SOCIAL VALUE CREATION THROUGH SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP - A QUALITATIVE APPROACH

The objective of this paper is to contribute to better understanding of the concept behind social entrepreneurship. A qualitative approach was carried out to better know the perception behind social entrepreneurs. A sample of 10 social entrepreneurs engaged in MSME sector were interviewed pertaining to the questions behind the success of social entrepreneurial activities. The questions were raised based on their success, market orientation, image and value creation and enterprise organization. The paper nally concludes that social entrepreneurs apart from their concepts, the activities are towards the welfare of the society and it improves the economic development of the country which is a boon for the society as well as country.

Modelo teórico para el estudio de la movilidad social. Un acercamiento desde la teoría sociológica / Theoretical Model for the Study of Social Mobility: An Approach from Sociological Theory

Resumen El estudio de la movilidad social se ha abordado desde diferentes perspectivas teóricas, lo que ha derivado en diversos modelos para su comprensión, centrándose en aspectos diferentes del proceso de organización de la sociedad, lo que hace muy compleja la investigación de casos concretos. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados de un estudio que se propuso la construcción de una propuesta teórica integral como base para la investigación de la movilidad social, cuyo resultado fundamental es un modelo conceptual orientado a entender este fenómeno a partir de lo que se ha denominado la estructura del poder social.

Abstract The study of social mobility has been approached from different theoretical perspectives, which has resulted in various models for their understanding, by focusing on different aspects of the process of organization of society, which makes the research of specific cases very complex. The objective of this article is to present the results of a study, which offered the construction of a comprehensive theoretical proposal as a basis for the research of social mobility, the fundamental result of which is a conceptual model oriented to understand this phenomenon from what has been called the structure of social power.

Does social status matter for resource distribution? / A hierarquia social é importante para a distribuição dos recursos? / ¿La jerarquía social es importante para la distribución de los recursos?

Abstract Resources are distributed unequally depending on the social status (SS) of people. Researchers have often used experiments to explain the role of SS in economic decisions. However, the diverse ways of inducing SS has produced contradictory results. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of SS on the distribution of monetary resources in students aged 18 to 25 years from Córdoba (Argentina). Three experiments using mixed factorial designs were conducted. Different ways of inducing SS and the effect on decisions in different games were examined. In Experiment 1, the effect of two SS induction techniques on the decisions of the Ultimatum Game (UG) and Dictator Game (DG) was compared. In Experiment 2, the effect of SS on the same games, including Social Value Orientation (SVO) and Subjective Social Status (SSS) as covariates was analyzed. In Experiment 3, the role of SS, SVO and SSS in the DG and the Dictator Game Taking (DGT) was examined. In the three experiments, it was not found that SS had any effect on the decisions of the games. However, more rejection and negative valence was observed (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p =.72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) for unfair offers than for fair ones (Exp. 2: p < .001). Also, pro-social individuals made fairer offers in the DG (Exp. 2: p < .05) and participants offered more money in the DGT than in the DG (Exp. 3: p = .01). Those findings showed that the effect of SS on behavioral responses is not robust, which highlights the need to obtain new experimental evidence to investigate its role in those decisions.

Resumo Os recursos são normalmente distribuídos de maneira desigual em função do status social (SS) das pessoas, razão pela qual diversos pesquisadores utilizam experimentos para explicar o papel do SS nas decisões econômicas. No entanto, as diversas formas de induzir o SS geraram resultados contraditórios. No presente trabalho, investigou-se o efeito do SS na distribuição dos recursos monetários em estudantes de 18 a 25 anos da cidade de Córdoba, na Argentina, por meio de três experimentos com desenhos experimentais mistos. Especificamente, foram avaliadas diferentes técnicas para manipular o SS e seu efeito nas decisões econômicas: no Experimento 1 comparou-se o efeito de duas técnicas de manipulação do SS nas decisões do Jogo do Ultimato (JU) e do Ditador (JD); no Experimento 2 analisou-se o efeito do SS nos mesmos jogos, incluindo a orientação de valores sociais (SVO) e o status social subjetivo (SES) como covariáveis e, no Experimento 3, indagou-se o papel do SS, da SVO e do SES no JD e no Ditador de Tomar (do inglês, Dictator Taking Game). Nos três experimentos observou-se que o SS não teve efeito nas decisões dos jogos. Não obstante, evidenciou-se maior rejeição (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p = .72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) e valência negativa para as ofertas injustas do que para as justas (Exp. 2: p < .001). Além disso, descobriu-se que quanto maior a pró-socialidade, maior a quantidade ofertada no JD (Exp. 2: p < .05) e que no JDT se oferece mais dinheiro do que no JD (Exp. 3: p = .01). Os resultados observados evidenciam que o efeito do SS nas respostas comportamentais não é robusto, por isso se destaca a importância de continuar investigando seu papel em tais decisões.

Resumen Los recursos son usualmente distribuidos de manera inequitativa en función del estatus social (ES) de las personas, razón por la cual diversos investigadores utilizan experimentos para explicar el rol del ES en las decisiones económicas; sin embargo, las diversas formas de inducir el ES han generado resultados contradictorios. En el presente trabajo se investigó el efecto del ES en la distribución de los recursos monetarios en estudiantes de 18 a 25 años de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, por medio de tres experimentos con diseños experimentales mixtos. Específicamente, se evaluaron distintas técnicas para manipular el ES y su efecto en las decisiones económicas: en el Experimento 1 se comparó el efecto de dos técnicas de manipulación del ES en las decisiones del Juego del Ultimátum (JU) y del Dictador (JD); en el Experimento 2 se analizó el efecto del ES en los mismos juegos, incluyendo la orientación de valores sociales (SVO) y el estatus social subjetivo (SES) como covariables; y en el Experimento 3 se indagó el rol del ES, de la SVO y del ESS en el JD y en el Dictador de Tomar (JDT). En los tres experimentos se observó que el ES no tuvo efecto en las decisiones de los juegos. No obstante, se evidenció mayor rechazo (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p = .72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) y valencia negativa para las ofertas injustas que para las justas (Exp. 2: p < .001). Además, se encontró que a mayor prosocialidad, mayor cantidad ofertada en el JD (Exp. 2: p < .05), y que en el JDT se ofrece más dinero que en el JD (Exp. 3: p = .01). Los resultados observados evidencian que el efecto del ES en las respuestas comportamentales no es robusto, por lo que se destaca la importancia de continuar investigando su rol en dichas decisiones.

