Empatía y disposición a la reconciliación socioemocional en adolescentes penalizados

(analítico) Este estudio analiza la relación entre la empatía y la disposición a la reconciliación socioemocional en adolescentes infractores de la ley. Con un diseño no experimental, correlacional-predictivo, participaron 171 jóvenes entre 15 y 23 años, judicializados con medida privativa de la libertad en Colombia, 81.1% (n = 137) hombres y 19.9 % (n = 34) mujeres. Se utilizó el índice de reactividad interpersonal y la escala de reconciliación socioemocional. Se hallaron correlaciones positivas (p < 0.05) entre la empatía y la reconciliación socioemocional. El análisis de regresión mostró que la empatía tiene efecto predictor positivo (p < 0.001) sobre la reconciliación socioemocional total (R2=0.154), intrapersonal (R2 = 0.081) e interpersonal (R2 = 0.185). Se concluye que la empatía incide en los procesos de reconciliación socioemocional de los adolescentes judicializados.

(analytical) This study analyzes the relationship between empathy and the disposition to socioemotional reconciliation in adolescent offenders of the law. With a non-experimental, correlational-predictive design, 171 young people between 15 and 23 years of age participated in the study, all of whom had been sentenced to imprisonment in Colombia. 81.1% (n = 137) males and 19.9% (n = 34) females. The interpersonal reactivity index and the socioemotional reconciliation scale were used. Positive correlations (p < 0.05) were found between empathy and socioemotional reconciliation. Regression analysis showed that empathy has positive predictor effect (p < 0.001) on total (R2 = 0.154), intrapersonal (R2 = 0.081) and interpersonal (R2 = 0.185) socioemotional reconciliation. It is concluded that empathy has an impact on the socioemotional reconciliation processes of judicialized adolescents.

(analítico) Neste estudo é analisada a relação entre empatia e disposição para a reconciliação sócio-emocional em adolescentes infratores da lei. Com um desenho não experimental, correlativo-preditivo, participaram do estudo 171 jovens entre 15 e 23 anos de idade, que haviam sido condenados a penas de prisão na Colômbia. 81,1% (n = 137) machos e 19,9% (n = 34) fêmeas. Foram utilizados o índice de reatividade interpessoal e a escala de reconciliação socioemocional. Foram encontradas correlações positivas (p< 0,05) entre empatia e reconciliação socioemocional. A análise de regressão mostrou que a empatia tem um efeito preditor positivo (p < 0,001) sobre o total (R2 = 0,154), intrapessoal (R2 = 0,081) e a reconciliação sócio-emocional interpessoal (R2 = 0,185). Conclui-se que a empatia tem um impacto sobre os processos de reconciliação socioemocional de adolescentes judicializados.

Aborto en la adolescencia, un reto como problema biopsicosocial actual para la Atención Primaria de Salud / Abortion in adolescence, a challenge as a current biopsychosocial problem for Primary Health Care / Aborto na adolescência, um desafio como problema biopsicossocial atual para a Atenção Básica à Saúde

RESUMEN El impacto del aborto como problema social y psicológico, es un tema tratado en todas sus dimensiones, así como su situación mundial y sobre todo la cubana actual. Trabajos de investigación, toman en cuenta diferentes latitudes tales como su caracterización, las justificativas para la toma de decisión de abortar además de su repercusión económica y biopsicosocial. La educación sexual y reproductiva puede ayudar a que el aborto no se convierta en un método anticonceptivo como tal, el cual representa un problema que compromete la salud reproductiva de las adolescentes tanto desde el punto de vista biológico, psicológico, como social, sino como otra elección en la toma de decisiones ante un embarazo no deseado que conlleva a la realización de este proceder teniendo como una de las principales razones no sentirse preparadas para ser madres en ese momento.

