Main results and public health implications of the National School Health Survey (ENSE), Colombia 2017

Introduction: The school population represents a fundamental group for health promotion actions, given that the foundations of healthy behaviors in adult life are established in children and adolescents, who can be greatly influenced by the school. Objective: To describe the health-related behavioral factors of schoolchildren between 13 and 17 years of age in secondary and middle school in Colombia. Methods: A national cross-sectional study was conducted (i.e., School Health Survey -ENSE-) that recorded information on dietary practices, physical activity, alcohol and drug consumption, injuries and bullying, and oral, visual and hearing health. Sampling was probabilistic, cluster and multistage. Results: Schoolchildren have low consumption of fruits, vegetables (13.1%) and dairy (76.5 %), high consumption of ultra-processed foods (82.4 %), sugary drinks (74.0 %) and fast foods (14.8 %), frequent addition of salt at the table (43.3 %), low compliance with physical activity recommendations (15.0 %) and high sedentary lifestyle (46.3 %), frequent consumption of alcohol (44.7 %) and psychoactive substances (14.7 %), in addition to prevalent situations of bullying (15.4 %), rejection (8.2 %) and verbal aggression (42.7 %). Conclusions: The ENSE shows critical inequalities by gender, ethnicity and social class, throughout the country. The indicators observed in schoolchildren are precursors of various chronic and degenerative diseases and mental illness, which requires the urgent attention of the different social actors in the country.

Introducción: La población escolar es un grupo fundamental para las intervenciones de promoción de la salud, ya que en los niños y adolescentes se sientan las bases de un comportamiento saludable en la vida adulta, que puede ser muy influenciado por la escuela. Objetivo: Describir los factores comportamentales relacionados con la salud de los escolares de 13 a 17 años de edad que cursan educación básica secundaria y media en Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta nacional transversal (Encuesta de Salud en Escolares -ENSE-) con los lineamientos de Global School-based Student Health Survey para recolectar información sobre prácticas alimentarias, actividad física, consumo de alcohol y drogas, lesiones e intimidación, y salud bucal, visual y auditiva. El muestreo fue probabilístico, por conglomerados y polietápico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 79.640 escolares de 298 municipios. Los escolares presentaron bajo consumo de frutas, verduras (13.1%) y productos lácteos (76.5 %), alto consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (82.4 %), bebidas azucaradas (74.0 %) y comidas rápidas (14.8 %); alto uso de sal añadida en la mesa (43.3 %), actividad física inferior a la recomendada (15.0 %) y sedentarismo (46.3 %). Fue frecuente el consumo de alcohol (44.7 %) y sustancias psicoactivas (14.7 %) y reportaron situaciones de intimidación (15.4 %), rechazo (8.2 %) y agresiones verbales (42.7 %). Conclusiones: La ENSE muestra desigualdades por género, etnia y clase social en todo el país. Los hallazgos observados en los escolares son factores de riesgo de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas y mentales, y requieren la atención urgente de los actores sociales del país.