Satisfação com a vida e status social subjetivo em atletas de futsal e futebol de campo / Satisfaction with life and subjective social status in athletes of indoor soccer and soccer / Satisfacción con la vida y el nivel social subjetivo en jugadores de fútbol sala y defútbol

Resumo O objetivo foi verificar diferenças na satisfação com a vida e no status social subjetivo entre atletas de futebol e futsal e analisar possíveis relações entre essas variáveis. Participaram 142 atletas, do sexo masculino. Foram usadas a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida e Escala MacArthur de Status Social Subjetivo. Na análise dos dados usaram-se estatística descritiva, teste qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fischer, teste U de Mann-Whitney e correlação de Spearman. Os atletas de futsal mostraram-se mais satisfeitos com a vida e o status social subjetivo. A satisfação com a vida apresentou correlação positiva com as dimensões do status. Conclui-se que os atletas de futsal do universo investigado têm uma maior percepção de satisfação com a vida e o status social subjetivo em comparação com os de futebol.

Abstract The aim was to investigate differences in life satisfaction and subjective social status between soccer and indoor soccer athletes and analyze possible relationships between these variables. The study included 142 males athletes. Was used the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status. Was used descriptive statistics, Chi-square, Fisher exact test, U-Mann Whitney test and Spearman correlation. Indoor soccer players were more satisfied with life and subjective social status. Satisfaction with life was positively correlated with all the dimensions that make up the subjective social status. It was concluded that the indoor soccer players have a greater sense of satisfaction with life and subjective social status when compared to soccer players.

Resumen El objetivo fue estudiar las diferencias en la satisfacción con la vida y el nivel social subjetivo entre los jugadores de fútbol y de fútbol sala, y analizar las posibles relaciones entre estas variables. Participaron 142 jugadores de sexo masculino. Se utilizó la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida y la Escala MacArthur del Nivel Social Subjetivo. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva, la prueba de chi cuadrada, la prueba exacta de Fisher, la prueba de la U de Mann-Whitney y el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman. Los jugadores de fútbol sala estaban más satisfechos con la vida y el nivel social. La satisfacción con la vida se correlacionó positivamente con el nivel social subjetivo. Se concluyó que los jugadores de fútbol sala tienen mayor sensación de satisfacción con la vida y el nivel social subjetivo cuando se los compara con los de fútbol.

Self-perceived social status: its relation to aggression and personality traits in two Spanish speaking samples / Estatus social auto-percibido: su relación con la agresión y rasgos de personalidad en dos muestras hispano-hablantes

Abstract Dominance and prestige are two strategies to achieve status in humans. Dominance is the use of threat and aggression, and prestige is the pursuit of cultural achievement. This research presents a study carried out through self-report measures with two native Spanish speaking samples from Madrid (Spain) and San José (Costa Rica). Self-perceived dominance and prestige were correlated with dimensions of aggression and the big five personality traits. Results showed that a component that grouped different aggression subscales and agreeableness was the best predictor of dominance in samples of men and women of both countries. Prestige was mainly predicted by conscientiousness and extraversion in both samples and by low hostility and neuroticism but only in Spanish men.

Resumen Dominancia y prestigio se han propuesto como estrategias para alcanzar estatus en humanos. La dominancia es el uso de amenazas y agresión, y el prestigio es la búsqueda de logros culturales. Esta investigación fue llevada a cabo utilizando cuestionarios en muestras de habla hispana: Madrid (España) y San José (Costa Rica). La dominancia y el prestigio auto-percibidos fueron correlacionados con dimensiones de la agresión y los cinco grandes rasgos de personalidad. Un componente que agrupó las subescalas de agresión y la afabilidad fue el mejor predictor de la dominancia en ambos sexos de ambos países. El prestigio fue predicho por la escrupulosidad y la extroversión en sendas muestras y por bajas puntuaciones en hostilidad y neuroticismo en hombres españoles.

The Role of Socioeconomic Position in Determining Tooth Loss in Elderly Costa Rican: Findings from the CRELES Cohort

bjective: Differences in health status between socioeconomic groups continue to challenge epidemiological research. To evaluate health inequalities in tooth loss, using indicators of socioeconomic position (education level, occupation and subjective economic situation), in a large representative sample of elderly Costa Ricans, can contribute to conceive better adapted public health interventions. Methods: Data are from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES Pre-1945), a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of elders. 2827 participants were included in the study using data from the first wave conducted in 2005, and analyzed cross-sectionally. The sample was imputed for missing data using a multiple imputation model. Tooth loss was self-reported and informed about the quantity of missing teeth. Information on participant's socioeconomic factors was collected via a questionnaire, including three measures approaching socioeconomic position: education level, occupation and subjective economic situation. Additional variables were included in the multivariate analyses as potential confounders. Results: Tooth loss was found to be strongly socially patterned, using variables characterizing socioeconomic position, mainly education level, occupational status and subjective economic situation. Conclusions: To highlight how socioeconomic position relates to tooth loss, can allow a better understanding of the origins of the social gradient in oral health, to tackle the most common chronic diseases across the world.

