Effect of Parental Socio-economic Status and Lifestyle Habits on Risk of Childhood Obesity in a Developing Nation: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background:The prevalence of childhood obesity (COB) in the developing world is currently high and is rising rapidly. Unlike developed countries, studies evaluating the association between parental socio-economic status (SES) and risk of COB in developing countriesare limited. Besides, the association varies across country and race/ethnicity and changes overtime. The aim of this study was to assess the association between parental SES and life style habits (LSHs) and risk of COB in Uyo, Southern Nigeria.Methods:Five hundred pupils and the corresponding number of parents were examined between April and September 2018 using socio-demographic/LSHs assessment questionnaire and body mass index (BMI) evaluation. Data analysis was performed and frequencies and percentages were computed. Associations between SES and LSHs of parents and risk of COW/COB were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis. Odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were estimated.Results:The prevalence of COW and COB was3.4% and 16% respectively. The risk of COW/COB was higher among children whose parents had high level of education (OR=1.81, C.I=1.985-3.327,P=0.046), high level of income(OR=16.07, C.I=3.773-68.455,P=0.0001), employed(OR=1.138,C.I=0.157-12.057) and poor dietary habits. High level of physical activity of fathers and high income level of mothers decreased the risk of COW/COB Conclusion: High SES and poor LSHs of parents are associated with increased risk of COW/COB. Interventions necessary to reduce high prevalence of COW/COB in our cities and other developing countries should include among other risk factors parental SES and LSHs.

¿Cómo medir la posición socioeconómica en el marco de las inequidades sociales de salud?: El caso de Costa Rica / Measuring Socioeconomic Position From The Social Inequalities In Health Perspective?: The Case of Costa Rica

RESUMEN Introducción: La medición de la posición socioeconómica (PSE) es central para el análisis de las inequidades sociales en salud (ISS) y requiere de instrumentos actualizados, adaptados a un marco conceptual de referencia, al contexto local y a las características de las poblaciones. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar y discutir, a la luz de la literatura internacional, las ventajas y desventajas de las diferentes formas de medición de la posición socioeconómica para el análisis de las ISS que existen en Costa Rica. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de los instrumentos y métodos existentes en Costa Rica para la medición de las ISS. Resultados: Se encontró que en Costa Rica existe una gran diversidad de instrumentos a nivel individual o geográfico que permiten medir la posición socioeconómica en el marco de las ISS. Cada proxy de la PSE se desarrolla en función de un marco conceptual de referencia, y se debe adaptar al diseño del estudio, a las características de la población de estudio (e.g. edad) y de la factibilidad de la recolección de los datos. Sin embargo, debido a la gran diversidad de variables y marcos conceptuales existentes sobre la PSE, no es posible establecer la existencia de un patrón de oro para la medición de las ISS aplicable a todos los estudios. Conclusión: Esta revisión de la literatura costarricense a la luz de la literatura internacional, podría contribuir a un mejor uso de las herramientas existentes. Permitirá a los investigadores escoger los instrumentos más adaptados al contexto local que han sido validados previamente, los marcos teóricos respectivos que existen detrás de cada medición, y sus eventuales limitaciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Measuring socioeconomic position (SEP) is central in the analysis of social inequalities in health (SIH). It requires the use of updated instruments, adapted to a particular conceptual framework, taking into account the local context and the population characteristics. This study aims to present and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different measurement of SEP used in Costa Rica for the analysis of health inequalities. Materials and methods: A systematic review of the existing instruments and methods used to characterize SEP in Costa Rica was carried out. Results: There is a great diversity of instruments used as proxies of SEP in Costa Rica, both at the individual, and at geographical level. These measures allow to capture specific dimensions of SEP potentially associated with different health outcomes. Being a latent concept, variables approaching SEP should refer to their specific conceptual framework, be adapted to the study design, and population's characteristics (e.g. age), and should consider the study feasibility of data collection. Due to the variety and different conceptual frameworks behind each SEP variable, it is not possible to establish the existence of a gold standard. Conclusion: This review of the Costa Rican health inequalities literature regarding SEP instruments, can contribute to a better use of the existing tools. It will allow researchers to better evaluate the instruments that have been previously validated, their respective theoretical frameworks and limitations, to choose the most suitable proxy of SEP for the local context analyzed.