Effect of normal iodized salt diet on urinary iodine concentration and iodine uptake rate in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer before 131I treatment / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of normal iodized salt diet on urinary iodine concentration and iodine uptake rate in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) before 131I treatment. Methods:A prospective study was conducted on patients with DTC (59 male patients and 130 female patients, age (43.7±12.2) years) who received 131I treatment for the first time after total thyroidectomy in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between January 2021 and April 2022. Patients were divided into normal iodized salt diet group and limited iodized salt diet group according to whether iodized salt diet was administered 4 weeks before 131I treatment. The age, gender, urinary iodine concentration, iodine uptake rate and tumor risk stratification of the two groups were compared by independent-sample t test or χ2 test. In addition, according to the concentration of urinary iodine, patients were divided into group a1 (urinary iodine <200 μg/L) and group a2 (urinary iodine ≥200 μg/L). Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting urinary iodine concentration. Results:The urinary iodine concentration of normal iodized salt diet group was not significantly different from that of non-iodized salt diet group ((140.53±76.66) vs (121.74±74.64) μg/L; t=1.67, P=0.489). The iodine uptake rates at 2 h, 4 h and 24 h in the 2 groups were (3.77±1.06)% vs (3.42±0.97)%, (3.33±1.07)% vs (3.21±1.15)%, (2.90±2.60)% vs (3.23±2.94)%, respectively ( t values: 2.33, 0.68, -0.81, all P>0.05). There were no significant differences in age ( t=0.56, P=0.889), gender ( χ2=1.33, P=0.250) and tumor risk stratification ( χ2=0.14, P=0.709) between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that tumor risk stratification was associated with urinary iodine concentration (odds ratio ( OR)=3.914, 95% CI: 1.505-10.176; P=0.005). Conclusion:Normal iodized salt diet may have no effect on urinary iodine concentration and iodine uptake rate of patients with DTC before 131I treatment.

Comparação entre os Efeitos da Ingestão de Sal do Himalaia e de Sal Comum sobre os Valores de Sódio Urinário e Pressão Arterial em Indivíduos Hipertensos / Comparison between the Effects of Hymalaian Salt and Common Salt Intake on Urinary Sodium and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Individuals

Resumo Fundamento O sal do Himalaia (SH) tornou-se uma alternativa popular para o sal de mesa (SM) devido às suas alegações de benefícios à saúde, principalmente para indivíduos com hipertensão arterial. Porém, apesar do aumento do consumo de SH, ainda faltam evidências clínicas que sustentem a recomendação de seu consumo por profissionais de saúde. Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar o impacto da ingestão de SH e SM sobre a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) e concentração de sódio urinário em indivíduos com PA. Métodos Este estudo recrutou 17 pacientes do sexo feminino com hipertensão arterial que comiam fora de casa no máximo uma vez por semana. Os participantes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos, para receber e consumir SH ou SM. Antes e depois de cada intervenção, os participantes tiveram sua pressão arterial medida e urina coletada para análise mineral. Um valor de p <0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas antes e depois da intervenção SH para PAD (70 mmHg vs. 68,5 mmHg; p = 0,977), PAS (118,5 mmHg vs. 117,5 mmHg; p = 0,932) e concentração urinária de sódio (151 mEq / 24h vs. 159 mEq / 24; p = 0,875). Além disso, a análise entre os grupos não mostrou diferenças significativas após a intervenção em relação a PAS (117 mmHg vs 119 mmHg; p = 0,908), PAD (68,5 mmHg vs 71 mmHg; p = 0,645) ou concentração urinária de sódio (159 mEq / 24h vs 155 mEq / 24h; p = 0,734). Conclusão Este estudo sugere que não há diferenças significativas no impacto do consumo de SH em relação ao SM na PA e concentração urinária de sódio em indivíduos com hipertensão arterial.

Abstract Background The Himalayan salt (HS) has become a popular alternative for the traditional table salt (TS) due to its health benefit claims, particularly for individuals with arterial hypertension. However, despite the increase in HS consumption, there is still a lack of clinical evidence to support a recommendation for its consumption by health professionals. Objective This cross-over study aimed to compare the impact of HS and TS intake on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and urinary sodium concentration in individuals with arterial hypertension. Methods This study recruited 17 female patients with arterial hypertension who ate out no more than once a week. Participants were randomized into two groups, to receive and consume either HS or TS. Before and after each intervention, participants had their blood pressure measured and urine collected for mineral analysis. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results There were no statistically significant differences before and after the HS intervention for DBP (70mmHg vs. 68.5mmHg; p=0.977), SBP (118.5 mmHg vs. 117.5 mmHg; p= 0.932) and sodium urinary concentration (151 mEq/24h vs. 159 mEq/24; p=0.875). Moreover, the between-group analysis showed no significant differences after the intervention regarding SBP (117mmHg vs 119 mmHg; p=0.908), DBP (68.5 mmHg vs. 71mmHg; p= 0,645) or sodium urinary concentration (159 mEq/24h vs. 155 mEq/24h; p=0.734). Conclusion This study suggests that there are no significant differences on the impact of HS consumption compared to TS on blood pressure and sodium urinary concentration in individuals with arterial hypertension.

