ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis is a chronic communicable disease. Infections are initially asymptomatic and latent but eventually progresses to active disease, which, if left untreated, may have ≥50% mortality. In 2011, an anti-tuberculosis drug resistance survey in Narsingdi, Bangladesh enrolled both new and retreatment patients. In the study, a number of villages were randomly selected and 152 extra pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) patients were identified. All the patients received treatment with standardized first-line drug (FLD) regimens and were investigated to document treatment efficiency. Among the patients, 34 were reported in lower income, 112 in medium income and only 06 in higher income group. Farmers (16.4%) in low income group, and female housewives (41.4%) in medium income group were mostly infected. Silicosis and malnutrition were assumed responsible for high EPTB cases in farmers and housewives respectively. The working youth groups (25-34) were found most vulnerable. Extra pulmonary TB sites of infection was found pleural TB 29.6% patients, glands TB 24.3% patients, abdominal TB 21.0% patients, spinal TV 19.7% patients, tubercular meningitis 436% patients & tubercular pericarditis 0.65% patient. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) EPTB was detected in both new and retreatment patients. Patients with MDR-EPTB who had been declared cured with first-line anti-TB treatment had a high rate of TB recurrence and death. The rate of TB recurrence and death was high four years after MDR-TB patients were judged to have been cured. PTB patients in Bangladesh had high recurrence and death rates even after treatment with standardized FLD regimens, reinforcing the need for early survey, diagnosis and treatment, including assessment of treatment outcomes.
ABSTRACT
The studies were conducted during 2008–2010 to evaluate Fishery status and its bearing on socio-economic condition of Fishers Community of undivided Goalpara district of Assam. A total of 97 species belongs to 56 genera of 26 families were recorded from various fish landing centers of the region during study period. Fishers catch fish in the river throughout the year. However, fishing intensity decreased during winter season due to decreasing water level. Fish catching ratio were also found in decreasing trend day by day due to increase in the level of fishing intensity as well as due to increasing numbers of fishers. The results of the co-efficient of correlation calculated from socio-economic data clearly exhibited that incomefamily size; expenditure - family size is highly related to each other in all the fishers groups.
ABSTRACT
Background: The pattern of skin diseases varies from one country to another and even from region to region of the same country. We are geographically placed in the tropical region with natural outcome of communicable diseases. We conducted this cross sectional study in a tertiary hospital of Bangladesh keeping the proposition in mind that infectious diseases occupy maximum percentage among skin and venereal diseases in outpatients in Bangladesh. Objectives: To classify the diseases attending the Skin & VD outpatient department of Enam Medical College Hospital (EMCH) and to draw comments and recommendations on the basis of findings. Materials and Methods: All patients irrespective of age and sex attending the OPD of Skin-VD Department of Enam Medical College Hospital during a 2-year time-period (from January 2009 to December 2010) were included in the study. Structured questionnaire, check-list and face-to-face interview (whenever necessary) were used as tools of data collection. Statistical analyses were done by SPSS version Windows 11.1. Results: Total number of patients was 12100. Most of the patients were aged (>18 years; 64.28%), dominated by male (61.63%), married (56.1%), literate (71.11%), coming from far (>5 km; 63.5%) and of middle class origin (59.73%). Out of the total cases, maximum (23.42%) were diagnosed as eczema, followed by infectious diseases (17%), acne (8.69%) and psoriasis (6.36%). Conclusion: In this study we found infectious diseases to occupy the second position next to eczema and our findings nullify the proposition that infectious diseases occupy maximum percentage among skin and venereal diseases in outpatients in Bangladesh.
ABSTRACT
In the light of what we know at present, we are inclined to attribute more weight to the influence of the environmental factors in the development of tuberculosis than the constitutional factors. It is particularly the industrial factor or, in more precise terms, the occupational factor (since it refers to all groups of working men, not only to those occupied in industry, but also in agriculture, fishery, transportation, domestic service and the like), which seems to be correlated with the death rate from tuberculosis. The influences of this factor are different and depend to a considerable extent on the sociological structure of the country. They are unfavorable in certain unhealthy industries and industrially young countries. At the period of beginning industrialization, when the steadily increasing industrial and agricultural development has not as yet been sufficiently controlled by adequate measures (legislation and medico-social sanitation), we find in general a marked tendency toward deteriorating health among the masses and while machinery in general goes on improving the human machines apeears to be under-going positive deterioration (4)On the other hand, there is reason to believe that industry on the whole exerts a beneficial influence on the health of the community (though many industrial categories have their own specific risks) provided that the technical progress is steadily accompanied by social progress and systematic improvements of general sanitationAs to present tuberculosis situation in the Philippines, we believe that it is positivey correlated with the sociologic structure of the country. Increasing tuberculosis figures and high incidence, reflected by high mortality rates, are medico-social phenomena common to countries which, socio-economically speaking are just entering the phase of beginning industrialization. As in so many problems of public health, it is certain that there are multiple factors operating but we are of the belief that in the Philippines, as a prevalently agricultural country in the stage of beginning industrialism, this condition is one of the determining elements in the present tuberculosis situationIn the anti-tuberculosis campaign, in our opinion, the stress should be laid not only on special measures of campaigning against the tubercle bacillus but also on improvements of the social, occupational and hygienic conditions in all areasFrom the very moment industrialization starts, the health of a modern nation depends as much on conditions inside as outside the factory gatesThe conclusion to be drawn from these considerations and the practical measures to bring about further studies of the problems will be discussed in a later paper. We believe, however that the viewpoints discussed in this preliminary paper may be of some actual interest even now in view of the inttense and progressive efforts, supported by governmental and private initiative, to industrialize large part of the Philippines Islands in the near future. (Summary)