Social capital as a mediator of the influence of socioeconomic position on health: Findings from a population-based cross-sectional study in Chandigarh, India

Background: Social capital has been recognized as part of the WHO's Social Determinants of Health model given that social connections and relationships may serve as resources of information and tangible support. While the association between socioeconomic position and health is relatively well established, scant empirical research has been conducted in developing countries on the association between social capital and health. Objective: Based on the WHO's Social Determinants of Health framework, we tested whether social capital mediates the effect of socioeconomic position on mental and physical health. Methods: A population-based study was conducted among a representative sample (n = 1563) of men and women in Chandigarh, India. We used standardized scales for measuring social capital (mediator variable) and self-rated mental and physical health (outcome variable). Results: A socioeconomic position index (independent variable) was computed from education, occupation, and caste categories. Mediation model was tested using path analysis in IBM SPSS-Amos. Participants' mean age was 40.1 years. About half of the participants were women (49.3%), and most were relatively well educated. The results showed that socioeconomic position was a significant predictor of physical and mental health. Social capital was a significant mediator of the effect of socioeconomic position on mental health but not physical health. Conclusion: Besides removing socioeconomic barriers through poverty alleviation programs, interventions to improve social capital, especially in economically disadvantaged communities, may help in improving population health.

Can Biological Markers Partially Explain the Link Between the Social Environment and Oral Health? / ¿Pueden los marcadores biológicos explicar parcialmente la relación entre el entorno social y la salud oral?

Abstract Understanding how the social world affects humans´ health by "getting under the skin" and penetrating the cells, organs and physiological systems of the body is a key tenet in public health research. Here, we propose the idea that socioeconomic position (SEP) can be biologically embodied, potentially leading to the production of health inequalities in oral health across population groups. Recent studies show that being exposed to chronic stress across the life course could impact our health. Allostatic load (AL) is a composite biological measure of overall physiological wear-and-tear that could allow a better understanding of the potential biological pathways playing a role in the construction of the social gradient in adult health. However, to use biological measures to better understand the mechanisms that construct health inequalities in oral health has not been tested systematically. The purposes of this New Perspective is to discuss the value of using composite biological markers, such as AL, to analyze oral health. This can allow a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to health inequalities in oral health, and add some valuable information for implementing health interventions.

Resumen Comprender cómo el mundo social afecta la salud de los seres humanos "penetrando bajo la piel" e introduciéndose dentro de las células, los órganos y los sistemas fisiológicos del cuerpo, es un principio clave en la investigación en salud pública. Aquí, proponemos la idea que la posición socioeconómica puede incorporarse biológicamente, lo que puede conducir a la producción de inequidades sociales en salud entre diferentes grupos de población. Estudios recientes muestran que estar expuesto al estrés crónico a lo largo de la vida podría afectar nuestra salud. La carga alostática es una medida biológica compuesta del desgaste fisiológico global del cuerpo que podría permitir una mejor comprensión de las posibles vías biológicas que desempeñan un papel en la construcción del gradiente social en la salud del adulto. Sin embargo, el uso de medidas biológicas para comprender mejor los mecanismos que construyen las inequidades sociales en salud oral, no se ha probado sistemáticamente. El propósito de este boletín de New Perspective es analizar el valor del uso de marcadores biológicos compuestos, como la carga alostática, para analizar la salud oral. Esto puede permitir una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos que conducen a las inequidades sociales en salud oral, y así agregar información valiosa para implementar de manera más adecuada las intervenciones en salud.

Associação da posição socioeconômica e da depressão materna com a saúde das crianças: avaliação da PNAD 2008, Brasil / Associating socioeconomic position and maternal depression with the health of children: an evaluation of the 2008 Brazilian household survey

Resumo O estudo analisou a associação entre posição socioeconômica (renda), depressão materna e saúde da criança no Brasil, utilizando informações da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios 2008 (PNAD/IBGE). A análise considerou o delineamento amostral da pesquisa e incluiu 46.874 indivíduos com idade até 9 anos. Modelos Poisson foram estimados para três desfechos de saúde da criança: saúde reportada pelos pais ou responsáveis, restrição das atividades habituais por motivo de saúde e episódios de acamamento nas duas semanas anteriores à entrevista. Os resultados apontaram associação entre a depressão da mãe e os três desfechos, mesmo após o ajuste para posição socioeconômica, características maternas (saúde autorreferida, idade, escolaridade e tabagismo), idade, sexo e cor da pele da criança, além de região geográfica, situação censitária e número de moradores do domicílio. Constatou-se ainda que a associação entre depressão materna e saúde da criança independe da posição socioeconômica. Assim, políticas de saúde pública que objetivem atenuar os efeitos adversos da depressão materna sobre a saúde da criança, precisam considerar também os estratos mais elevados de renda da sociedade.