ABSTRACT The impact of abortion as a social and psychological problem is a subject dealt with in all its dimensions, as well as its world situation and especially the current Cuban one. Research works take into account different latitudes such as their characterization, the justifications for the decision to abort, as well as their economic and biopsychosocial repercussions. Sexual and reproductive education can help prevent abortion from becoming a contraceptive method as such, which represents a problem that compromises the reproductive health of adolescents both from a biological, psychological, and social point of view, but from another point of view, choice in decision-making in the face of an unwanted pregnancy that leads to the performance of this procedure, one of the main reasons being not feeling prepared to be mothers at that time.

RESUMO O impacto do aborto como problema social e psicológico é um assunto tratado em tod,as as suas dimensões, bem como a sua situação mundial e especialmente a cubana atual. Os trabalhos de pesquisa levam em consideração diferentes latitudes como sua caracterização, as justificativas para a decisão de abortar, bem como suas repercussões econômicas e biopsicossociais. A educação sexual e reprodutiva pode ajudar a evitar que o aborto se torne um método anticoncepcional propriamente dito, o que representa um problema que compromete a saúde reprodutiva dos adolescentes tanto do ponto de vista biológico, psicológico e social, quanto de outro ponto de vista, fazer frente a uma gravidez indesejada que leva à realização desse procedimento, sendo um dos principais motivos o fato de não se sentir preparada para ser mãe naquele momento.

"El Clan del golfo": ¿el nuevo paramilitarismo o delincuencia organizada? / "The Gulf Clan": Is it the New Paramilitarism or Organized Delinquency?

Resumen Desde mediados del Siglo XX, Colombia ha estado inmerso en un conflicto armado, que aún pervive a pesar de que las FARC-EP se desarmaron luego del proceso de paz que se firmó en el 2016. Aún existen otros actores armados que son importantes conocer, a fin de tener una mejor comprensión de la actualidad del conflicto, en este caso el "Clan del Golfo". Este artículo tiene como objetivo establecer si las causas que dieron origen a la formación de las AUC, son análogas a las que originaron al Clan del Golfo. Se sostendrá desde premisas de vigilantismo que la aparición, desarrollo y fortalecimiento de los grupos paramilitares son una respuesta a la crisis estatal para proveer seguridad pública y a un proceso de construcción de Estado, donde se evidencia debilidad para ejercer el monopolio legítimo del uso de la fuerza.

Abstract Since the mid-twentieth century, Colombia has been immersed in an armed conflict, still alive even though the FARC-EP was disarmed after the peace process that was signed in 2016. There are still other armed actors, which are important to know, in order to have a better understanding of the current situation of the conflict, which is the case of "the Gulf Clan." - Clan del Golfo. - This article aims to establish whether the causes that gave rise to the formation of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia - AUC - are analogous to those that originated "the Gulf Clan." It will be held from premises of vigilantism that the emergence, development, and strengthening of paramilitary groups are a response to the state crisis to provide public security and a State-building process, where there is evidence of weakness for exercising the legitimate monopoly of the use of force.

Protecção social da velhice em Portugal. O caso particular dos lares de idosos / Social protection of old age in Portugal. The particular case of nursing homes / La protección social de la vejez en Portugal. El caso particular de los hogares de personas mayores

A política de cuidados na velhice está relacionada com as alterações sociodemográficas, transformações na estrutura e dinâmica familiar, a individualização das relações sociais, centradas na autonomia e na independência. Estas alterações proporcionam uma "desproteção" aos idosos, associada a outros riscos, designadamente à maior probabilidade de doenças crónicas e incapacitantes, à necessidade de cuidados, num tempo de escassez dos cuidadores familiares disponíveis, à maior probabilidade de rendimento insuficiente, ao baixo nível de escolaridade e acesso deficitário à informação, associado a níveis escassos de participação social. Este artigo pretende apresentar uma revisão acerca da protecção social da Velhice em Portugal, realizada durante a investigação acerca da Promoção e Preservação da Dignidade em Lares de Idosos, realizada no contexto do Doutoramento em Enfermagem da Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal, concluído em novembro 2017.

