Aproximaciones sobre el acto de mirar: la peste de Azoth

Las neurociencias contemporáneas continúan separando el acto de ver en los procesos de la visión y los procesos de la motricidad ocular, sin plantear aun una explicación unificadora de ambos en una misma realidad: como el acto de mirar. El objetivo del presente artículo es explicar este acto a través de la serie de eventos neurológicos que suceden y entender que se mira con la conciencia. Se explican los procesos visuales en base al enfoque neurocientífico contemporáneo y la Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional en "La Peste de Azoth" de Nicolas Poussin. Mientras que la explicación tradicional de la neurociencia refiere que todo estímulo activa un receptor, siguiendo una vía nerviosa hasta el cerebro, desde la Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional, el acto de mirar es una actividad epiconsciente, una construcción que resulta de la suma emergente de los cinco niveles de complejidad. Estos integran este proceso en los movimientos que describen los ojos y la acción de lo que se mira simultáneamente. "La Peste de Azoth" muestra una ciudad azotada por la peste bubónica, con dos rasgos: maldición divina y presencia de miasmas respirables. Poussin no solo pintó los motivos de una explicación mágica (tradicional) y científica, sino también de una explicación tecnológica (bacteriológica) que emergería dos siglos después de su muerte. En conclusión, el acto de mirar desde la Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional, es un proceso que principian en el neocortex y que integra la información en cinco niveles. Esta explicación permite entender La Peste de Azoth" como un enfoque tecnológico adelantado.

Contemporary neurosciences continue to separate the act of seeing in the processes of vision and the processes of ocular motor skills, without even proposing a unifying explanation of both aspects of the same reality: as the act of looking. The aim of this article is to explain the act of looking through the series of neurological events that occur and to understand that one looks with consciousness. Visual processes are explained based on the contemporary neuroscientific approach and Informational Sociobiological Theory in Nicolas Poussin's "The Plague of Azoth". While the traditional explanation traditional explanation of neuroscience refers that every stimulus activates a receptor, following a nervous path to the brain, from the Informational Sociobiological Theory, the act of looking is an epiconscious activity, a construction that results from the sum emerging from the five levels of complexity. These integrate this process in the movements that describe the eyes and the action of what is seen simultaneously. "The Plague of Azoth" shows a city plagued by the bubonic plague, with two traits: a divine curse and the presence of breathable miasmas. Poussin not only painted the grounds for a magical (traditional) and scientific explanation, but also for a technological (bacteriological) explanation that would emerge two centuries after his death. In conclusion, the act of looking from the Informational Sociobiological Theory is a process that begins in the neocortex and that integrates information at five levels. This explanation allows us to understand "The Plague of Azoth" as an advanced technological approach.

Aproximación biográfica a Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas (1933-2011) y su teoría sociobiológica informacional en el contexto de la neurología científica peruana / Biographical approach to Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas (1933-2011) and his informational sociobiological theory in the context of Peruvian scientific neurology

El desarrollo histórico inicial de la neurología peruana tiene como figura a Oscar Trelles quien funda las bases de su progreso. Sin embargo, aún no se ha descrito los hitos ni las personalidades notables de la neurología peruana en la segunda mitad del siglo XX en adelante. El objetivo de este trabajo fue escribir la etapa científica de la neurología en el Perú durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, proponiendo la obra de Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas como una propuesta disruptiva e innovadora en la neurología. Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, se diverjo las escuelas formadoras de neurología en la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, sendas representada por Honorio Delgado y Oscar Trelles. Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX, Pedro Ortiz da forma a la información como la materia que organiza a los sistemas vivos, en su Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional. En esta plantea que la información se a complejizado en cinco niveles organizativos de sistemas vivos. Conforme las consideraciones de desarrollo de la neurología en la segunda mitad del siglo XX en el Perú, resaltamos a Pedro Ortiz como un pionero que propone una redefinición del entendimiento de la información en los sistemas vivos.

The initial historical development of Peruvian neurology includes Oscar Trelles who is the founder of the groundwork and its progress. However, the milestones of noteworthy individuals in Peruvian neurology work, during the second half of the 20th century and beyond, have not yet been described. The objective of this work was to address the scientific stage of neurology in Peru during the second half of the 20th century, proposing the work of Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas as a disruptive and innovative proposal in neurology. During the second half of the 20th century, the neurology training schools were divided into the National University of San Marcos and the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, represented by Honorio Delgado and Oscar Trelles. During the second half of the twentieth century, Pedro Ortiz relates information as the material that organizes living systems, in his Informational Sociobiological Theory. In this work it is stated that information becomes more complex in five organizational levels of living systems. According to the development considerations of neurology in the second half of the 20th century in Peru, we highlight Pedro Ortiz as a pioneer who proposes a redefinition of the understanding of information in living systems.