Abstract The study analyzed the association between socioeconomic position (income), maternal depression and the health of children in Brazil, using information from the 2008 National Household Survey (PNAD/IBGE). The analysis considered the sampling design for the research and included 46,874 individuals up to the age of nine. The Poisson models were estimated for three health outcomes for children: health as reported by the parents or the responsible person, restrictions on habitual activities for health reasons and periods when they were confined to bed two weeks before the interviews in the study. The results showed an association between the mothers' depression and the three health outcomes, even after taking into account the following: socioeconomic position, maternal characteristics (health self-referral, age, level of education and smoking), age, gender, the child's race, geographical region, the situation as noted in the census and the number of residents in a household. It was found that there still exists an association between maternal depression and children's health irrespective of socioeconomic position. Therefore public policies that aim to reduce the adverse effects of maternal depression on the health of children need to also take into account the higher income segments of society.

The Role of Socioeconomic Position in Determining Tooth Loss in Elderly Costa Rican: Findings from the CRELES Cohort

bjective: Differences in health status between socioeconomic groups continue to challenge epidemiological research. To evaluate health inequalities in tooth loss, using indicators of socioeconomic position (education level, occupation and subjective economic situation), in a large representative sample of elderly Costa Ricans, can contribute to conceive better adapted public health interventions. Methods: Data are from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES Pre-1945), a longitudinal study of a nationally representative sample of elders. 2827 participants were included in the study using data from the first wave conducted in 2005, and analyzed cross-sectionally. The sample was imputed for missing data using a multiple imputation model. Tooth loss was self-reported and informed about the quantity of missing teeth. Information on participant's socioeconomic factors was collected via a questionnaire, including three measures approaching socioeconomic position: education level, occupation and subjective economic situation. Additional variables were included in the multivariate analyses as potential confounders. Results: Tooth loss was found to be strongly socially patterned, using variables characterizing socioeconomic position, mainly education level, occupational status and subjective economic situation. Conclusions: To highlight how socioeconomic position relates to tooth loss, can allow a better understanding of the origins of the social gradient in oral health, to tackle the most common chronic diseases across the world.

bjetivo: Las diferencias en el estado de salud entre los grupos socioeconómicos continúan desafiando la investigación epidemiológica. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar las inequidades sociales en salud con respecto a la pérdida de piezas dentales, utilizando distintos indicadores de la posición socioeconómica (nivel de educación, ocupación y situación económica subjetiva). Se utilizó un amplio estudio representativo de la población de adultos mayores costarricenses. Este trabajo podría contribuir a concebir intervenciones en salud pública más adaptadas para el país. Métodos: Los datos provienen del Estudio de Longevidad y Envejecimiento Saludable de Costa Rica (CRELES Pre-1945), un estudio longitudinal representativo de la población de personas adultas mayores. La muestra, analizada transversalmente, incluyó 2827 participantes usando datos de la primera ronda realizada en 2005. La muestra fue imputada para tomar en cuenta los datos faltantes usando un modelo de imputación múltiple. La pérdida de piezas dentales fue declarada como la cantidad de dientes perdidos en el momento de la entrevista. La información sobre los factores socioeconómicos de los participantes se recopiló a través de un cuestionario, incluyendo tres medidas que aproximaban la posición socioeconómica: nivel educativo, ocupación y situación económica subjetiva. Otras variables fueron incluídas en el modelo de regresión múltiple, como potenciales factores de confusión. Resultados: Se encontró que la pérdida de piezas dentales estaba fuertemente asociada a las todas las variables socioeconómicas analizadas, principalmente el nivel educativo, la ocupación y la situación económica subjetiva. Conclusiones: Mostrar cómo la posición socioeconómica se relaciona con la pérdida de piezas dentales podría permitir una mejor comprensión de los orígenes del gradiente social en la salud oral. Esto permitiría la concepción de mejores políticas en salud oral para hacer frente a estas enfermedades crónicas, reconocidas como las más comunes en el mundo.

