Medida Decomposta de Valor Social: uma alternativa baseada na Teoria dos Jogos / Decomposed Social Value Measure: an alternative based on Game Theory / Medida Descompuesta de Valor Social: una alternativa basada en la Teoría de Juegos

Orientação de valor social (OVS) é uma característica individual que expressa o valor que se atribui aos ganhos individuais e aos gerados às outras pessoas, revelando disposição para sacrificar interesses pessoais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo adaptar e reunir evidências de validade para a Decomposed Social Value Orientation Slider Measure, como alternativa a instrumentos tradicionais de autorrelato. A amostra foi composta por 176 respondentes, que responderam à medida adaptada, à Escala de Cooperação e Competitividade e a uma versão impressa do dilema do prisioneiro. Os resultados mostraram que a medida se correlacionou negativamente com atitudes competitivas. Não houve diferenças significativas nos escores de OVS em função das escolhas no dilema dos prisioneiros. São discutidas as propriedades psicométricas do instrumento, as limitações e potenciais usos nas pesquisas sobre dilemas sociais e cooperação.(AU)

Social Value Orientation (SVO) is an individual characteristic that expresses the value one attributes to their own and other people's results, while revealing the disposition to sacrifice personal interests. The present study aimed to adapt and gather evidence of validity for the Social Value Orientation Slider Measure, as an alternative to traditional self-report instruments. Participants (N=176) answered the measure, the Cooperation-Competitiveness Scale, and a printed version of the prisoner's dilemma. The SVO was negatively correlated with competitive attitudes. There were no differences in SVO scores based on the prisoner's dilemma choices. The psychometric properties of the measure and its limitations and potential uses in social dilemma and cooperation research, are discussed.(AU)

La orientación al valor social (OVS) es una característica individual que expresa el valor atribuido a los beneficios individuales y a los beneficios generados a otras personas, revelando una disposición a sacrificar intereses personales. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar y reunir evidencias de validez para la Decomposed Social Value Orientation Slider Measure, como alternativa a los instrumentos tradicionales de autoinforme. La muestra se conformó por 176 personas, que respondieron a la medida adaptada, a la Escala de Cooperación y Competitividad y a una versión impresa del dilema del prisionero. Los resultados mostraron que la medida se correlacionó negativamente con las actitudes competitivas. No hubo diferencias significativas en las puntuaciones de la OVS en función de las elecciones en el dilema del prisionero. Se discuten las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, las limitaciones y los usos potenciales en la investigación sobre dilemas sociales y cooperación.(AU)

Impactos de la Religiosidad y la Orientación Política de Consumidores Mexicanos Sobre el Valor Percibido / Impacts of Religiosity and Political Orientation of Mexican Consumers on Perceived Value / Impactos da Religiosidade e Orientação Política dos Consumidores Mexicanos no Valor Percebido

Resumen Introducción. En un entorno cada vez más competitivo las organizaciones necesitan identificar variables clave que pueden influir en la decisión y el comportamiento de compra de los consumidores. Objetivo. de esta investigación fue analizar la influencia de la religiosidad y la orientación política sobre el valor utilitario, emocional y social percibidos atribuidos por los consumidores a los productos y servicios ofrecidos por empresas socialmente responsables. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa aplicándose una encuesta personal a 528 consumidores. Resultados. Se encontró que el nivel de religiosidad influye en las tres dimensiones del valor percibido, donde, a mayor nivel de religiosidad de los consumidores, mayor el valor percibido atribuido a los productos y servicios en cuestión. Sin embargo, el nivel de religiosidad influye en las tres dimensiones del valor percibido. Sin embargo, la orientación política influye solamente en el valor emocional, tanto en consumidores autodefinidos como de izquierda como de derecha. Conclusiones. Los hallazgos pueden ayudar a los tomadores de decisiones de marketing de las empresas a saber que el nivel de religiosidad y la orientación política de sus consumidores, tanto potenciales como actuales, pueden, de hecho, tener un impacto en el valor percibido de los consumidores sobre sus ofertas y deben tenerse en cuenta en la creación de sus estrategias, campañas y mensajes.

Abstract Introduction. In an increasingly competitive environment organizations need to identify key variables that can influence the decision and buying behavior of consumers. Objective. was to analyze the influence of religiosity and political orientation on the perceived utilitarian, emotional and social value attributed by consumers to the products and services offered by socially responsible companies. Materials and methods. A quantitative investigation was carried out applying a personal survey to 528 consumers. Results. It was found that the level of religiosity of the participants influences all three dimensions of perceived value, that is, at a higher level of religiosity the consumers perceive greater perceived value in sustainable products and services. However, political orientation only has an influence on the emotional value in consumers, whether they self-identified as right-wing or left-wing. Conclusions. The findings can help the decision makers of the marketing aspects of the firms know that the level of religiosity and the political orientation of their consumers, both potential or current, can, in fact, have an impact on the perceived value of consumers about their offerings and it should be considered in the creation of their strategies, campaigns and messaging.