Genetic relatedness and its causal role in the evolution of insect societies

It has been proposed that age reprogramming enables old cells to be rejuvenated without passage through an embryonicstage (Singh and Zacouto in J. Biosci. 35 315–319, 2010). As such, age reprogramming stands apart from the inducedpluripotent stem (iPS) and nuclear transfer-embryonic stem (NT-ES) cell therapies where histo-compatible cells are produced only after passage through an embryonic stage. It avoids many of the disadvantages associated with iPS and NT-EScell therapies. Experimental evidence in support of age reprogramming is burgeoning. Here, we discuss possible newapproaches to enhance age reprogramming, which will have considerable benefits for regenerative therapies.

Bioética-sociobiologia: Neologismos oportunos? interface da tecnociência com as ciências humanas e sociais / Bioethics - sociobiology: Opportune neologisms? interfaces between tecnoscience and human and social sciences / Bioética-sociobiología: Neologismos oportunos? interfaces entre la tecnociencia y las ciencias humanas y sociales

O artigo focaliza a criação dos neologismos Bioética e Sociobiologia, analisando esses vocábulos que, pela sua composição, evocam relações entre ciências biológicas e ciências humanas (ética e sociologia). Destaca que esses dois neologismos já nasceram com profundos significados, mas em sentidos diferentes. Ressalta a importância da bioética na integração das culturas científica e humanística, para além das disposições estatutárias universitárias. Conclui indicando que a Bioética traz uma mensagem sugestiva de como criar mecanismos e condições para enfrentar os desafios que os avanços científicos, inexoráveis, nos lançam.

The article focuses on the creation of the neologisms Bioethics and Sociobiology, analyzing these two words which due to their composition evoke relations between biological sciences and human studies (ethics and sociology). Highlights that these two neologisms, in fact, were born already loaded by deep meanings, but in different senses. Emphasizes the importance of bioethics in the integration of scientific and humanistic cultures, beyond university statuary regulations. Concludes that Bioethics conveys also a suggestive message about how to create mechanisms and conditions for facing the challenges which scientific advancements, in their inexorability, present.

El artículo se centra en la creación de neologismos Bioética y Sociobiología y en el análisis de estas palabras que, gracias a su composición evocan relaciones entre las ciencias biológicas y las humanidades (ética y sociología). Destaca que estos dos neologismos nacen ya cargados de hondos significados, pero en distintos sentidos. Afirma ser la Bioética efectivamente un puente a la junción harmónica de la cultura de la "tecnociencia" y la cultura de los estudios humanísticos e sociales, más allá de las regulaciones estatutarias universitarias. Concluye indicando que la bioética también trasmite un sugestivo mensaje a cerca la manera de crear mecanismos y condiciones como para afrontar los retos que los avanzos científicos, en su inexorabilidad, nos presentan.

Programas metacognitivos com enfoque em cognição social na reabilitação da esquizofrenia: uma revisão sistemática / Metacognitive programs focusing social cognition for the rehabilitation of schizophrenia: a systematic review

OBJETIVO: Revisar sistematicamente a literatura sobre programas psicoterapêuticos para a esquizofrenia com enfoque em CS, cujos métodos envolvam estratégias metacognitivas. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma busca na base MedLine, por trabalhos publicados em inglês ou português utilizando a frase "Social cognition" AND "Schizophrenia" [Mesh] AND "Psychotherapy" [Mesh] e os limitadores "Humans", "Clinical Trial", "Meta-Analysis" e "Randomized Controlled Trial". Adicionalmente, foram elaborados critérios de inclusão para selecionar os trabalhos com abordagem metacognitiva. RESULTADOS: Dezessete estudos foram selecionados, abrangendo essencialmente programas de reconhecimento do afeto facial e de emoções, Teoria da Mente (ToM), imitação e tomada de perspectiva em situações sociais. CONCLUSÃO: A maior parte dos estudos mostrou que seus programas são eficazes para melhorar medidas de psicopatologia, CS e funcionamento social. Futuras pesquisas deverão esclarecer sobre segurança, especificidade e durabilidade dessas intervenções.