Parental education and perception of outdoor playing time for preschoolers

Abstract Aim: The objective of this study was to analyze whether or not socioeconomic positions influence outdoor playtime during the week (WK) and on the weekends (WEND). Methods: The sample consisted of 485 (girls; n=223) healthy preschoolers, aged from 3 to 6 years, enrolled in kindergartens from the metropolitan area of Porto, Portugal. Physical Activity (PA) was assessed for 7 consecutive days with an accelerometer. The time playing outdoors during the WK or the WEND was reported by parents. Anthropometric data (weight and height) was collected following standardized protocols. Socioeconomic position was assessed by Parental Education (PE), according to the Portuguese education system. Results: We found differences in time spent playing outdoors either for the WK or WEND, but not for Total PA (TPA), in both sexes. However, regression analysis showed that after age adjustment, BMI and TPA for both sexes, we only found significant associations between low PE (LPE) and high PE (HPE) groups on WK or WEND. However, we found no statistically significant association for boys on the WK (p=0.06). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that socioeconomic position can influence the children's time spent in outdoor activities, especially on the weekends. This may have implications for future interventions with this age group.

Social mobility and smoking: a systematic review / Mobilidade social e tabagismo: uma revisão sistemática

The purpose of this study is to review the literature on longitudinal studies that have evaluated the effect of social mobility on the occurrence of smoking in various populations. Articles were selected from the web databases PubMed and Web of Science using the words: follow up, cohort longitudinal prospective, social mobility, social change life, course socioeconomic, smoking, and tobacco. Of the six studies identified in this review, four used occupational classification to measure social mobility. All six were carried out on the continent of Europe. The results indicate higher proportions of tobacco users among those with lower socioeconomic level during the whole period of observation (for all variables analyzed); and that people who suffered downward mobility, that is to say people who were classified as having a higher socioeconomic level at the beginning of life, tended to mimic habits of the new group when they migrated to a lower social group.

Este estudo teve como objetivo revisar a literatura acerca dos estudos longitudinais que tenham avaliado o efeito da mobilidade social sobre a ocorrência de tabagismo em diferentes populações. A pesquisa pelos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed e Web of Science usando as palavras: follow up, cohort longitudinal prospective, social mobility, social change life, course socioeconomic, smoking e tobacco. Dos seis estudos identificados na revisão, quatro utilizaram o canal de classificação ocupacional para medir a mobilidade social e todos foram desenvolvidos no continente Europeu. Os resultados apontam para maiores proporções de tabagistas entre aqueles com menor nível socioeconômico durante todo o período de acompanhamento (independente da variável analisada) e aqueles que sofreram mobilidade descendente, ou seja, aquelas pessoas que, mesmo classificadas com melhor nível socioeconômico no começo da vida, ao migrarem para um grupo social mais baixo tenderam a mimetizar hábitos do novo grupo.

Relationship between Socioeconomic Position and Suicide Attempts among the Korean Adolescents

This study explored the relationship of the subjective socioeconomic position (SEP) as well as the objective SEP with the rate of suicide attempts in 74,186 adolescents from the 2012 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS). The SEP was measured by the Family Affluence Scale (FAS) and the self-rated household economic status. The low perceived SEP for either the high or low FAS score was related to the elevated likelihood of suicide attempts in both genders. As compared with the adolescents in both the high level of perceived SEP and FAS score after adjusting for other confounding factors, the middle school students were more likely to attempt suicide in both low level of perceived SEP and FAS score (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.18-2.78 for boys, OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.13-1.90 for girls). The high school students were more likely to attempt suicide in the low perceived SEP and high FAS score (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.14-1.81 for boys, OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.07-1.56 for girls). In conclusion, the relationship of subjective SEP is important in suicide attempts as much as objective SEP and far more important in the high school students.