Resumo Introdução. Em um ambiente cada vez mais competitivo, as organizações precisam identificar variáveis-chave que possam influenciar a decisão e o comportamento de compra dos consumidores. Objetivo. Portanto, esta pesquisa analisou a influência da religiosidade e da orientação política no valor utilitário, emocional e social percebido atribuído pelos consumidores aos produtos e serviços de empresas socialmente responsáveis. Materiais e métodos. Foi realizada uma investigação quantitativa a 528 consumidores. Resultados. Verificou-se que o nível de religiosidade influencia as três dimensões do valor percebido, ou seja, em um nível mais alto de religiosidade, os consumidores percebem maior valor percebido em produtos e serviços. No entanto, a orientação política influencia apenas o valor emocional, tanto em consumidores auto-definidos quanto na esquerda e na direita. Conclusões. As descobertas podem ajudar os tomadores de decisão de marketing das empresas a saberem que o nível de religiosidade e orientação política de seus consumidores, tanto potencial quanto atuais, podem, de fato, ter um impacto na percepção do valor dos consumidores sobre suas ofertas e devem ser levados em consideração ao criar suas estratégias, campanhas e mensagens.

Does social status matter for resource distribution? / A hierarquia social é importante para a distribuição dos recursos? / ¿La jerarquía social es importante para la distribución de los recursos?

Abstract Resources are distributed unequally depending on the social status (SS) of people. Researchers have often used experiments to explain the role of SS in economic decisions. However, the diverse ways of inducing SS has produced contradictory results. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of SS on the distribution of monetary resources in students aged 18 to 25 years from Córdoba (Argentina). Three experiments using mixed factorial designs were conducted. Different ways of inducing SS and the effect on decisions in different games were examined. In Experiment 1, the effect of two SS induction techniques on the decisions of the Ultimatum Game (UG) and Dictator Game (DG) was compared. In Experiment 2, the effect of SS on the same games, including Social Value Orientation (SVO) and Subjective Social Status (SSS) as covariates was analyzed. In Experiment 3, the role of SS, SVO and SSS in the DG and the Dictator Game Taking (DGT) was examined. In the three experiments, it was not found that SS had any effect on the decisions of the games. However, more rejection and negative valence was observed (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p =.72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) for unfair offers than for fair ones (Exp. 2: p < .001). Also, pro-social individuals made fairer offers in the DG (Exp. 2: p < .05) and participants offered more money in the DGT than in the DG (Exp. 3: p = .01). Those findings showed that the effect of SS on behavioral responses is not robust, which highlights the need to obtain new experimental evidence to investigate its role in those decisions.

Resumo Os recursos são normalmente distribuídos de maneira desigual em função do status social (SS) das pessoas, razão pela qual diversos pesquisadores utilizam experimentos para explicar o papel do SS nas decisões econômicas. No entanto, as diversas formas de induzir o SS geraram resultados contraditórios. No presente trabalho, investigou-se o efeito do SS na distribuição dos recursos monetários em estudantes de 18 a 25 anos da cidade de Córdoba, na Argentina, por meio de três experimentos com desenhos experimentais mistos. Especificamente, foram avaliadas diferentes técnicas para manipular o SS e seu efeito nas decisões econômicas: no Experimento 1 comparou-se o efeito de duas técnicas de manipulação do SS nas decisões do Jogo do Ultimato (JU) e do Ditador (JD); no Experimento 2 analisou-se o efeito do SS nos mesmos jogos, incluindo a orientação de valores sociais (SVO) e o status social subjetivo (SES) como covariáveis e, no Experimento 3, indagou-se o papel do SS, da SVO e do SES no JD e no Ditador de Tomar (do inglês, Dictator Taking Game). Nos três experimentos observou-se que o SS não teve efeito nas decisões dos jogos. Não obstante, evidenciou-se maior rejeição (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p = .72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) e valência negativa para as ofertas injustas do que para as justas (Exp. 2: p < .001). Além disso, descobriu-se que quanto maior a pró-socialidade, maior a quantidade ofertada no JD (Exp. 2: p < .05) e que no JDT se oferece mais dinheiro do que no JD (Exp. 3: p = .01). Os resultados observados evidenciam que o efeito do SS nas respostas comportamentais não é robusto, por isso se destaca a importância de continuar investigando seu papel em tais decisões.