bjetivo: Las diferencias en el estado de salud entre los grupos socioeconómicos continúan desafiando la investigación epidemiológica. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar las inequidades sociales en salud con respecto a la pérdida de piezas dentales, utilizando distintos indicadores de la posición socioeconómica (nivel de educación, ocupación y situación económica subjetiva). Se utilizó un amplio estudio representativo de la población de adultos mayores costarricenses. Este trabajo podría contribuir a concebir intervenciones en salud pública más adaptadas para el país. Métodos: Los datos provienen del Estudio de Longevidad y Envejecimiento Saludable de Costa Rica (CRELES Pre-1945), un estudio longitudinal representativo de la población de personas adultas mayores. La muestra, analizada transversalmente, incluyó 2827 participantes usando datos de la primera ronda realizada en 2005. La muestra fue imputada para tomar en cuenta los datos faltantes usando un modelo de imputación múltiple. La pérdida de piezas dentales fue declarada como la cantidad de dientes perdidos en el momento de la entrevista. La información sobre los factores socioeconómicos de los participantes se recopiló a través de un cuestionario, incluyendo tres medidas que aproximaban la posición socioeconómica: nivel educativo, ocupación y situación económica subjetiva. Otras variables fueron incluídas en el modelo de regresión múltiple, como potenciales factores de confusión. Resultados: Se encontró que la pérdida de piezas dentales estaba fuertemente asociada a las todas las variables socioeconómicas analizadas, principalmente el nivel educativo, la ocupación y la situación económica subjetiva. Conclusiones: Mostrar cómo la posición socioeconómica se relaciona con la pérdida de piezas dentales podría permitir una mejor comprensión de los orígenes del gradiente social en la salud oral. Esto permitiría la concepción de mejores políticas en salud oral para hacer frente a estas enfermedades crónicas, reconocidas como las más comunes en el mundo.

Variables psicológicas comunes en la violencia escolar entre iguales y la violencia filio-parental: un estudio cualitativo / Psychological variables common in school violence between peers and filial-parental violence: a qualitative study / Variáveis psicológicas comuns na violência escolar entre iguais e a violência filio-parental: um estudo qualitativo

Resumen Objetivo: conocer de manera conjunta la influencia que, sobre la Violencia Escolar (VE) y la Violencia Filio-Parental (VFP), ejercen ciertos indicadores de ajuste individual (empatía y autoestima) y de tipo social (estatus social y relación con los iguales). Método: se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo con adolescentes, padres, profesorado y técnicos de centros de menores. Resultados: para la mayoría de los sujetos participantes, los acosadores/agresores de ambos estudios presentan baja autoestima y dificultades empáticas. Sin embargo, la VE proporciona estatus y aceptación social por parte del grupo de pares, mientras que la VFP genera rechazo, por lo que tiende a mantenerse oculta. Conclusiones: los agresores hacia los progenitores buscan la aceptación de los pares a través de conductas violentas en el entorno escolar, un aspecto que daría lugar a que coexistan al mismo tiempo las conductas de agresión en los ámbitos familiar y escolar.

Abstract Objective: getting to know jointly the influence exerted on School Violence ("Violencia Escolar "VE") and Filial-Parental Violence ("VFP") by certain indicators of both individual adjustment (empathy and self-esteem) and social type (social status and relationship with peers). Method: a qualitative study was carried out among probation centers/juvenile facility's adolescents, parents, teaching staff and technicians. Results: To most participants, bullies / aggressors in both studies reveal low self-esteem and empathic difficulties. However, VE provides them with some kind of status and social acceptance from their group of peers, while VFP generates rejection; therefore, it tends to be hidden. Conclusions: aggressors against parents seek the acceptance of peers through violent behaviors in the school environment, this being an aspect that would lead to the coexistence of aggressive conducts both within the family and in the school environment.

Resumo Objetivo: conhecer conjuntamente a influência que, na Violência Escolar (VE) e a Violência Filio-Parental (VFP), exercem determinados indicadores do ajuste individual (empatia e autoestima) e do tipo social (status social e relação com iguais). Método: um estudo qualitativo com adolescentes, pais, equipe de funcionários de ensino e técnicos dos centros dos menores foi realizado. Resultados: para a maioria dos mais dos sujeitos participantes, os acossadores/agressores de ambos os estudos apresentam baixa autoestima e dificuldades empáticas. Não obstante, a VE fornece o status e a aceitação social na parte do grupo dos pares, enquanto que VFP gera a rejeição, razão porque tende a permanecer oculta. Conclusões: os agressores para os progenitores procuram a aceitação dos pares através das condutas violentas no ambiente escolar, um aspecto que causa que as condutas da agressão coexistam ao mesmo tempo nos âmbitos familiar e escolar.

Restauración post-endodoncia y condición social como factor de preservación dentaria: parte 1 / Post-endodontic restoration and social condition as afactor of tooth preservation. part 1

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el estado dental de piezas endodonciadas en correlación conlas variables de restauración coronaria, nivel de estudio, condición laboral y acceso a servicios odontológicos. Para ello, se analizó una población de individuos, compuesta por sujetos concurrentes a los cursos de posgrado de Endodoncia del Círculo Odontológico de Córdoba y al servicio de la Cátedra“B” de Endodoncia de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Se hicieron tratamientos controlados durante dieciocho meses. La muestra total la conformaron 144 pacientes y se trataron 174 casos. Sólo asistieron a control el 48,6 por ciento de los pacientes, de los cuales se evaluaron 89 dientes. El estudio mostró 37 casos con restauración coronaria definitiva sin fracturas, 52 dientes sinrestauración, 21 con fracturas y 1 se perdió. Se observó un incremento de fracturas en control a los 18 meses. La tasa de fracturas evidenció un mayor porcentaje en pacientes con nivel de estudio alto, menor en pacientes sin trabajo, y mayor en pacientes con trabajo estable y precario. El tipo de atención no se diferenció, pero los porcentajes observados sugieren que los atendidos en asistencia pública tendrían más probabilidad de fracturas. Se observó un mayor porcentaje de restauraciones definitivas enatención privada y menor en consultorios públicos. El elevado porcentaje de inasistencia a controlesmotivó un análisis específico, del cual se pudo concluir que a mayor estabilidad laboral, de estudios yde asistencia privada, mayor fue la asistencia a controles. Estos datos revelan información importantepara establecer políticas públicas de la atención posendodoncia.