The policy of care in old age is related to sociodemographic changes, transformations in family structure and dynamics, the individualization of social relations, centered on autonomy and independence. These changes provide an "unprotection" to the elderly, associated with other risks, namely the greater probability of chronic and incapacitating diseases, the need for care, in a time of shortage of available family caregivers, the greater probability of insufficient income, low level of schooling and lack of access to information, associated to scarce levels of social participation. This article intends to present the reflection about old age as a social problem, carried out during the research on the Promotion and Preservation of Dignity in the context of care in nursing homes, carried out in the context of the PhD in Nursing of the University of Lisbon.

La política de cuidados en la vejez está relacionada con las alteraciones sociodemográficas, transformaciones en la estructura y dinámica familiar, la individualización de las relaciones sociales, centradas en la autonomía y la independencia. Estas enmiendas proporcionan una "desprotección" a las personas mayores, asociada a otros riesgos, en particular a la mayor probabilidad de enfermedades crónicas e incapacitantes, a la necesidad de cuidados, en un tiempo de escasez de los cuidadores familiares disponibles, a la mayor probabilidad de rendimiento insuficiente, al bajo nivel de ingresos, escolaridad y acceso deficitario a la información, asociado a niveles escasos de participación social. Este artículo tiene como objetivo presentar una revisión de la protección social de la ancianidad en Portugal, que tuvo lugar durante la investigación de la preservación de la promoción y la dignidad en residencias de ancianos, que tuvo lugar en el marco del Doctorado en Enfermería de la Universidad de Lisboa, Portugal, terminado en noviembre de 2017.

Discussion on the Characteristics of Death Anxiety of the People in Mainland China / 中国医学伦理学

At present , the death anxiety of people in mainland China presents the main characteristics of col -lective avoidance , instantaneous outbreak , the vulnerability of death anxiety buffer system , and load social prob-lems of death anxiety .The taboo of death is linked to collective avoidance of death anxiety , and the avoidance to death causes the extrusion and deformation of most people ' s death anxiety .When people ' s death anxiety encoun-ters serious "death reminder", it will instantly break out .Due to the vulnerability of death anxiety buffer system and the impact of current social problems in mainland China , people ' s death anxiety presents a characteristic of brutal want on spread .

Discussion on the Characteristics of Death Anxiety of the People in Mainland China / 中国医学伦理学

At present , the death anxiety of people in mainland China presents the main characteristics of col -lective avoidance , instantaneous outbreak , the vulnerability of death anxiety buffer system , and load social prob-lems of death anxiety .The taboo of death is linked to collective avoidance of death anxiety , and the avoidance to death causes the extrusion and deformation of most people ' s death anxiety .When people ' s death anxiety encoun-ters serious "death reminder", it will instantly break out .Due to the vulnerability of death anxiety buffer system and the impact of current social problems in mainland China , people ' s death anxiety presents a characteristic of brutal want on spread .

Intervención grupal para reducir la sintomatología depresiva y promover la sensibilidad materna en embarazadas chilenas / Group intervention for reducing depressive symptoms and promoting maternal sensitivity in pregnant Chilean women

La sintomatología depresiva es frecuente en el embarazo y repercute en el posparto y en el vínculo madre-bebé. Se reportan los resultados de una intervención grupal de 5 sesiones para reducir la sintomatología depresiva y promover una adecuada sensibilidad materna. Participaron 134 embarazadas con antecedentes de depresión (grupo experimental = 88 y grupo control = 46). Se evaluó sintomatología depresiva (Inventario para la Depresión de Beck), resolución de problemas sociales (Inventario de Resolución de Problemas Sociales Abreviado), sensibilidad materna, cooperatividad infantil y riesgo vincular (Índice Experimental de Relación Niño-Adulto) en ambos grupos. Se observó una reducción significativa de la sintomatología depresiva, así como un incremento de las habilidades para la resolución de problemas sociales en el grupo intervenido. Este grupo muestra también puntajes significativamente mayores en sensibilidad materna y cooperatividad infantil, así como menores frecuencias de riesgo vincular en la evaluación postintervención. Se discute la relevancia de desarrollar estrategias de intervención durante el embarazo, considerando su impacto en la sensibilidad materna, en la calidad de las interacciones madre-bebé y en las habilidades de las madres para resolver problemas.

