Influencia del gradiente social sobre la salud bucal de mujeres trabajadoras formales / Influence of social gradient on the oral health of formally employed women / Influência do gradiente social na saúde bucal de mulheres trabalhadoras formais

Introducción: Las patologías bucales se asocian con las condiciones sociales, materiales y el nivel socioeconómico desfavorables. La salud bucal de las mujeres se ve afectada por aspectos sociales, que marcan inequidades en salud, si se compara con los hombres. Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia del gradiente social sobre la salud bucal de mujeres trabajadoras de una universidad de Santander, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal que involucró a 84 mujeres trabajadoras. Se utilizaron variables sociodemográficas, de condición de salud bucal (presencia de caries dental, enfermedad periodontal y edentulismo) y posición social. Se estableció una relación entre estas. Para ello, se aplicaron las pruebas Chi cuadrado o Exacto de Fisher, t de Student o test de rangos de Wilcoxon, con una significancia α≤0,05. Resultados: Se evidenció una prevalencia de caries dental de un 85,7%, enfermedad periodontal de un 79,8%, y prevalencia de edentulismo de un 40,5%; los factores sociales que se presentaron con mayor frecuencia mostrando alguna relación con las condiciones bucales fueron edad, etnia, estado civil, nivel educativo, la labor que realiza diariamente, estrato socioeconómico, la responsabilidad económica dentro del hogar. Conclusión: El gradiente social no registró diferencias estadísticamente significativas al analizarlo con las patologías orales; sin embargo, se estableció que las mujeres que se ubicaron en la posición social alta tenían menos carga de enfermedades bucales; mientras que las mujeres que se encontraban en la posición social baja tenían mayor prevalencia de caries dental, enfermedad periodontal y edentulismo.

Introduction: Oral diseases are associated with unfavorable social, material, and socioeconomic conditions. Women's oral health is affected by social aspects, which increase health inequalities when compared to men. Objetive: To evaluate the social gradient's influence on the oral health of working women at a university in Santander, Colombia. Materials and Methods: Analytical cross-sectional observational cross-sectional study involving 84 working women. Sociodemographic variables, oral health condition variables (presence of dental caries, periodontal disease, and edentulism), and social status variables were used to establish relationships. Chi-square test or Fisher's Exact test, Student's t-test or Wilcoxon rank test were used, with a significance α≤0.05. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 85.7%, periodontal disease 79.8%, and edentulism 40.5%. Age, ethnicity, marital status, educational level, work carried out daily, socioeconomic status, and responsibility for household finances were the social factors most frequently related to oral conditions. Conclusions: The social gradient did not register statistically significant differences when analyzed with oral diseases. However, it was established that women with a high social status had a lower burden of oral diseases, while women with a low social status had a higher prevalence of dental caries, periodontal disease, and edentulism.

Introdução: As patologias bucais estão associadas a condições sociais, materiais e socioeconômicas desfavoráveis. A saúde bucal das mulheres é afetada por aspectos sociais, que marcam as iniquidades em saúde, quando comparadas aos homens. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do gradiente social na saúde bucal de mulheres trabalhadoras de uma universidade em Santander, Colômbia. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo observacional analítico transversal envolvendo 84 mulheres trabalhadoras. Foram utilizadas variáveis sociodemográficas, condição de saúde bucal (presença de cárie dentária, doença periodontal e edentulismo) e posição social. Estabeleceu-se uma relação entre eles. Para isso, foram aplicados os testes Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher, Teste T de Student ou teste de faixas de Wilcoxon, com significância de α≤0,05. Resultados: Evidenciou-se prevalência de cárie dentária de 85,7%, doença periodontal de 79,8% e prevalência de edentulismo de 40,5%; os fatores sociais que apareceram com maior frequência, mostrando alguma relação com as condições bucais, foram idade, etnia, estado civil, escolaridade, trabalho diário, nível socioeconômico, responsabilidade econômica dentro do lar. Conclusões: O gradiente social não registrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas ao analisá-lo com patologias bucais; no entanto, verificou-se que as mulheres que se encontravam em posição social elevada apresentavam menor carga de doenças bucais; enquanto as mulheres que estavam em posição social baixa apresentaram maior prevalência de cárie dentária, doença periodontal e edentulismo.