The aim of this study was to know the dental state of endodontic pieces in correlation with different variables such as coronary restoration, level of study, employment status and access to dental services.To do so, we analyzed a population composed of subjects who participated in two different graduate courses at the Círculo Odontológico de Córdoba and the “Chair B” of Endodontics of the Faculty ofDentistry, National University of Córdoba. Treatments were clinically and radiographically controlled for eighteen months. The total sample included 144 patients and 174 treatments. Only 48.6% patients attended the control, 89 teeth of whom were evaluated. The study showed 37 cases with definitivecoronary restoration without fractures, 52 teeth without restoration, 21 with fractures, and 1 was lost.The fracture rate showed an increase in patients with high level of study, a decrease in unemployed patients, and an increase in both patients with stable and precarious work. The kind of attention didnot differ, but the observed percentages suggest that patients treated in public services would be morelikely to suffer from fractures. There was a higher percentage of definitive restorations in private services,and lower in public ones. The high percentage of non-attendance to controls motivated a specific analysis, from which it is possible to conclude that the more job stability, studies and private access todental services, the more the attendance to controls. These data reveal important evidence in order to establish public policies of post-endodontic services.

Health Inequalities Among Korean Employees

BACKGROUND: Social status might be a determinant of occupational health inequalities. This study analyzed the effects of social status on both work environments and health outcomes. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 27,598 wage employees aged 15 years and older from among the Korean Working Condition Survey participants in 2011. Work environments included atypical work, physical risks, ergonomic risks, work demands, work autonomy, social supports, and job rewards. Health outcomes comprised general health, health and safety at risk because of work, the World Health Organization-5 Well-being Index, work-related musculoskeletal disease, and work-related injury. Multivariable logistic-regression models were used to identify the associations between social status and work environments and health outcomes. RESULTS: Employees in the demographically vulnerable group had lower occupational status compared with their counterparts. Low social status was largely related to adverse work environments. Especially, precarious employment and manual labor occupation were associated with both adverse work environments and poor health outcomes. CONCLUSION: Precarious and manual workers should take precedence in occupational health equity policies and interventions. Their cumulative vulnerability, which is connected to demographics, occupational status, adverse work environments, or poor health outcomes, can be improved through a multilevel approach such as labor market, organizations, and individual goals.

Escala de Macarthur de status social subjetivo: validade e associação com indicadores de posição socioeconômica no curso de vida - estudo longitudinal de saúde do adulto (ELSA-BRASIL) / Escala de Macarthur de status social subjetivo: validade e associação com indicadores de posição socioeconômica no curso de vida - estudo longitudinal de saúde do adulto (ELSA-BRASIL)

INTRODUCTION: The MacArthur scale of subjective social status (SSS), which combines verbal instruction and an image of a 10-steps ladder, aims to capture the common sense perception that an individual has about his/her own position in social hierarchies, in three different contexts: society, community and work. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a concurrent and face validity analysis of the MacArthur scale (Paper 1) and to investigate whether individuals who perceive themselves as having a low SSS in adult life, in the society context, were more exposed to low objective socioeconomic positions (SEP) in childhood and youth, after adjusting for current SEP. METHODS: The article 1 included 159 participants from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), from Minas Gerais Investigating Center, selected by convenience during the 2nd wave of interviews and examinations between 11/2012 and 02/2014. The MacArthur scale was compared with a Status scale, created for this study based on the cognitive metaphor theory, which used the same image of a ladder as an indicator of the status and a very similar but more direct instruction. The concurrent validity was examined by comparing the answers to both scales (MacArthur and Status) using weighted kappa statistics. The face validity was assessed by qualitative methods from corpus linguistics. Ordinal logistic regression was used to investigate whether sociodemographic factors were associated with differences of 1, or 2 or more steps in the choices made using the MacArthur and the Status ladders. In the paper 2, 15.105 participants from the base line of ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010) were included. Low SSS was in the society was defined by the choice of a step lower than 5 out of 10. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate whether exposures to low objective indicators of SEP in the childhood (maternal education), youth (occupational social class of the household head; occupational social class of the first job; nature of occupation of household head; nature of occupation in the first job) and adult life (current occupational social class; current nature of occupation; current education) increased the chances of being at low SSS. RESULTS: Agreement between the answers to the MacArthur and Status scales moderated in the society context (kw=0,55) and good in the community (kw=0,60) and work (kw=0,67). Face validity analysis showed that MacArthur scale captures beyond the classic socioeconomic indicators, encompassing elements from collective health, as home, transport, health, leisure, merit etc. Although individuals without college education (in the society context) and women (in the community ambience) had greater chances of differing by 1, or 2 or more steps from those with college education or who were women, qualitative differences were not identified by the corpus linguistics, suggesting that the MacArthur scale has good face validity. In paper 2, after adjustments, low SSS in adult life remained statistically associated with low SEP in all stages of the life course, being the magnitude of the associations strong in adult life, moderate in youth and weak in childhood, showing dose response gradients in all associations. CONCLUSION: The MacArthur scale seems to be a valid instrument to measure the SSS in the Brazilian sociocultural context, thus they can be used in studies of social inequality in health. In addition, results suggest that the scale may capture a summary of exposures and experiences of present and past SEP, both intra and intergenerational, allowing to expand the interpretations of findings of health inequalities based on the MacArthur scale.