Resumen Los recursos son usualmente distribuidos de manera inequitativa en función del estatus social (ES) de las personas, razón por la cual diversos investigadores utilizan experimentos para explicar el rol del ES en las decisiones económicas; sin embargo, las diversas formas de inducir el ES han generado resultados contradictorios. En el presente trabajo se investigó el efecto del ES en la distribución de los recursos monetarios en estudiantes de 18 a 25 años de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, por medio de tres experimentos con diseños experimentales mixtos. Específicamente, se evaluaron distintas técnicas para manipular el ES y su efecto en las decisiones económicas: en el Experimento 1 se comparó el efecto de dos técnicas de manipulación del ES en las decisiones del Juego del Ultimátum (JU) y del Dictador (JD); en el Experimento 2 se analizó el efecto del ES en los mismos juegos, incluyendo la orientación de valores sociales (SVO) y el estatus social subjetivo (SES) como covariables; y en el Experimento 3 se indagó el rol del ES, de la SVO y del ESS en el JD y en el Dictador de Tomar (JDT). En los tres experimentos se observó que el ES no tuvo efecto en las decisiones de los juegos. No obstante, se evidenció mayor rechazo (Exp. 1: p < .001, n 2 p = .72; Exp. 2: p < .001, n 2 p = .65) y valencia negativa para las ofertas injustas que para las justas (Exp. 2: p < .001). Además, se encontró que a mayor prosocialidad, mayor cantidad ofertada en el JD (Exp. 2: p < .05), y que en el JDT se ofrece más dinero que en el JD (Exp. 3: p = .01). Los resultados observados evidencian que el efecto del ES en las respuestas comportamentales no es robusto, por lo que se destaca la importancia de continuar investigando su rol en dichas decisiones.

Cualidades necesarias y valores en el cirujano contemporáneo / Necessary qualities and values in the contemporary surgeon

RESUMEN Las cualidades necesarias en el cirujano han constituido históricamente un tema excepcional en la bibliografía médica. Algunos resaltan la destreza y el poder resolutivo, otros sus cualidades como artista, artesano, tecnócrata y científico. Mas, no basta con esto para ser un buen cirujano. A ello deben unirse la responsabilidad, el trato amable, el humanismo, la templanza del carácter y el saber trabajar en equipo, entre otras muchas características. El propósito de este trabajo es reflexionar sobre las cualidades y valores en el cirujano contemporáneo.

ABSTRACT Required qualities in surgeons have historically been an exceptional subject in the medical literature. Some highlight skills and resolving power, others their qualities as artists, craftsmen, technocrats and scientists. However, this is not enough to be a good surgeon. To that, it must be added responsibility, kind treatment, humanism, temperance of the character and the know how to work as a team, among many other characteristics. The purpose of this work is to reflect on the qualities and values of the contemporary surgeon.

Humanismo, medicina y sociedad en el pensamiento de Fidel Castro

Estudiar el humanismo exterioriza cualquier directriz de pensamiento que ratifique la dignidad del ser humano. Sobre esta base, se puede desentrañar al humanismo de las formas más diversas. Las grandes dimensiones del pensamiento humanista de Fidel Castro Ruz, parten de la convicción de justicia social como un medio de reivindicación, sobre la base de la igualdad. El presente trabajo, demuestra a través de discursos y reflexiones de Fidel Castro Ruz, sobre la sociedad y la medicina, su visión humanista. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico, particularmente el histórico lógico y del nivel empírico, la revisión de fuentes documentales. Se han referenciado 22 documentos, que refieren el legado histórico de la obra de Fidel Castro. En ella se demuestra su proyección, su lucha contra las adversidades, por lograr los cambios necesarios en la sociedad cubana, contribuir al mejoramiento de los pueblos y en particular es reconocida en ella, su preocupación por la salud de todos, la ética, la solidaridad, la fidelidad, la honestidad con la historia y sobre todo, su percepción perenne en aras del bienestar de la humanidad.