Efeito da exposição ao tabagismo e da mobilidade social sobre o crescimento e ganho de peso do nascimento à adolescência em uma coorte de base populacional de Cuiabá-MT / Effect of exposure to passive smoking and social mobility on growth and weight gain from birth to adolescence in a population-based cohort in Cuiabá

Esta tese é composta por três artigos que permitiram avaliar o efeito da exposição ao tabagismo durante a gestação e no início da infância sobre o crescimento linear e ganho de peso do nascimento à adolescência, além de verificar o efeito do nível socioeconômico no início da infância e da mobilidade social sobre a adiposidade até a adolescência. Foram utilizados para este fim os dados de uma coorte de crianças nascidas entre 1994 e 1999 na cidade de Cuiabá-MT. Essas crianças fizeram parte de um estudo de base populacional realizado na cidade de Cuiabá, entre 1999 e 2000, com 2405 crianças (0 a 5 anos) e foram selecionadas aleatoriamente em unidades básicas de saúde quando da vacinação. As mães foram entrevistadas após a vacinação, quando foram obtidos dados relativos à exposição ao tabagismo gestacional, tabagismo passivo, nível socioeconômico das famílias e dados antropométricos. Entre 2009 e 2011, após aproximadamente 11 anos, essas crianças foram localizadas por meio do Censo Escolar e então 1716 adolescentes entre 10 e 17 anos de idade (71,4% da população) foram reavaliados nas escolas da rede pública e privada de Cuiabá, de 18 municípios do estado e outras 5 capitais do país. A análise por modelos lineares de efeitos mistos permitiu verificar a mudança de estatura e Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) entre o nascimento e a adolescência. O primeiro e o segundo artigo desta tese avaliaram o efeito da exposição ao tabagismo materno durante a gestação e no início da infância sobre o crescimento linear e o IMC entre o nascimento e a adolescência. Crianças expostas ao tabagismo materno durante a gestação e no início da infância apresentaram menor estatura desde o nascimento até a adolescência quando comparadas às crianças não expostas. Quanto à adiposidade, entre o nascimento e a infância a mudança do IMC foi similar entre as crianças expostas e não expostas ao tabagismo materno, porém, entre a infância e a adolescência...

This thesis consists of three papers that allowed us to evaluate the effect of exposure to smoking during pregnancy and early childhood on linear growth and weight gain from birth to adolescence, and to verify the effect of socioeconomic position in early childhood and social mobility on adiposity until adolescence. For this purpose, we used the data of a cohort of children born between 1994 and 1999 in the city of Cuiabá. They were part of a population-based study conducted with 2,405 children (0–5 years) who attended one of the ten basic health units selected for vaccination in the city of Cuiabá between 1999 and 2000. Between 2009 and 2011, after approximately 11 years, these children were located through the School Census; thus, 1,716 adolescents aged 10 to 17 years old (71.4% of the population) were reassessed in the public and private schools of Cuiabá, of 18 counties in the state and five other capitals in the country. The mothers were interviewed after vaccination to obtain data regarding their exposure to smoking during pregnancy, passive smoking, socioeconomic status, and anthropometric information. The linear mixed-effects analysis showed the change in height and body mass index (BMI) from birth to adolescence. The first and second articles in this thesis evaluate the effect of exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood on linear growth and BMI from birth to adolescence. Children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy and early childhood were shorter from birth to adolescence than the children not exposed. As for adiposity between birth and childhood, the BMI change was similar between children exposed and not exposed to maternal smoking; however, between childhood and adolescence, those exposed only during gestation showed greater gains in BMI. Together, these data not only confirm the deleterious effect of smoking on growth, which has been extensively studied...

Epidemiological Characteristics of Mobile Phone Ownership and Use in Korean Children and Adolescents

OBJECTIVES: As public concern on possible harmful effects of mobile phone in children has been raised, information of epidemiological characteristics of mobile phone use in children and adolescents will be essential for public health policy. METHODS: Using three databases (n=21,693) collected from 2008 to 2011, we examined characteristics of mobile phone ownership and use, and socioeconomic positions (SEP) in Korean children and adolescents. RESULTS: The ownership rate and the amount of mobile phone use were higher in females than males, in higher school grades than lower grades, and at 2011 than 2008. The average age of first mobile phone ownership was shown to decrease from 12.5 years in currently high school students to 8.4 years in currently elementary school students at 2011. More than 90% of children in the 5th grade owned a mobile phone. More children owned a mobile phone in lower SEP communities than in higher SEP. Children with parents educated less than those with parents educated more were more likely to own and use mobile phone. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the epidemiological characteristics of mobile phone use, precautionary measures to prevent unnecessary exposure to mobile phones are needed in children and adolescents.