INTRODUCTION: The MacArthur scale of subjective social status (SSS), which combines verbal instruction and an image of a 10-steps ladder, aims to capture the common sense perception that an individual has about his/her own position in social hierarchies, in three different contexts: society, community and work. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a concurrent and face validity analysis of the MacArthur scale (Paper 1) and to investigate whether individuals who perceive themselves as having a low SSS in adult life, in the society context, were more exposed to low objective socioeconomic positions (SEP) in childhood and youth, after adjusting for current SEP. METHODS: The article 1 included 159 participants from the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil), from Minas Gerais Investigating Center, selected by convenience during the 2nd wave of interviews and examinations between 11/2012 and 02/2014. The MacArthur scale was compared with a Status scale, created for this study based on the cognitive metaphor theory, which used the same image of a ladder as an indicator of the status and a very similar but more direct instruction. The concurrent validity was examined by comparing the answers to both scales (MacArthur and Status) using weighted kappa statistics. The face validity was assessed by qualitative methods from corpus linguistics. Ordinal logistic regression was used to investigate whether sociodemographic factors were associated with differences of 1, or 2 or more steps in the choices made using the MacArthur and the Status ladders. In the paper 2, 15.105 participants from the base line of ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010) were included. Low SSS was in the society was defined by the choice of a step lower than 5 out of 10. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate whether exposures to low objective indicators of SEP in the childhood (maternal education), youth (occupational social class of the household head; occupational social class of the first job; nature of occupation of household head; nature of occupation in the first job) and adult life (current occupational social class; current nature of occupation; current education) increased the chances of being at low SSS. RESULTS: Agreement between the answers to the MacArthur and Status scales moderated in the society context (kw=0,55) and good in the community (kw=0,60) and work (kw=0,67). Face validity analysis showed that MacArthur scale captures beyond the classic socioeconomic indicators, encompassing elements from collective health, as home, transport, health, leisure, merit etc. Although individuals without college education (in the society context) and women (in the community ambience) had greater chances of differing by 1, or 2 or more steps from those with college education or who were women, qualitative differences were not identified by the corpus linguistics, suggesting that the MacArthur scale has good face validity. In paper 2, after adjustments, low SSS in adult life remained statistically associated with low SEP in all stages of the life course, being the magnitude of the associations strong in adult life, moderate in youth and weak in childhood, showing dose response gradients in all associations. CONCLUSION: The MacArthur scale seems to be a valid instrument to measure the SSS in the Brazilian sociocultural context, thus they can be used in studies of social inequality in health. In addition, results suggest that the scale may capture a summary of exposures and experiences of present and past SEP, both intra and intergenerational, allowing to expand the interpretations of findings of health inequalities based on the MacArthur scale.

Análise da mortalidade por tuberculose no Brasil

Introdução: Esse estudo tem como objeto a distribuição da mortalidade por Tuberculose (TB) no Brasil. Sendo uma doença infecciosa, e também uma doença de caráter social, é extremamente relacionada à desigualdade social. Objetivo geral: Analisar a mortalidade por TB no Brasil no período de 2001 a 2011.Objetivos específicos: Descrever: as características socioeconômicas,demográficas e relacionadas à assistência prestada às pessoas que foram a óbito por TB no Brasil; a distribuição temporal da taxa de mortalidade por TB no Brasil; a distribuição espacial da mortalidade por TB no Brasil, segundo microrregião de residência; Verificar a associação entre os indicadores sociais e as taxas de mortalidade por TB no Brasil segundo município de residência. Metodologia: Trata se de um estudo ecológico de base territorial, sendo considerados todos os óbitos que apresentaram como causa básica a TB registrados de 2001 a 2011. Fonte dedados: Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM), IBGE, DATASUS e Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano 2013...

ntroduction: This paper studied the distribution of mortality from tuberculosis (TB) in Brazil. As an infectious disease, and also a social character of the disease is highly related to social inequality.General Objective:To analyze mortality from TB in Brazil during the period 2001-2011. Specific Objectives:To describe: socioeconomic, demographic and related assistance provided people died of TB in Brazil; the temporal distribution of the TB mortality rate in Brazil; the spatial distribution of mortality from TB in Brazil, according residence microregion; To verify the association between social indicators and TB mortality rates in Brazil according to municipality of residence. Method:This is an ecological study of territorial basis and considered all deaths that presented as the underlying causes TB recorded 2001-2011. Data source: Mortality Information System (SIM), IBGE, DATASUS and Human Development Atlas 2013...

O 'direito ao trabalho', saúde, educação e o nascimento do estado social / The 'right to work', health, education and the birth of social status / El 'derecho al trabajo', la salud, la educación y el nacimiento del estatus social

O golpe militar de 25 de Abril de 1974 em Portugal determina a entrada em cena dos trabalhadores e sectores intermédios da sociedade. Há uma ligação histórica entre as conquistas dos direitos sociais e o desenvolvimento do controlo operário no processo revolucionário a partir de fevereiro de 1975. O Governo vai neste momento pôr em prática uma série de medidas sociais que visavam impedir a insurreição e que, grosso modo, vão constituir aquilo que se determinou chamar Estado social, isto é, a alocação de recursos para o trabalho através das funções sociais do Estado (educação, saúde, segurança social, lazer, desporto, transportes públicos subsidiados, rendas subsidiadas etc.)., contra, aliás, as ordens da própria direcção militar que tinha posto fim à ditadura, o Movimento das Forças Armadas. A partir de março de 1975, com a generalização da constituição de comissões de trabalhadores e de moradores, o início da reforma agrária, e o questionamento da propriedade privada (processo que se dá por acção dos trabalhadores, muitas vezes em luta contra os despedimentos ou a descapitalização e abandono de empresas e não por estratégia da sua direcção política principal, o Partido Comunista Português), a revolução portuguesa sofre um salto qualitativo, transformando-se numa situação revolucionária de tipo 'soviético'.

The April 25, 1974 military coup in Portugal required workers and intermediate sectors of society to come into the scene. There is a historical connection between the attaining of social rights and the development of the workers' control in the revolutionary process from February 1975. The Government then implemented a series of social measures intended to prevent the uprising and that, broadly speaking, would build what has been called the social State, i.e., the allocation of resources for work through the social functions of the State (education, health, social security, leisure, sports, subsidized public transport, subsidized income, etc.), against, in fact, the orders of the military leadership itself, which had put an end to the dictatorship, the Armed Forces Movement. From March 1975, with the widespread establishment of worker and resident councils, the beginning of the agrarian reform, and the questioning of private property (a process taking place through the action of workers, often fighting against dismissals or disinvestments and the abandonment of companies, and not as a strategy of its main policy guidelines, the Portuguese Communist Party), the Portuguese revolution took a qualitative leap, becoming a 'Soviet'-type revolutionary situation.