Depressive symptoms are frequently observed during pregnancy, and these affect the mother and her relationship with her baby during the post-partum period. Results are reported on a 5-session group intervention for reducing depressive symptoms and promoting maternal sensitivity. The participants included 134 pregnant women with a history of depression (experimental group = 46 and control group = 88). Depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory), social problem-solving strategies (Social Problem-Solving Inventory-Revised), maternal sensitivity, infant cooperativeness and bonding risk (Child-Adult Relatinoship Experimental Index) were assessed in both groups. The group intervened showed a significant reduction of depressive symptoms and an improvement of social problem-solving strategies. This group also shows significantly higher scores in maternal sensitivity, and infant cooperativeness, as well as lower frequencies of bonding risk in the post-intervention assessment. The importance of considering intervention strategies during pregnancy, including its impact on maternal sensitivity, the quality of mother-baby interactions and the problem-solving abilities of the mothers, is discussed.

Trabalho escrav contemporâneo: a construção soial de um problema público no nnorte fluminense / Trabajo esclavo contemporáneo: la construcción social de un problma público en nnorte fluminense / Contemporary slave labor: the social construction of a public problem in northern rio´ state

Este artigo analisa a construção social do problema do trabalho escravo, considerando seus sentidos e significados e as estratégias de erradicação no Norte Fluminense. Foi efetuada uma pesquisa qualitativa, referenciada pela Psicologia Social, especificamente pela concepção de Berger, Luckmann e Lenoir sobre a construção social da realidade. Foi feita uma ampla investigação bibliográfica (jornais da região, textos acadêmicos e documentos institucionais) e realizadas entrevistas com atores sociais locais (trabalhadores, movimentos sociais, órgãos públicos). Para o tratamento dos dados, foi utilizada a Análise Crítica do Discurso. Os resultados demonstraram as peculiaridades dos processos de enunciação, reconhecimento, legitimação e institucionalização do problema na região, mediante a reivindicação de trabalhadores, a formação e ações de um Comitê Popular e a atuação do Estado na fiscalização do problema...

En este artículo se analiza la construcción social del problema del trabajo esclavo, teniendose en cuenta sus sentidos y significados y las estrategias de erradicación en el Norte Fluminense. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, referenciada por la Psicología Social, específicamente por la concepción de Berger, Luckmann y Lenoir sobre la construcción social de la realidad. Fue realizada una extensa búsqueda en la literatura (periódicos regionales, textos académicos y documentos institucionales) y se llevaron a cabo entrevistas con los actores sociales locales (trabajadores, movimientos sociales, organismos públicos). Para el tratamiento de los datos se utilizó el Análisis Crítico del Discurso. Los resultados demostraron las peculiaridades del proceso de expresión, reconocimiento, legitimación e institucionalización del problema en la región, mediante la reivindicación de los trabajadores, la formación y las acciones de un Comité Popular y el papel del Estado en la fiscalización del problema...

This paper examines the social construction of contemporary slave problem in Northern Rio´s state, considering its senses and meanings and eradication strategies. A qualitative research referenced by Social Psychology, specifically Berger, Luckmann Lenoir concept about social construction of reality, was performed. An extensive literature search (regional newspapers, academic texts and institutional documents) has taken and we did interviews with local social actors (workers, social movements, public agencies). To data treatment it was used Critical Discourse Analysis. The results demonstrated peculiarities in utterance, recognition, legitimization and institutionalization processes of the problem in that region, through worker´s claim, the formation and actions of a Popular Committee and State performance in monitoring the problem...