The relationship between regional socioeconomic position and oral health behavior: A multilevel approach analysis / 대한구강보건학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to identify discrepancies in oral health behaviors among communities in cities, counties, and districts (si , gun, and gu administrative divisions of South Korea) and to determine their correlations with socioeconomic status, examined in terms of the social deprivation index. METHODS: Data for 220,258 individuals, covering 247 communities, were extracted from a 2008 community health survey, and the frequency of brushing the teeth after lunch, flossing and interdental brushing was calculated and analyzed. Considering the characteristics of the data collected at individual and regional levels, a multilevel random-intercept logistic regression model was used for the analysis. RESULTS: A regional-level discrepancy was found in after-lunch brushing and the use of auxiliary oral hygiene items, with interclass correlations of 0.03 and 0.04, respectively. In particular, the odds ratio of using auxiliary oral hygiene items in the communities with the lowest socioeconomic status was as low as 0.49, compared to the highest level, thus demonstrating a conspicuous intercommunity difference. CONCLUSIONS: The regional-level correlation between socioeconomic status and oral health behaviors indicates the need for the establishment of oral health-related intervention policies based on community characteristics.

Intersecciones entre posición socioeconómica, mecanismos psicológicos y comportamientos de adherencia en VIH/SIDA: aproximación cualitativa desde la perspectiva del curso de vida / Intersections between socioeconomic position, psychological mechanisms and adherence behaviors in HIV / AIDS: a qualitative approach from a life course perspective

Objetivo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar, identificar y analizar las intersecciones entre posición socioeconómica, mecanismos psicológicos y comportamientos resultantes de adherencia en VIH/SIDA en mujeres diagnosticadas con VIH. Método. Se utilizó un estudio cualitativo con análisis de contenido. Mediante un muestreo estratificado por conveniencia, 36 mujeres de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia, fueron seleccionadas para participar en entrevistas en profundidad. Se conformaron dos grupos a partir de la estratificación socioeconómica oficial en el país, y se entrevistó un grupo de 18 mujeres de baja posición socioeconómica y un grupo de 18 mujeres de media y alta posición socioeconómica. Resultados. Se lograron identificar ambientes del macrocontexto asociados con cada nivel de posición socioeconómica, los mecanismos psicológicos y los comportamientos de adherencia. La exposición acumulada durante el curso de la vida puede explicar la vinculación entre estos tres niveles. Conclusión. Los hallazgos destacan que la perspectiva del curso de la vida radica en que puede ayudar a comprender y explicar los resultados en los sistemas biológico, psicológico y comportamental, relacionados con la adherencia al tratamiento en personas viviendo con VIH/SIDA; todo ello en función de la posición socioeconómica de las personas ubicadas en una determinada estructural social.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to explore, determine and analyze the intersections which exist between socio-economic positions, psychological mechanisms and behaviors resulting from adherence in cases of HIV/AIDS in women diagnosed with HIV. Method. A qualitative study with content analysis was carried out. Using a stratified sample for convenience, 36 women from Cali, Colombia, were selected to take part in in-depth interviews. Two groups were made up based on the official socio-economic stratification of the country, and interviews were carried out with 1 8 women of low socio-economic position, and 18 of medium and high socio-economic positions. Results. It was posible to identify macrocontextual environments associated with each level of socio-economic position, psychological mechanisms, and adherence behaviors. Exposure accumulated during the lifetime could explain the relationship between these two levels. Conclusions. The findings clearly show that the lifetime perspective stems from the fact that it can help to understand and explain the results in biological, psychological and behavior-related systems related to the adherence to treatment of persons suffering from HIV/AIDS, all of which is in accordance with the socio-economic position of individuals placed in a determined social structure.