El golpe militar del 25 de abril de 1974 en Portugal determina la entrada en escena de los trabajadores y sectores intermedios de la sociedad. Hay una conexión histórica entre las conquistas de los derechos sociales y el desarrollo del control operario en el proceso revolucionario, a partir de febrero de 1975. En ese momento, el Gobierno pondrá en práctica una serie de medidas sociales buscando impedir la insurrección y que, grosso modo, constituirá lo que se llamaría el Estado social, es decir, la atribución de recursos para el trabajo a través de las funciones sociales del Estado (educación, salud, seguridad social, recreación, deporte, transportes públicos subsidiados, rentas subsidiadas, etc.), contrarias, de hecho, a las órdenes de la propia dirección militar que había puesto fin a la dictadura, el Movimiento de las Fuerzas Armadas. A partir de marzo de 1975, con la generalización de la constitución de comisiones de trabajadores y vecinos, el inicio de la reforma agraria, y el cuestionamiento de la propiedad privada (proceso que se da por acciones de los trabajadores muchas veces en lucha contra los despidos o la descapitalización y el abandono de empresas, y no por estrategia de su dirección política principal, el Partido Comunista Portugués), la revolución portuguesa da un salto cualitativo, transformándose en una situación revolucionaria tipo 'soviético'.

What is popular? Distinguishing bullying and aggression as status correlates within specific peer normative contexts

Abstract This study tested social status correlates of aggression and bullying and how these are influenced by peer groups' normative beliefs about aggression and prosocial behavior among 1165 fourth, fifth and sixth graders in Chile. Associations between aggression and popularity (positive) and social preference (negative) were confirmed, whereas bullying was negatively associated with both dimensions. Normative beliefs about aggression and prosocial behavior were assessed at the group level, while social status was assessed at the classroom level through peer nominations. Hierarchical Linear Analyses showed that in groups with a higher value associated with aggression, classmates rated aggressive peers as less popular but also less disliked. The status correlates of bullying remained unaffected by peer normative beliefs. The discussion focuses on the social function of aggression as compared to the social sanction associated with bullying, and on the specificity of these associations at different layers of the social ecology. (AU)

Nível Socioeconômico e affordances do ambiente domiciliar: implicações para o desempenho motor infantil / Socioeconomic level and home environment affordances: implications for infant motor performance

Este estudo objetivou analisar o impacto do nível socioeconômico (NSE) sobre o desempenho motor mediado pelas affordances do ambiente domiciliar de crianças com idade média de 42 meses. Foram sujeitos 86 crianças (39 meninas e 47 meninos) matriculadas em 24 Centros Municipais de Educação Infantil. Como instrumentos de medida foram utilizados a Classificação da Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (ABEP), a Affordances for Home Environment Motor Development (AHEMD-SR) e a Bateria de Avaliação do Movimento para Crianças (MABC-2). Na análise dos dados foram utilizados o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, "U" de Mann-Whitney e Análise de equações estruturais (p<0,05). Os resultados evidenciaram que as crianças de classe média alta possuem mais affordances em comparação às crianças de classe média baixa, no entanto, não houve diferença significativa no desempenho motor entre os grupos. O nível socioeconômico mais elevado não implica positivamente sobre o desempenho motor, entretanto, quando mediado pelas affordances domiciliares (materiais de motricidade fina e estimulação do espaço interno) demonstra um efeito positivo embora fraco no desempenho motor das crianças. Concluiu-se que o alto nível socioeconômico familiar não é suficiente para estruturar um ambiente domiciliar que oportunize o aperfeiçoamento do desempenho motor infantil, além do que as affordances presentes nos ambientes domiciliares parecem não estimular adequadamente o desempenho motor das crianças.

This study aimed to analyze the impact of the socio economic level on motor performance mediated by the home environment affordances among kids with the age of 42 months. Subjects were 86 kids (39 girls and 47 boys) enrolled in 24 Childhood Education Center of the city of Maringá-PR. The instruments used were the Classification of the Brazilian Association of Research Companies/ABEP, the Affordances for Home Environment Motor Development (AHEMD-SR) and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2/MABC-2. For data analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney and Structural Equation Analysis were conducted (p<0,05). The results showed that children from upper middle class have more affordances compared to children from lower middle class; however, there was no significant difference in motor performance between the groups. The higher socioeconomic status does not have a direct impact on the motor performance, however, when mediated by household affordances (fine motor materials and internal space stimulation) it shows a positive, although weak effect on kids' motor performance. It was concluded that high family socioeconomic status is not enough to support a home environment that provides the enhancement of infant motor performance; in addition, the affordances in the domestic environment does not seem to stimulate adequately the kids' motor performance.