Studying humanism externalizes any guideline of thought, which enphasize the dignity of the human being. On this basis, humanism can be unraveled in the most diverse ways. The great dimensions of humanist thought of Fidel Castro Ruz, start from the conviction of social justice as a means of vindication, on the basis of equality. The present study demonstrates, through speeches and reflections of Fidel Castro Ruz, about science and medicine, his humanistic vision. Methods of the theoretical level were used, particularly the logical historical one; and from the empirical level, the review of documentary sources. 22 documents have been referenced, which refer to the historical legacy of the work of Fidel Castro. Through his works we can see his projection, his struggle against adversity, to achieve the necessary changes in Cuban society, contributing to the improvement of the peoples and, in special, his concern for the health of all, ethics, solidarity, fidelity, honesty with history and above all, its perennial perception for the welfare of humanity.

Current status of professional value and influencing factors among health workers in grass-roots medical institutions in Wenzhou city / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective To survey the current status of professional value among health workers in grass-roots medical institutions of Wenzhou city and to analyze the influencing factors.Methods A survey on professional value was conducted from October to December 2017 among health workers from 14 primary medical institutions in 4 urban districts of Wenzhou City selected by stratified random sampling method.The self-designed questionnaires were used for the survey.A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed and 331 were returned,of which 302 were valid.The status and influencing factors of professional value were analyzed.Results The overall score of professional value was (96.66 ± 14.94).The univariate analysis showed that the professional value scores were associated with educational level (F=3.851),income(F=2.660),professional title(F=8.030),position(F=11.658) and specialty (F=4.667) of the health workers(all P＜0.05).The multivariate analysis showed that the gender(male:OR=0.53,95％ CI:-1.077--0.192,P=0.005),educational level (high school and below:OR=3.06,95％ CI:0.007-2.233,P=0.049),income (2 000-4 000 Yuan:OR=0.07,95％ CI:-4.783-0.627,P=0.011),professional title (no title:OR=0.27,95％CI:-2.397--0.232,P=0.017;Junior title:OR=0.31,95％CI:-2.197--0.153),P--0.024;intermediate title:OR=0.23,95％ CI:-2.533--0.366,P--0.009),position (doctor:OR=0.13,95％ CI:-3.235--0.815,P=0.001;nurse:OR=0.20,95％ CI:-2.883--0.368,P=0.011;technician:OR=0.15,95％ CI:-3.076--0.723,P=0.002)were influencing factors of professional value(all P＜0.05).Conclusion The professional values among health workers in Wenzhou grass-roots medical institutions are relatively low.The male gender,low educational level,low income,low professional title or no title and positions are influencing factors of professional value.

Comprensión y Producción Textual Narrativa en Estudiantes de Educación Primaria / Narrative Textual Comprehension and Production in Primary School Students / Compreensão e Produção Textual Narrativa em Estudantes de Educação Primária

Por medio de un enfoque mixto, se caracterizó la comprensión y producción textual narrativa en estudiantes de educación primaria (primero y segundo grado), así como aspectos psicosociales (valor social de la lectura y hábito lector) y contextuales (interacciones cognitivas y afectivas docente-niños) en docentes de educación primaria de tres instituciones educativas. Se encontró que los estudiantes tuvieron un desempeño medio alto en producción textual y comprensión literal, y bajo en comprensión inferencial. Además, se observó que la mayoría de las docentes son lectoras ocasionales, emplean interacciones cognitivas unidireccionales, ofrecen un mediano apoyo emocional a sus estudiantes y valoran la lectura como una herramienta instrumental y lúdica.

Using a mixed approach, the study described textual comprehension and production of narrative texts in primary school students (first and second grades), as well as psychosocial (social value of reading and reading habits) and contextual (cognitive and affective interactions between teacher and children) aspects in elementary school teachers in three educational institutions. Findings show that students had a medium to high performance in textual production and literal comprehension, and a low performance in inferential comprehension. Furthermore, it was observed that most teachers are occasional readers, use unidirectional cognitive interactions, offer average emotional support to their students, and value reading as an instrumental and recreational tool.

Por meio de um enfoque misto, caracterizaram-se a compreensão e a produção textual narrativa em estudantes de educação primária (primeira e segunda séries), bem como aspectos psicossociais (valor social da leitura e hábito leitor) e contextuais (interações cognitivas e afetivas docente-criança) em docentes de educação primária de três instituições educativas. Constatou-se que os estudantes tiveram um desempenho médio alto em produção textual e compreensão literal, e baixo em compreensão inferencial. Além disso, observou-se que a maioria das docentes são leitoras ocasionais, empregam interações cognitivas unidirecionais, oferecem um apoio emocional médio a seus estudantes e valorizam a leitura como ferramenta instrumental e lúdica.