Dimensiones de adherencia terapéutica en mujeres colombianas con VIH/SIDA: una perspectiva social / Dimensions of treatment adherence among Colombian women living with HIV/AIDS: a social perspective

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar las asociaciones entre tres dimensiones de adherencia terapéutica (prácticas, significados, barreras y condiciones de vida) y la posición social de mujeres colombianas con VIH/Sida. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal, con diseño descriptivo-correlacional con 269 mujeres. Se aplicó un cuestionario de datos clínicos y socio-demográficos, un Cuestionario de Adherencia Terapéutica y una Encuesta de Posición Social diseñados y validados por la autora. Los resultados indican que el 43% de las mujeres participantes presentó baja adherencia, mientras que el 57% obtuvo puntuaciones de alta adherencia. A su vez, se encontró que existe asociación estadística entre las variables de estudio, y que mayores niveles de posición social se asocian con mayores niveles de adherencia. Se destaca que todas las variables de la dimensión "barreras y condiciones de vida" estuvieron asociadas con la posición social de las participantes. En particular, las mujeres de posición social media y alta tienen condiciones de vida más favorables y enfrentan menos barreras para la adherencia en comparación con mujeres de posición social baja. De igual forma, tienen mejores prácticas de adherencia. Por el contrario, en la dimensión "significados" hay mayores coincidencias entre ambos grupos. Como conclusión general, se plantea que para avanzar en una perspectiva social de la adherencia en casos de VIH/Sida, la posición social y las consideraciones de género deben incorporarse tanto al concepto de adherencia, como a la intervención e investigación en el campo.

The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the associations between social position and three dimensions of treatment adherence (practices, beliefs, barriers) and living conditions among Colombian women with HIV/Aids. A cross-sectional study with a descriptive correlational design was conducted with 269 women who completed a sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics Questionnaire, an Adherence to Treatment Questionnaire, and a Social Position Survey. Results indicated that approximately one out of two (43%) of the participants presented low adherence to treatment and that higher levels of adherence were associated with higher scores in the Social Position Survey. All variables in the "barriers and living conditions" dimension were associated with social position of the participants. Women with a middle or high social position had more favorable living conditions and less barriers for access and showed higher adherence to treatment in comparison with women with a low social position. Additionally, they showed better adherence "practices". Meanwhile, in the "beliefs" dimension, both groups showed similar trends. Overall, the study concluded that the concept of treatment adherence, as well as research projects and interventions with the goal of improving adherence to HIV/Aids treatment among women ought to incorporate a social perspective based on a gender approach and on the acknowledgement of the critical role played by the social position of women.

Psychosocial Correlates of Duration of Untreated Psychosis in the First-Episode Schizophrenia / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the psychosocial factors and clinical symptoms related to the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) in 35 consecutive first-episode inpatients with schizophrenia. METHODS: Data from 35 schizophrenic patients were obtained from two general psychiatric inpatient units at a university medical center. These data included scores from Index of Social Position (ISP), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) as well as socio-demographic informations. RESULTS: Among socio-demographic variables, lower social position (r=.610, p<.001), male sex (r=.407, p=.015), and grew up in rural area (r=.335, p=.045) were significantly correlated with DUP. The interpersonal sensitivity of SCL-90-R was the only symptomatic variable significantly correlated with DUP (r=.379, p=.027). However, after controlling interactive effects of the variables, only lower social position and interpersonal sensitivity remained significant. Lower social position was more influential on DUP than interpersonal sensitivity in the multiple regression model. CONCLUSION: Both social and symptomatic factors independently influenced DUP in schizophrenic patients. Lower social position defined by education and occupation of patients or caretakers may reflect barriers to psychiatric services or poor identification of mental illness. This together with patients' subjective distress in interpersonal interactions may delay the intervention of psychiatric services.