Escopo. Este estudo teve como escopo explorar, identificar e analisar as intersecções entre a posição socioeconómica, mecanismos psicológicos e comportamentos resultantes de aderência em HIV/AIDS em mulheres diagnosticadas com HIV. Metodologia. Foi utilizado um estudo qualitativo com análise de conteúdo. Através uma mostra estratificada por conveniência: 36 mulheres da cidade de Cali, Colômbia, foram selecionadas para participar em entrevistas a profundidade. Foram conformados dois grupos a partir da estratificação socioeconómica oficial no pais, e foi entrevistado um grupo de 18 mulheres de baixa posição socioeconómica e um grupo de 18 mulheres de meia e alta posição socioeconómica. Resultados. Logrou-se identificar ambientes do macro texto associados com cada nível de posição socioeconómica, os mecanismos psicológicos e os comportamentos de aderência. A exposição acumulada durante o curso da vida pode explicar a vinculação entre estes três níveis. Conclusão. As descobertas destacam que a perspectiva do curso da vida radica em que pode ajudar a compreender e explicar os resultados nos sistemas biológico, psicológico e comportamental, relacionados com a aderência ao tratamento em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS; todo isto em função da posição socioeconómica das pessoas localizadas numa determinada estrutura social.

Factors Related to Perceived Life Satisfaction Among the Elderly in South Korea / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study attempted to explore the aging phenomena that now characterize much of Korean society, and assessed issues associated with the life satisfaction experienced during the process of aging. METHODS: By employing the National Survey on the State of Life and the Desire for Welfare of the Elderly, 2004 in South Korea this study attempted to identify the factors that determine subjective life satisfaction among the elderly. The data utilized herein consisted of 3278 elderly people aged 65 years or older, from 9308 households. RESULTS: The results of analysis from the final model after the introduction of 19 variables in 8 factors showed statistically similar explanatory power in men (adj. R2=0.320) and in women (adj. R2=0.346). We found that economic condition was the most influential factor in both men (B=0.278) and women (B=0.336) except perceived health condition variables. The second most influential variable in life satisfaction was health checkups in men (B=0.128) and degree of nutritional diet in women (B=0.145). Those who had experience with chronic diseases also reported significantly lower perceived life satisfaction and this was particularly true of women. CONCLUSIONS: The aging society requires an understanding of the lives of elderly individuals. This study explored factors associated with life satisfaction in old age by using a life satisfaction model. The success of an aging society begins with an accurate understanding of the elderly, and thus political attention will need to be focused on this matter.

Associations of Income and Wealth with Health Status in the Korean Elderly / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to verify the association between wealth or income level and health status after adjusting for other socio-economic position (SEP) indicators among Korean adults aged 45 and over. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 1st wave of Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (households: 6,171, persons: 10,254). We used self-rated health status and activities of daily living (ADLs) as dependent variables. Explanatory variables included both net wealth measured by savings, immovables, the other valuated assets and total income including pay, transfer, property and so on. Binary logistic regression was conducted to examine the relationships. Also, in order to determine the relative health inequality across economic groups, we estimated the relative index of inequality (RII). RESULTS: The inequality of health status was evident among various wealth and income groups. The wealthiest group (5th quintile) was much healthier than the poorest group, and this differential increased with age. Likewise, higher income was associated with better health status among the elderly. However, these effects, as measured by the odds ratio and RII, showed that wealth was more important in determining health status of elderly people. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that economic capability plays a significant role in determining the health status and other health-related problems among the elderly. Particularly, our results show that health status of the aged is related more closely to the individual's wealth than income.

Health Inequalities in Korea: Current Conditions and Implications / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to summarize the current conditions and implications of health inequalities in South Korea. METHODS: Through a literature review of empirical studies and supplementary analysis of the data presented in the 1998, 2001, and 2005 KNHANEs, we evaluated the extent and trends of socioeconomic inequalities in both health risk factors, such as smoking, physical activity, and obesity, and outcomes, such as total mortality, subjective poor health status by self-reports and metabolic syndrome. Relative risks and odds ratios were used to measure differences across socioeconomic groups, and the relative index of inequality was used to evaluate the changes in inequalities over time. RESULTS: We found clear inequalities to various degrees in most health indicators. While little change was observed in mortality differences over time, the socioeconomic gaps in risk factors and morbidity have been widening, with much larger differences among the younger population. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic inequalities are pervasive across various health indicators, and some of them are increasing. The trends in socioeconomic inequalities in health should be carefully monitored, and comprehensive measures to alleviate health inequalities are needed, especially for young populations.