Obesidade, condição socioeconômica e hipertensão arterial no Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina / Obesity, hypertension, and socioeconomic status in western Santa Catarina, Brazil / La obesidad, la clase económica y la hipertensión en el Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina

Objetivo Avaliar a relação entre obesidade, condição socioeconômica e hipertensão arterial (HA) em voluntários de ambos os sexos residentes na região Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Materiais e Métodos Participaram do estudo 955 voluntários, sendo 31 % do sexo masculino (idade: 51,0±1,80 anos; Peso: 78,4±13,6 kg) e 69 % do sexo feminino (idade: 50,0±12,5 anos; Peso: 69,8±13,3kg). Foram considerados hipertensos os indivíduos com pressão arterial sistólica ≥140 mm Hg e/ou pressão arterial diastólica ≥90mmHg e, obesos, os que apresentaram IMC ≥ 30 kg/m². Resultados A prevalência de hipertensão na amostra analisada foi de 35,13 % entre os homens e de 29,4 % entre as mulheres. O percentual de homens com PA classificada como limítrofe também foi maior que o de mulheres (20,9 contra 16,7 %). Entre as mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade, as hipertensas corresponderam a 25,7 % e 48,3%, respectivamente. Entre os homens esses percentuais foram bastante superiores ao sexo feminino (34,6 e 56,9 %, respectivamente). A distribuição de hipertensos em função condição socioeconômica apresentou maior variação entre as mulheres (zero, 27,46 e 37,33 %, respectivamente) do que entre os homens (30,4; 36,2 e 30,1 %, respectivamente). Conclusão Os resultados do presente estudo trazem indícios consistentes da associação entre obesidade e HA. Embora este fato seja conhecido, o que deve ser levado em consideração é que a presença de HA entre as categorias de IMC normal, sobrepeso e obeso diferiram substancialmente entre os sexos.(AU)

Objective This research was aimed at evaluating the relationship between obesity, socioeconomic status and high blood pressure (HBP) in volunteers living in western Santa Catarina, Brazil. Materials and Methods 955 volunteers were evaluated; 31 % were male (aged 51.0±12.8 years old a weighing 78.4±13.6 kg) and 69 % female (aged 50.0±12.5 years old and weighing 69.8±13.4kg). Individuals having ≥140 mmHg systolic blood pressures (SBP) and ≥ 90 mmHg diastolic blood pressures (DBP) were classified as being hypertensive and those having ≥ 30 kg/m² body mass index (BMI) as being obese. Results HBP prevalence in this study was 35.1 % among males and 29.4 % in women. The percentage of men classified as having borderline HBP was also higher than that for women (20.9 % cf 16.7 %); 25.7 % of HBP women and 34.6 % HBP males were overweight and 48.3 % HBP women and 56.9 % males were obese. HBP distribution regarding socioeconomic status (high, middle and low income) had greater variation amongst women (cero %, 27.5 % and 37.3 %, respectively) than men (30.4 %, 36.2 % and 30.1 %, respectively). Conclusion This study provided consistent evidence of obesity being associate with HBP. Although this fact is widely known, what should be taken into consideration here is HBP regarding BMI category; normal, overweight and obese volunteers differed substantially between the genders.(AU)

Objetivo Evaluar la relación entre la obesidad, la situación socioeconómica y la hipertensión arterial (HTA) en voluntarios de ambos sexos que viven en el Extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Materiales y Métodos Participaron 955 voluntarios, de los cuales 31 % eran hombres (edad: 51,0 ± 12,8 años; Peso: 78,4±13,6 kg) y 69 % mujeres (edad: 50,0±12,5 años, peso: 69,8±13,4 kg). Se consideraron hipertensos los sujetos con presión arterial sistólica ≥ 140 mmHg y / o presión arterial diastólica ≥ 90 mmHg, y la obesidad pacientes, aquellos con IMC ≥ 30 kg/m². Resultados La prevalencia de la hipertensión en la muestra fue de 35,1 % en hombres y 29,4 % entre las mujeres. El porcentaje de hombres con presión arterial clasificada como límite también fue mayor que de las mujeres (20,9 frente a 16,7 %). Entre las mujeres con sobrepeso y obesidad, los sujetos hipertensos corresponden al 25,7 % y 48,3 %, respectivamente. Para los hombres, estos porcentajes fueron mayores que en las mujeres (34,6 y 56,9 %, respectivamente). La distribución de los pacientes hipertensos en función del nivel socioeconómico (alto, medio y bajo ingreso) mostró la mayor variación entre las mujeres (cero, 27.5 y 37.3 %, respectivamente) que entre los hombres (30,4, 36,2 y 30,14 %, respectivamente). Conclusión Los resultados de este estudio aportan indicios consistentes de asociación entre la obesidad y la hipertensión. A pesar de que este hecho es conocido, lo que debe tenerse en cuenta es que la presencia de HTA entre categorías de IMC normal, sobrepeso y obesidad difieren sustancialmente entre los sexos.(AU)

Factors Affecting Nutritional Status of Children below 24 Months in Pekan District, Pahang, Malaysia

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of children below 24 months in the district of Pekan, Pahang, and identify the contributing factors. Methods: Using a cross-sectional methodology, a total of 910 children was selected by random sampling from four public health clinics. Anthropometric measurements were taken and weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-forheight were calculated in Z scores. Immediate caregivers of children were interviewed by using a pretested validated questionnaire to assess their socioeconomic, demographic, educational and occupational status. Results: Of the 910 children who participated in the study, the majority were Malay (70.1%), while the remaining comprised indigenous or Orang-Asli (OA) children. Prevalence of wasting, stunting and underweight were 28.7 %, 15.6 % and 19.0% respectively. There were more underweight males than females. Wasting was most common among children aged below 6 months. Stunting was more prevalent in children between 12 to 24 months. Obesity was seen in 7.3% of the sample. Maternal education, employment and socio-economic status had a significant influence on wasting and underweight. Children were vulnerable to stunting as age advanced, whereas prevalence of wasting tended to decrease. Conclusion: Malnutrition exists in significant proportions among children below 24 months in the Pekan district. This study identified low birth weight along with age, race, gender, large family size and socio-economic status as important risk factors of malnutrition.

Atribuciones de culpa a partir del estatus del testigo y la intencionalidad / Attributions of guilt from witness status and intentionality

En esta investigación se evaluó el efecto del estatus social de los testigos y la intencionalidad de la persona sobre las atribuciones de culpa que realizan los individuos. Participaron 178 estudiantes universitarios y se utilizaron 4 historias que describen un evento de fraude en un ambiente académico, variando la intencionalidad del sospechoso (intencional - no intencional) y el estatus social del testigo (alto - bajo). Los resultados mostraron que no existe un efecto del estatus social y de la intencionalidad en las atribuciones de culpa. Los resultados son interpretados a la luz de estudios previos sobre atribución de culpa con el propósito de incorporar elementos nuevos como las creencias previas de los participantes e información que acompañe y resalte el estatus de los testigos para guiar las investigaciones futuras.