Una revisión sistemática sobre emociones morales y dilemas sociales / A systematic review on social dilemmas and moral emotions

El creciente interés por parte de la economía comportamental en las emociones y la carencia de revisiones sobre la temática motivaron este trabajo, cuyo objetivo fue analizar la evidencia empírica sobre el rol de las emociones morales en situaciones de dilemas sociales. Los artículos revisados (n = 17) se obtuvieron de las bases de datos EBSCO, ScienceDirect y OVID. Se analizaron los siguientes aspectos de los artículos: objetivos, muestra, juego o tarea experimental, y resultados. Un grupo de investigaciones se focalizó en la influencia de las emociones morales en la cooperación, empleando principalmente el juego Give-Some o el Juego del Ultimátum. Otro grupo de investigaciones se centró en el rol de la empatía-altruismo en las conductas de ayuda, utilizando tareas de distribución. El análisis de los resultados evidencia que la culpa y la vergüenza incrementan la tendencia a la cooperación, mientras que emociones como la ira y el disgusto la dificultan. Además, la inducción de empatía fomentó el comportamiento altruista y las conductas de ayuda. Esta revisión ofrece elementos útiles a ser considerados en futuros trabajos de investigación...

The growing interest in the role of emotions in behavioral economics, and the absence of reviews on this subject have motivated this work, which purpose was analyze the empirical evidence on the role of moral emotions in social dilemmas situations. The reviewed articles (n = 17) were obtained from EBSCO, OVID and ScienceDirect. We analyzed the following aspects: objectives, sample, experimental game or task, and results. A group of studies was focused on the influence of moral emotions on cooperation, using mainly the Give-Some game or the Ultimatum Game. Another group of studies was focused on the role of empathy-altruism in helping behaviors, using distribution tasks. The analysis of results shows that guilt and shame increase the tendency to cooperate, while emotions like anger and disgust diminish it. Furthermore, the induction of empathy promoted altruistic behavior and helping behaviors. This review provides useful elements to be considered in future research...

Factors related to Nurses' Patient Identification Behavior and the Moderating Effect of Person-organization Value Congruence Climate within Nursing Units

PURPOSE: This research was an empirical study designed to identify precursors and interaction effects related to nurses' patient identification behavior. A multilevel analysis methodology was used. METHODS: A self-report survey was administered to registered nurses (RNs) of a university hospital in South Korea. Of the questionnaires, 1114 were analyzed. RESULTS: The individual-level factors that had a significantly positive association with patient identification behavior were person-organization value congruence, organizational commitment, occupational commitment, tenure at the hospital, and tenure at the unit. Significantly negative group-level precursors of patient identification behavior were burnout climate and the number of RNs. Two interaction effects of the person-organization value congruence climate were identified. The first was a group-level moderating effect in which the negative relationship between the number of RNs and patient identification behavior was weaker when the nursing unit's value congruence climate was high. The second was a cross-level moderating effect in which the positive relationship between tenure at the unit and patient identification behavior was weaker when value congruence climate was high. CONCLUSION: This study simultaneously tested both individual-level and group-level factors that potentially influence patient identification behavior and identified the moderating role of person-organization value congruence climate. Implications of these results are discussed.

Disability Weights for Diseases in Korea / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop an evaluation protocol of disability weights using person trade-off, and to test the reliability of the developed protocol in a Korean context. METHODS: To develop the valuation protocol, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and the Dutch studies were replicated and modified. Sixteen indicator conditions were selected from the Korean version of disease classification, which was based on that of the GBD Study, and the person trade-off method referred to the Dutch method. RESULTS: The disability weights were valued in a two step panel study. The first step was a carefully designed group process by three panels, using person trade-off to establish the disability weights for sixteen selected indicator conditions. The second step consisted of interpolation of the remaining diseases, on a disability scale, by the individual members of three panels. The members of three panels were all medical doctors, with sufficient knowledge of the consequences of a broad variety of diseases. The internal consistency of the Korean disability weights was satisfactory. Considerable agreement existed within each panel and among the panels. CONCLUSIONS: It was feasible to use a modified evaluation protocol from those used in GBD and Dutch studies. This would provide a rational basis for an international comparative study of disability weights.

Analysis on Causes of Cadaver Donation Obstacles and Countermeasures / 中国医学伦理学

To advocate cadaver donation is to advocate the spirit of devotion and scientific research.It has been proved in the development of modern medicine that many problems of medical education and stubborn diseases were solved by necrospy.However,currently the cadavers donated cannot satisfy practical need,mainly because that few people would voluntarily register to donate their bodies,and those among the registered who actually donated are even fewer.This paper analyzes three factors that contribute to the bottleneck in the cadaver donation.And on the basis of present situation,countermeasures are presented to solve the problems.