Eliminación y prevención de la deficiencia de yodo en mujeres gestantes de Perú / Elimination and prevention of iodine deficiency in pregnant women from Peru

RESUMEN La deficiencia de yodo (DI) causa daño a través de todos los ciclos de la vida, la vulnerabilidad es mayor durante la gestación y la infancia. La yodación universal de la sal (IUS) para consumo humano es la estrategia más costo-efectiva y sostenible para su control. Perú ha logrado la eliminación sostenida de los desórdenes por deficiencia de yodo (DDI) desde 1994. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad del programa nacional de control de los DDI y la estrategia IUS para satisfacer el mayor requerimiento de yodo y asegurar la nutrición óptima de yodo de las mujeres embarazadas de la sierra, una región con severa deficiencia natural de yodo. Material y Métodos: El estudio ha incluido a 489 mujeres embarazadas de la sierra, seleccionadas entre las asistentes a control pre natal en los centros asistenciales. En cada sujeto se verificó el consumo de sal yodada y se colectó una muestra casual de orina para el análisis de la concentración de yodo y creatinina. Resultados: Según la encuesta de admisión el 99.6 % de los hogares consumen sal yodada. La mediana global de la concentración urinaria de yodo (CUI) 209 µg/L está dentro del rango adecuado para gestantes y demuestra un estado nutricional de yodo normal. La concentración de creatinina en la orina es normal. Conclusión: Estos resultados confirman la eficiencia y el éxito del programa nacional para la eliminación sostenida de los DDI, garantizando la nutrición normal de yodo durante la gestación y, por lo tanto, previniendo el riesgo de daño cerebral de los recién nacidos cada año en la sierra.

ABSTRACT Iodine is an essential element for synthesizing thyroid hormones, it is also essential for cell metabolism and tissue development, especially in the brain. Iodine requirements are higher during pregnancy and lactation. Iodine deficiency (ID) is a widespread condition all over the world; it is frequent in Peruvian highlands and rainforest. ID causes damage in all life periods, and vulnerability for this is greater during pregnancy and infancy. Universal salt iodination (USI) for human use is the most cost-effective and sustainable strategy for controlling ID. Peru has achieved the sustained elimination of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) since 1994. Objective. To determine the effectiveness of the national program for controlling IDDs and the USI strategy for complying with the increased iodine requirement and to assure optimal iodine nutrition in pregnant women from the Peruvian highlands, a region with severe natural iodine deficiency. Material and Methods. The study included 489 pregnant women from the highlands, who were selected from those attending prenatal assessment in healthcare centers. Iodinated salty consumption was verified in each subject and a casual urine sample was collected for measuring iodine and creatinine concentration. Results. According to the admission survey, 99.6% of household use iodinated salt. The overall mean of iodine urine concentration (IUC) was 209 µg/L, which is well within the adequate range for pregnant women, and it shows a normal iodine nutrition status. The creatinine urinary concentration was normal. Conclusion. These results confirm the efficiency and success of the national program for the sustained elimination of IDDs, assuring normal iodine nutritional supply during pregnancy; and, therefore, preventing the risk for brain damage in newborns every year in the highlands.