Creating a list of psycho-social problems and solutions for patients with pancreatic cancer by applying the social problem-solving process

Purpose： The aim of this study was to create a list of psycho-social problems and solutions for patients with pancreatic cancer by applying the social problem-solving process. Methods： A semi-structured interview of approximately 1 hour was conducted on two occasions. The participants were 17 patients with pancreatic cancer. Results： Psycho-social problems were divided into two themes: “facing the future uncertainty” and “facing the effects of treatment received”. A list of problems and solutions was created for each problem theme. Realistic goals for “facing the future uncertainty” were ‘maintaining this living condition （n=7）’, ‘preparing for changes to the environment （n=5）’, ‘keeping a sense of control over my own life （n=5）’ and ‘dealing with anxiety （n=3）’. Realistic goals for “facing the effects of treatment received” were ‘restoring the self of pre-illness（n=2）’. Conclusion： For seemingly unsolvable problems, patients can formulate realistic goals that they want to have clarified, and then the problems can be recaptured as solvable problems.

Construção social das drogas e do crack e as respostas institucionais e terapêuticas instituídas / Social construction of drugs and crack and the institutional responses and therapeutic approaches

Este artigo é produto parcial de uma pesquisa realizada na região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte com o objetivo de compreender os mecanismos sociais e simbólicos envolvidos na relação entre o tráfico do crack e a disseminação da violência, o uso compulsivo dessa substância, os tratamentos e os serviços de atenção ao usuário. Foram utilizados métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, com análise dos inquéritos policiais, entrevistas com policiais, traficantes, profissionais, pacientes e gestores das instituições que prestam atendimento ao usuário de crack. Pretende-se discutir a construção social do problema das drogas; as imagens negativas construídas socialmente sobre o crack e sobre os usuários da substância; as respostas institucionais que, baseadas nos modelos biomédicos, religiosos e jurídicos propõem, gerenciam e legitimam protocolos burocráticos homogêneos para diferentes tipos de usuários. As representações construídas socialmente interferem diretamente no insucesso do processo terapêutico, na descrença e nas frustrações da equipe de profissionais e nas frequentes recaídas e reinternações dos pacientes, particularmente dos usuários de crack . Além de reproduzir uma política proibicionista obsoleta, reforçar preconceitos, provocar medidas coercitivas e discriminatórias, preterindo os direitos de cidadania...

This article is a partial product of a research conducted in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte in order to understand the mechanisms involved in the social and symbolic link between trafficking of crack cocaine and the spread of violence, compulsive use of this substance, treatments and health care services attention tofor the users. We used qQuantitative and qualitative methods were used, with analysis of police investigations, interviews with police, drug dealers and, professionals, patients and managers of institutions that offer services to crack users. It is intendedThe aim is to discuss the social construction of the drug problem; socially constructed negative images about theof crack and the users of the this substance; institutional responses that, based on biomedical models, religious and legal models offer, manage and legitimize homogeneous bureaucratic protocols for different homogeneous types of users. Socially constructed representations directly affect lack of success in the treatment process, frustration and lack of faith on the part of the health care professionals and the frequent relapses and re-hospitalizations of patients, especially crack users. Besides playing reproducing an obsolete prohibitionist policy obsolete, they reinforce prejudices, and lead to discriminatory enforcement measures result, rejecting passing over citizens’hip rights...

The Moderating Effects of Social Problem-Solving in the Relationship between Risk Factors and Peer Victimization in Colombian Early Adolescents / Efectos Moderadores de la Habilidad de Solución de Problemas Sociales en la Relación entre Factores de Riesgo y Victimización en Adolescentes Colombianos / Efeitos Moderadores da Habilidade de Solução de Problemas Sociais na Relação entre Fatores de Risco e Vitimização em Adolescentes Colombianos

This study assessed the moderating effect of social problem-solving (SPS) in the association between risk factors and peer victimization in a sample of Colombian adolescents. Using structural equation modeling techniques, this study assessed the extent to which changes in victimization varied as a function of the interaction between risk factors and social problem-solving. Results showed that both aggression and avoidance were predictive of initial scores on victimization, but only avoidance was found to predict its change over time. Only a main effect of SPS was found at the beginning of the year; no moderating effects were found. Results are consistent with previous findings by confirming that avoidance and aggression are risk factors for peer victimization.