OBJECTIVE: To reviewsystematically the literature on psychotherapeutic programs focusing on SC, designed to schizophrenia, which methods include metacognitive strategies. METHODS: A search on MedLine base for papers published in English or Portuguese has been performed, using the phrase "Social cognition" AND "Schizophrenia" [Mesh] AND "Psychotherapy" [Mesh] and the limits "Humans", "Clinical Trial", "Meta-Analysis" and "Randomized Controlled Trial". Additionally, inclusion criteria have been formulated in order to select papers with metacognitive approach. RESULTS: Seventeen articles have been selected, which comprised essentially facial emotion recognition, emotion recognition, Theory of Mind (ToM), imitation and perspective taking in social situations. CONCLUSION: The great majority of papers have shown that their programs are effective in improving measures of psychopathology, SC and social functioning. Future research might clarify about safety, specificity and durability of such interventions.

Processamento cognitivo "Teoria da Mente" no transtorno bipolar / Cognitive “Theory of Mind” processing inbipolar disorder

OBJETIVO: O transtorno afetivo bipolar está associado ao comprometimento funcional persistente. Apesar de muitas pesquisas demonstrarem que bipolares podem apresentar déficits cognitivos, um número menor de trabalhos avaliou o papel de prejuízos no processamento cognitivo social, a Teoria da Mente (relacionado à capacidade de inferir estados mentais), no aparecimento de sintomas e complicações sociais em bipolares. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de revisar sistemática e criticamente a literatura sobre possíveis alterações do processamento Teoria da Mente no transtorno afetivo bipolar. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma busca na base de dados Medline por trabalhos publicados em língua inglesa, alemã, espanhola ou portuguesa nos últimos 20 anos, utilizando a frase de busca "Bipolar Disorder"[Mesh] AND "Theory of Mind". Foram procurados por estudos clínicos envolvendo indivíduos bipolares e que empregaram uma ou mais tarefas cognitivas desenvolvidas para a avaliação de habilidades Teoria da Mente. Foram excluídos os relatos de caso e cartas ao editor. A busca inicial resultou em cinco artigos, sendo selecionados quatro. Outros quatro foram também selecionados a partir da leitura dos artigos acima. DISCUSSÃO: Os artigos selecionados avaliaram populações de bipolares adultos e pediátricos, incluindo indivíduos eutímicos, maníacos e deprimidos. A maioria dos trabalhos avaliados sugere que existam prejuízos no processamento Teoria da Mente em portadores de transtorno afetivo bipolar e que estes podem estar por trás dos sintomas e dos déficits funcionais do transtorno afetivo bipolar. CONCLUSÃO: Pesquisas futuras a respeito do tema em questão poderão esclarecer muito acerca do papel das alterações sociocognitivas no surgimento dos sintomas do transtorno afetivo bipolar, bem como ajudar no desenvolvimento de estratégias preventivas e terapêuticas do mesmo.

OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder is associated to persistent functional impairments. Although many researches have shown that bipolar individuals might have cognitive deficits, a small number of studies evaluated the role of problems of social cognitive Theory of Mind processing (regarding the capacity to infer mental states) in the emergence of bipolar disorder's symptoms and its possible social poor outcomes. The objective of the present manuscript is to review systematically and critically the literature on Theory of Mind processing in bipolar disorder. METHOD: A search in the electronic database Medline was conducted in order to find articles published in English, German, Spanish or Portuguese during the past 20 years, using the search phrase "Bipolar Disorder"[Mesh] AND "Theory of Mind". Clinical studies have been searched, which involved bipolar individuals and that used one or more cognitive tasks developed to evaluate Theory of Mind abilities. Case reports and letters were excluded. The initial search retrieved 5 articles, out of them 4 were selected. Other 4 were also selected after reading the above mentioned articles. DISCUSSION: the selected articles evaluated populations of adult and pediatric bipolar individuals, including those in euthymia, mania and depression. The majority of the chosen manuscripts suggest that Theory of Mind processing problems might exist in bipolar individuals and that such problems might lie behind the symptoms and the functional deficits of bipolar disorder. CONCLUSION: Additional research on the theme here discussed may shed light on the role of social cognitive problems in the emergence of bipolar disorder symptoms, as well as help developing preventive and therapeutic strategies for it.