Building capacity in reducing population dietary sodium intake in the Americas / Creación de capacidad para reducir la ingesta de sodio en los alimentos a nivel de la población en la Región de las Américas / Desenvolvimento de capacidade para a redução da ingestão alimentar de sódio pela população das Américas

ABSTRACT Objective. To present some resources developed as part of the technical support of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to Member States to reduce population dietary sodium intake, and to discuss the main challenges and opportunities to accelerate action toward sodium intake reduction in the Americas. Methods. Sources of information include a mapping of salt reduction policies conducted in 2019, reports from working group meetings, interviews conducted in 2020 and 2021 in seven countries, and technical documents developed around the Updated PAHO Regional Sodium Reduction Targets. Results. These tools show that, despite progress, challenges to succeed in this agenda persist. Priority given to sodium reduction is low in most countries, with insufficient resource allocation. There is a lack of intersectoral coordinated action, and a systemic approach to food systems is commonly missing. Surveillance mechanisms of sodium intake are insufficient, and industry interference in policy processes is commonly identified, undermining policy progress and success. There are also important regional opportunities to address these challenges. These include common ground for future collaborations by updating, strengthening, and complementing these existing tools, and technical and financial support for data generation. Conclusions. PAHO is committed to continue to support countries in the process of promoting, implementing, and monitoring cost-effective sodium reduction interventions. One key policy priority in this agenda is the adoption of the Updated PAHO Regional Sodium Reduction Targets with a mandatory approach, together with the comprehensive and complementary implementation of other strategies. Strong political will and commitment of countries will be critical to translate goals into concrete achievements in the Americas.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Presentar algunos recursos elaborados como parte del apoyo técnico brindado por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) a los Estados Miembros para reducir la ingesta de sodio en los alimentos a nivel de la población y abordar los principales desafíos y oportunidades para acelerar las medidas de reducción de la ingesta de sodio en la Región de las Américas. Métodos. Entre las fuentes de información se encontraron un mapeo de las políticas de reducción de la sal realizado en el 2019, varios informes de reuniones de grupos de trabajo, entrevistas realizadas en siete países entre el 2020 y el 2021, y documentos técnicos acerca de las metas regionales actualizadas de la OPS para la reducción del sodio. Resultados. Estas herramientas muestran que, a pesar de los avances, persisten los desafíos en el logro de esta agenda. La prioridad dada a la reducción del sodio en la mayoría de los países es baja y la asignación de recursos es insuficiente. No hay coordinación intersectorial y por lo general no se adopta un enfoque sistémico para los sistemas alimentarios. Los mecanismos de vigilancia de la ingesta de sodio son insuficientes y es común que haya interferencia de la industria en los procesos que siguen las políticas, lo que socava su progreso y éxito. Hay importantes oportunidades regionales para abordar estos desafíos, como un terreno común para futuras colaboraciones mediante la actualización, el fortalecimiento y la complementación de las herramientas existentes, y el apoyo técnico y financiero para la generación de datos. Conclusiones. La OPS mantiene su compromiso de seguir apoyando a los países en el proceso de promoción, ejecución y seguimiento de intervenciones costo-eficaces para la reducción del sodio. Una prioridad política clave en esta agenda es la adopción con carácter obligatorio de las metas regionales actualizadas de la OPS para la reducción del sodio, junto a la ejecución integral y complementaria de otras estrategias. Una fuerte voluntad política y el compromiso de los países serán fundamentales para traducir estos objetivos en logros concretos en la Región de las Américas.