Este estudio examinó el rol moderador de la habilidad para resolver problemas sociales (SPS) en la asociación entre factores de riesgo y la victimización, en una muestra de adolescentes colombianos. Mediante el uso de técnicas de ecuaciones estructurales se evaluó qué tanto cambió la victimización a lo largo del tiempo, en función de la interacción entre factores de riesgo y la SPS. Los resultados mostraron que la agresión y la evitación son factores de riesgo y predicen puntajes iniciales en la victimización. Sin embargo, únicamente la evitación predijo los cambios de dicha variable en el tiempo. Adicionalmente, se encontró un efecto de la SPS en la victimización al inicio del año escolar, pero no se encontraron efectos moderadores. Los resultados son consistentes con estudios previos en los que se observa que la evitación y la agresión son factores de riesgo en la victimización.

Este estudo examinou o papel moderador da habilidade para resolver problemas sociais (SPS) na associação entre fatores de risco e a vitimização, em uma amostra de adolescentes colombianos. Mediante o uso de técnicas de equações estruturais, avaliou-se quanto a vitimização ao longo do tempo mudou, em função da interação entre fatores de risco e a SPS. Os resultados mostraram que a agressão e a evitação são fatores de risco e predizem pontuações iniciais na vitimização. Contudo, unicamente a evitação prediz as mudanças de dita variável no tempo. Adicionalmente, constatou-se um efeito da SPS na vitimização ao início do ano escolar, mas não se encontraram efeitos moderadores. Os resultados são consistentes com estudos prévios nos quais se observa que a evitação e a agressão são fatores de risco na vitimização.

Problems and strategies of health record management for rural residents living at Chongyi county / 中华健康管理学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the key problems facing health record management and put forward effective strategies.Methods Questionnaires survey was performed among county medical staff,country doctors and rural residents who had medical records.Fishbone diagram was used to justify the results.Results At Chongyi count,rural residents got 20-Yuan subsidy per person for medical examine,although the establishment of a health file cost at least 55.5 Yuan,including 42.7 Yuan for medical examination.Only 60 of 108 villages were equipped with computers.Medical staff account for 1.49/1000.The awareness and use of health records were insufficient.ConclusionOur data suggest that it should be necessary to increase financial investment,enhance knowledge on health records,put electronic information system into practice,and strengthen personnel training in the future.

The Effect of Cognitive-behavioral Characteristics on Depression of Caregivers in Brain-injured Patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between depression and cognitive-behavioral characteristics of caregivers using social problem solving inventory (SPSI), social support or conflict scale (SSS or SCS) and somatic symptoms (SS). METHOD: Fifty five couples of brain-injured patients and caregivers participated in this study. We conducted a questionnaire survey of caregivers with Beck depression index (BDI), SPSI, SSS, SCS and SS for cognitive-behavioral characteristics. And also we studied demographic factors of patients and caregivers, clinical features of brain-injured patients, care- giving duration and time per day through interview and review of medical records. The statistical analyses were performed by independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation test and linear regression analysis-stepwise method. RESULTS: BDI of the caregivers showed a negative correlation with SPSI, SSS, patients' MMSE and caregivers' education level, also a positive correlation with SCS, SS and patients' GDS (p<0.05). And married caregivers showed more depressive mood (p<0.05). Of these factors, the most influencing factors on BDI were GDS and SCS through linear regression analysis (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: MMSE, GDS and education level as cognitive- mental factors rather than physical and economic strain had a statistical correlation with depression of caregivers. Especially, SPSI, SSS and SCS as cognitive-behavioral characteristics should be considered on evaluation of depression of caregivers and will be helpful for successful rehabilitation for patients and caregivers.

