ABSTRACT
Resumen Los comportamientos antisociales que persisten durante la adolescencia, pueden implicar para el individuo un progresivo proceso de desadaptación social, por el cual los adolescentes van progresivamente alejándose de las normas de sus contextos sociales. La intervención educativa y psicosocial en desadaptación social adolescente requiere de una alta especialización, sin embargo, trabajadores sociales, psicólogos y educadores señalan no contar con competencias claras para hacer eficaces sus intervenciones. Mediante un diseño de casos y controles, se buscó identificar las competencias especializadas a las que debiese responder un programa de formación para la intervención en desadaptación social adolescente. Se entrevistó a ocho profesionales del ámbito psico-socio-educativo que participaron de un proceso de formación especializada (casos) y ocho profesionales sin la formación (controles). Emergieron siete macrocompetencias, validadas ante grupo de expertos: (a) Desarrollar un marco integral, informado y coherente sobre el proceso de inadaptación social de los adolescentes y su contexto de enfoque; (b) Diseñar y desarrollar un proceso de evaluación del / la adolescente de atención; (c) Intervenir con el adolescente; (d) Evidencia de comportamiento ético en la intervención; (e) Desarrollar el autoconocimiento constante del interviniente; (f) Promover y desarrollar una relación de ayuda con el adolescente, y (g) Exhibir comportamientos y habilidades que favorecen el trabajo en equipo. Quienes tienen formación destacan las competencias relacionadas a los conocimientos, una mirada prospectiva y el saber hacer, mientras que quienes no han recibido formación destacan el saber ser. Se discute respecto a la necesidad de enfatizar el saber ser en los procesos de formación.
Abstract Antisocial behaviors that persist during adolescence may imply a progressive social imbalance for the individual. Educational and psychosocial intervention in these adolescents requires a high specialization, since when the violation of the law is presented as a persistent pattern of behavior it would be associated with a disadvantaged family, school and social environment where the adolescent experiences difficulties in solving basic needs and seeks alternative ways of coping with life events, adapting to particular contexts, which can often be more reinforcing, ignoring the general social context. This persistent group presents a lot of heterogeneity both in psychological aspects and in criminal behavior, observing different criminal trajectories that require different types of intervention, which further complicates the work of the intervention teams. The trajectories observed in men and of increasing complexity would be: (a) determined by contextual risk factors; (b) adolescents with stories of violation of rights and abandonments; (c) adolescents with traumatic situations in their lives, disruptive behaviors and disorganized functioning; (d) adolescents socialized in criminogenic contexts with stories of rape in them, leading them to an antisocial functioning focused on their personal well-being; (d) adolescents socialized in criminogenic contexts, seeking to validate themselves socially, strengthening their personal identity through countercultural behaviors (Alarcón, et al., 2012). Through a case control design, we seek to identify the specialized skills to which a training program for intervention in adolescent social maladjustment must respond. Eight professionals who participated in a specialized training process (cases) and eight professionals without training (controls) were interviewed. From the content analysis, seven macro competences were validated before a group of experts: (a) Develop a comprehensive, informed and coherent framework on the process of social maladjustment of adolescents and their context of focus; (b) Design and develop an evaluation process of the adolescent of attention; (c) Intervene with the adolescent; (d) Evidence of ethical behavior in the intervention; (e) Develop the constant self-knowledge of the intervener; (f) Promote and develop a helping relationship with the adolescent, and (g) Exhibiting behaviors and skills that promote teamwork. The results confirm specialized competences that emphasize a differentiated vision of the adolescent and the work team as a source of validation in decision making. Similarly, those with training highlight skills related to knowledge, a prospective perspective and know-how; while those who have not received training highlight the attitudes associated with knowing how to be. The need to evaluate the specialization of professional teams that intervene with adolescents who violate the law is discussed, facilitating the development of knowledge, abilities and skills, without neglecting the development of reflective attitudes in the training processes of each professional and within the teams, to promote continuous improvement. As limitations of this study, it is considered that the participants were officials who participated in a training process (cases) and other officials from institutions with similar demographic characteristics but without systematic training (controls); This involved accessing professionals between the ages of 30 and 45, not being able to know the perspective of those under 30 or over 45, or service personnel who share daily with adolescents, being able to link up and influence their changes. As challenges for future research, it is necessary to have indicators to verify competence and observe it with respect to its adjustment with the distinctive characteristics of adolescents. Along with this, the need to observe in greater detail the possibilities of educational and psychosocial intervention in family, school and community contexts that are estimated to involve eventual crisis scenarios for adolescents at the time of reintegration is observed. The above to effectively promote interventions that allow adolescents to exercise their role as citizens.
ABSTRACT
Se analiza la incidencia de un conjunto de variables relacionales y del entorno social construido que actúan como factores de riesgo en procesos de desadaptación social de adolescentes en un barrio de Temuco, Chile. Como técnicas para la producción de datos, se emplearon: la observación participante, las entrevistas focalizadas, el análisis documental, los talleres de discusión grupal y el análisis estructural de redes. En un análisis en progreso de los datos, bajo la lógica de construcción de teoría desde la base, se caracteriza la dinámica barrial en cinco dimensiones: convivencia comunitaria, acción institucional en la comunidad, norma comunitaria, abordaje familiar del comportamiento infantil y adolescente y apropiación del espacio público. Se propone que estas dimensiones en el polo negativo actuarían como variables criminógenas en el espacio comunitario.
This article analyses the incidence of a group of relational and social context constructed variables that act as risk factors in processes of social maladjustment of adolescents in a neighborhood belonging to Temuco city, Chile. The techniques used to produce the data were participant observation, focalized interviews, document analysis, group discussion workshops and structural analysis of networks. In a progressive analysis of the data, using grounded theory, the neighborhood dynamics is characterized by five dimensions: community cohabitation, institutional action in the community, community norm, family approach to child and adolescent behavior; and community taking of the public space. It is proposed that these dimensions in its negative pole would act, within community space, as conducive to crime variables.
Subject(s)
Psychology, Social , Adolescent , Qualitative ResearchABSTRACT
Considerando las necesidades actuales presentes en el trabajo psicológico con adolescentes con problemas de adaptación social, este artículo realiza una revisión teórica actualizada sobre el constructo de psicopatía infanto-juvenil. Se abordan aspectos relacionados con la definición y extensión del constructo, los instrumentos de evaluación disponibles, los factores de riesgo y las perspectivas de tratamiento y prevención. En la discusión se ponderan las diferentes aproximaciones conceptuales, se plantea la conveniencia de desarrollar tanto instrumentos comprehensivos como de evaluación específica, ajustados a nuestro contexto sociocultural, y se destaca la necesidad de iniciar estudios sobre intervención que consideren las características de personalidad que están involucradas en el constructo.
Considering the current needs present in the psychological approach to adolescents with social adjustment problems, this article presents an actualized theoretical review about the construct of child and juvenile psychopathy. The topics included in the revision are the construct definition and extension, the tools for assessment that are available, the risk factors and different approaches to intervention. The discussion weights the different approaches to conceptualization, it points the convenience for studying general and specific assessments tools adjusted to our socio-cultural context, and it remarks the need for studying interventions that include the personality characteristics involved in the psychopathy construct.