The effect of the social status of the witnesses and the intent of the person, on the powers of guilt made by individuals were evaluated in this research. 178 college students participated and 4 stories that describe an event of fraud in a learning environment were used, varying the suspect's intentionality (intentional -not intentional) and social status of the witness (high -low). The results showed that there is an effect of social status and intentionality attributions of guilt. Results are interpreted in light of previous studies on attribution of blame in order to incorporate new elements as prior beliefs of the participants and accompanying information and highlight the status of witnesses to guide future research.

The First Korean Doctor of Medicine in Ophthalmology: Early Career of Kong Pyung Woo (1907-1995) as an Unusual Example of Medical Profession in Colonial Korea / 의사학

This article traces early career of Kong Pyung Woo, a public figure famous for being the first doctor of medicine in ophthalmology with Korean ethnicity in 1936, for founding and running the oldest and still the most successful private eye clinic in Korea since 1937, and also for his engagement in development of Korean mechanical typewriter since 1949. His case is an illustrative example of how a Korean under the Japanese colonial rule (1910-1945) could build up a career to become a medical doctor, taking full advantage of the chances available. Kong, born in 1907 in a rural province in northwestern Korea, acquired a doctor's license in 1926 by passing the qualifying examination of the Government General in Korea. The qualification test was in itself an outcome of colonial education system, in which the supply of medical doctors by only a few tertiary schools could not meet the demands. After working for a state hospital for one year, Kong volunteered to be a visiting student at Keijo Medical College, to fulfill his dream of "becoming a prominent bacteriologist like Noguchi Hideyo." He was soon officially appointed as a tutor at Department of Ophthalmology, as he had been endorsed by professor Satake Shyuichi for his diligence and earnestness. Satake also encouraged Kong to pursue a doctoral degree and recommended him to Tokumitsu Yoshitomi, a professor in the Department of Pathology at Keijo Imperial University, so that Kong could experience cutting-edge research at the imperial university. Kong reported on his experiments on the pathology of chorioretinitis centralis by 1935. He submitted the reports to Nagoya Imperial University, Japan, as a doctoral thesis, and eventually obtained the degree in 1936, which was the first Korean doctor of medicine in ophthalmology. The doctorate made Kong a public figure and he opened his own private clinic in 1937. The Kong Eye Clinic was the first private eye clinic owned and run by Korean, and soon became popular in Seoul. Kong's fame as a successful practitioner gradually made him express his opinion on various social issues. Kong did not hesitate to utilize his influence to advocate the new "modern" way of living, with special emphasis on speed and efficiency. His engagement in typewriter business since 1949 may also be attributed to his firm belief in the value of speed and efficiency. Although he could not fulfill his dream of being an academic, Kong still remains as an important figure in the history of medicine in modern Korea, not only for his publicity. By closely analyzing Kong's personal story, one can see various aspects of opportunities, personal networks, social norms, and limitations within the colonial setting.

A remuneração do professor é baixa ou alta? Uma contraposição de diferentes referenciais / Is remuneration of teachers high or low? A comparison from different benchmarks

Este artigo debate a questão do estatuto financeiro e social da profissão docente, com base em uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema e relacionada aos dados empíricos de um estudo comparativo qualitativo e quantitativo que analisou questionários e entrevistas feitos com professores do sexo masculino que trabalham no ensino público primário do Rio de Janeiro-Brasil (RJ-BR) e em Aveiro-Portugal (AV-PT). A discussão bibliográfica teve como objetivo verificar se a consideração dos professores envolvidos sobre a remuneração da profissão tem alguma fundamentação. Tal estudo é importante porque a questão da remuneração da profissão é um dos aspectos que pode influenciar a escolha profissional, a satisfação com a docência, mas também que pode gerar insatisfação com o ofício. Foram encontradas grandes diferenças entre as respostas dos professores tanto do RJ-BR e de AV-PT quanto dentro de cada localidade, o que mostra que os referenciais dos diferentes professores com relação ao salário do professor não são os mesmos.

This article discusses the financial and social status of teachers from a literature review on the topic and related to empirical data from a qualitative and quantitative comparative study that analyzed questionnaires and interviews carried out with male teachers working in public primary schools of Rio de Janeiro - Brasil (RJ-BR) and Aveiro - Portugal (AV-PT). The bibliographical review conducted aimed to examine whether the consideration of the involved teachers about their remuneration has some justification. This study is relevant as remuneration is one of the aspects that may influence the career choice and the satisfaction with the teaching profession, although it may also generate dissatisfaction. Great differences were found between the responses of male teachers from RJ-BR and AV-PT, as in each locality, which shows that salary referential of different teachers is not the same.

Investigation of patients" cognition for social status of physicians and nurses / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate patients'cognition of social status of physicians and nurses,and find out the influence factors of it. Methods 286 patients were asked to finish serf-designed scale of social status of physicians and nurses. Results Most patients thought social status of nurses was above the middle level in our country.The majority of patients considered doctors " social status was higher than nurses'(approval rate 75.5% ).The nurses'economic treatment was lower than doctors' (approval rate 62.2% );About 14 items among 15 items on the occupational reputation,doctors" occupation cognition rate was higher than the nurses,the nurses' occupation cognition rate was higher than the doctors' occupation only on the item of labor intensity.The influence factors of the social status differences between physicians and nurses were economic treatment,the important degree of occupation,the professional authority,the requirement of specialized skills for workers. Conclusions To study the influence factors of the social status difference of physicians and nurses is beneficial for us to study the strategy of improving the nurses' social status in order to fulfil the viewpoint of science development,keep nurse troops developing continuously and set up the harmonious physician-nurse relationship.