relevant and salient to their group. The implications of these findings are discussed.

La Ética Protestante del Trabajo (PWE) es común en muchas culturas. Investigaciones en psicología social, principalmente en EUA, sugieren que la gente usa la PWE para justificar sus prejuicios y el trato diferencial hacia las personas en desventaja. Teorías recientes sugieren que la edad, el estatus social y la cultura influyen sobre las implicaciones de la PWE, de tal manera que ésta no solo justifica la inequidad (las personas merecen su desventaja), sino también la igualdad (por medio del esfuerzo). Esta investigación evaluó la emergencia de las implicaciones intolerantes de la PWE en dos culturas. Investigaciones pasadas muestran que entre el grupo mayoritario en EUA, Euro Americanos, la PWE se relaciona positivamente con el igualitarismo en niños, pero menos a medida que aumenta la edad, presumiblemente porque las implicaciones justificadoras de la PWE adquieren mayor saliencia y relevancia (justificando el estatus alto de algunos grupos). El primer estudio, sugiere que entre el grupo mayoritario en Colombia, Mestizos, la PWE se relaciona positivamente con el igualitarismo (y negativamente con la Orientación a la Dominancia Social) en todos los grupos de edad, presumiblemente porque las implicaciones justificadoras tienen menos saliencia y son menos relevantes en una cultura donde las personas tienden menos a culpar a los otros por su desventaja. El segundo estudio sugiere que entre Afroamericanos, un grupo históricamente estigmatizado y en desventaja, la PWE se relaciona positivamente con el igualitarismo, posiblemente porque las implicaciones justificadoras tienen menor relevancia y saliencia para el grupo. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos son discutidas.

Valores psicossociais e orientação à dominância social: um estudo acerca do preconceito / Psychosocial values and social dominance orientation: a study about prejudice

O objetivo central do presente estudo foi analisar as relações existentes entre o preconceito, através da orientação à dominância social, e os valores psicossociais, a partir de quatro sistemas, o religioso, o materialista, o pós-materialista e o hedonista. Participaram deste estudo 205 estudantes universitários do curso de psicologia da cidade de João Pessoa - PB. Estes responderam à escala de orientação à dominância social, ao questionário de valores psicossociais e a um conjunto de questões sócio-demográficas. Os resultados indicaram relações parciais entre estas variáveis, sendo a orientação à dominância social diretamente associada aos valores materialistas e contrariamente associada aos valores pós-materialistas. As considerações apresentam o preconceito como resultado das construções ideológicas amplamente compartilhadas pelos grupos sociais.

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships among prejudice and psychosocial values, by means of the orientation of social dominance, from four systems, the religious, the materialist, the post-materialist and, the hedonist. For this particular study, 205 undergraduate Psychology students were chosen from the city of João Pessoa - PB. They answered the social dominance orientation scale, psychosocial value questionnaire, and a set of social-demographic questions. The results presented partial relations among these variables, the social dominance orientation was directly associated with the materialist values and inversely associated with the post-materialistic values. The considerations present prejudice as the consequence of ideological constructions amply shared by social groups.