Agresión infantil como problema social en Costa Rica, desde enero de 2005 hasta mayo de 2006 / Child abuse as a social problem in Costa Rica, from January 2005 to May 2006

La agresión infantil es un problema social que ha persistido a lo largo de la historia. La problemática abarca lesiones tanto a nivel físico como psicológico. La clínica, en la mayor parte de las veces, es el eje principal en el diagnóstico acertado y el posterior manejo. En este trabajo se analizaron 192 casos de agresión infantil durante el período comprendido entre enero de 2005 y mayo de 2006 y se presentan sus resultados donde la mayoría de los maltratos infantiles incluye abuso sexual, no es común la atención médica luego de la agresión, las víctimas consultan mucho tiempo después y se presentan más casos de maltrato infantil en el mes de Diciembre lo cual podemos asociar con las conductas del mes que suelen ser más irresponsables (fiestas, alcohol, etc.). Es importante que el médico tenga claro los signos de abuso sexual y sus repercusiones tanto físicas como psicológicas ya que es el tipo de agresión más frecuente y muchas veces puede pasar desapercibida.

Child abuse is an issue which has persisted through history. This problem includes not only physical, but psychological damage. Clinical report, most of the times, is the principal axis in the correct diagnosis and the posterior treatment. In this study, 192 cases of child abuse were analyzed between January 2005 and May 2006, and the results presented most of the cases include child molesting, occasional medical attention after the assault, the victims receive medical attention long time after the assault, and most of the cases occur during December, which can be associated with irresponsible behavior (alcohol, parties, etc.). It is very important that the physician is very clear about the signs of sexual abuse and its physical and psychological consequences, since it is the most common type of aggression and in many cases can be unnoticed.

Las metas del milenio y el componente bucal de la salud / Dental Health and its goals for the present millennium

El componente bucal de la salud continúa siendo un aspecto fundamental en las condiciones de vida y de bienestar de la población, incorporado en las metas del milenio, requiere consolidar un cuerpo de conocimientos teóricos y metodológicos que permitan abordarlo desde sus dos dimensiones: la social y la biológica, para sustituir las metas basadas en la enfermedad, por metas sustentadas en la salud, desarrollando una práctica odontológica con sentido de totalidad. El propósito de esta investigación bibliográfica, consiste en identificar aspectos conceptuales que contribuyan con el desarrollo operativo de la dimensión social del componente bucal de la salud. Se aborda la discusión acerca de la naturaleza del objeto de estudio y de trabajo del componente bucal del proceso salud - enfermedad, para posteriormente avanzar sobre las consideraciones de orden técnico que aporten en la construcción de propuestas de trabajo para intervenir desde el núcleo familiar, en las causas esenciales que definen el perfil de salud - enfermedad bucal de la población

Dental health has been considered an important aspect in the people’s life conditions and well-being. For the present millennium, the main goal in dental health care is to develop a more holistic dental practice. Then, it is necessary to develop theories and methodologies with which dental health can be approached from its social and biological perspectives to change the dental health care traditional view focused on the treatment of oral diseases to a new one focused on the prevention of them. The purpose of this bibliographic investigation is to identify conceptual aspects, which contribute to the operational development of the dental health social perspective. Furthermore, discussions about the nature of the study objects and work of dental health are held. Finally, technical considerations that allow the design of work proposals with the participation of the family in search of the main causes of their common oral diseases in their community are discussed

Rethinking of social and ethical problems on cloned human / 中国医学伦理学

cloned human have been put forward from gestation to practice study,but the cloning will face many problems about society ,ethic and law,such as family,prepotency or low birth,social identity,population etc.All should be solved by the means of the social control including morality policy and law,etc.