RESUMO Objetivo. Apresentar alguns recursos desenvolvidos como parte do apoio técnico da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) aos Estados Membros para reduzir a ingestão alimentar de sódio pela população e discutir os principais desafios e oportunidades para acelerar as ações em prol da redução da ingestão de sódio nas Américas. Métodos. As fontes de informação incluem um mapeamento das políticas de redução de sal realizado em 2019, relatórios de reuniões do grupo de trabalho, entrevistas realizadas em 2020 e 2021 em sete países e documentos técnicos relativos às Metas regionais atualizadas da OPAS para a redução do sódio. Resultados. Essas ferramentas mostram que, apesar dos progressos, os desafios para o êxito dessa agenda persistem. Na maioria dos países, a prioridade dada à redução do sódio é baixa, com alocação insuficiente de recursos. Não há ação coordenada intersetorial e, em geral, nem abordagem sistêmica dos sistemas alimentares. Os mecanismos de vigilância da ingestão de sódio são insuficientes e é comum haver interferência da indústria nos processos políticos, o que prejudica o avanço e o êxito das políticas. Há também importantes oportunidades regionais para enfrentar esses desafios, como um consenso para futuras colaborações por meio da atualização, do fortalecimento e da complementação das ferramentas existentes, além de apoio técnico e financeiro para a geração de dados. Conclusões. A OPAS está empenhada em continuar apoiando os países no processo de promoção, implementação e monitoramento de intervenções de redução do sódio com boa relação custo-benefício. Uma prioridade política decisiva nessa agenda é a adoção das Metas regionais atualizadas da OPAS para a redução do sódio, com aplicação obrigatória, associada à implementação ampla e complementar de outras estratégias. A firmeza de vontade e o compromisso político dos países será crucial para materializar os objetivos nas Américas.

Salt Preference is Linked to Hypertension and not to Aging / A Preferência ao Sal está Relacionada à Hipertensão e não ao Envelhecimento

Abstract Background: Seasoning is one of the recommended strategies to reduce salt in foods. However, only a few studies have studied salt preference changes using seasoning. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare preference for salty bread, and if seasoning can change preference in hypertensive and normotensive, young and older outpatients. Methods: Outpatients (n = 118) were classified in four groups: older hypertensive subjects (OH) (n = 32), young hypertensive (YH) (n = 25); older normotensive individuals (ON) (n = 28), and young normotensive (YN) (n = 33). First, volunteers random tasted bread samples with three different salt concentrations. After two weeks, they tasted the same types of breads, with seasoning added in all. Blood pressure (BP), 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion (UNaV, UKV) were measured twice. Analysis: Fisher exact test, McNamer's test and ANCOVA. Statistical significance: p < 0.05. Results: Systolic BP, UNaV, and UKV were greater in HO and HY and they had a higher preference for saltier samples than normotensive groups (HO: 71.9%, HY: 56% vs. NO: 25%, NY; 6%, p<0.01). With oregano, hypertensive individuals preferred smaller concentrations of salt, with reduced choice for saltier samples (HO: 71.9% to 21.9%, and HY: 56% to 16%, p = 0.02), NO preferred the lowest salt concentration sample (53.6% vs. 14.3%, p < 0.01), and NY further increased the preference for the lowest one (63.6% vs. 39.4%, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Older and younger hypertensive individuals prefer and consume more salt than normotensive ones, and the seasoned bread induced all groups to choose food with less salt. Salt preference is linked to hypertension and not to aging in outpatients.

Resumo Fundamento: Adicionar temperos aos alimentos é umas das estratégias recomendadas para diminuir a quantidade de sal nos alimentos. No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram alterações na preferência ao sal através do uso de temperos. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a preferência pelo pão salgado, e até que ponto o uso de temperos pode alterar as preferências dos indivíduos hipertensos e normotensos, pacientes ambulatoriais jovens e idosos. Métodos: Os pacientes ambulatoriais (n = 118) foram classificados em quatro grupos: idosos com hipertensão (IH) (n = 32), jovens hipertensos (JH) (n = 25); indivíduos idosos normotensos (IN) (n = 28), e jovens normotensos (JN) (n = 33). Primeiro, os voluntários provaram amostras aleatórias de pão com três diferentes concentrações de sal. Após duas semanas, eles provaram os mesmos tipos de pão, porém acrescidos de temperos. A pressão arterial (PA), e a excreção urinária de sódio e potássio de 24 horas (UNaV, UKV) foram medidas duas vezes. Análise: Teste exato de Fisher, teste de McNemar e teste ANCOVA. Significância estatística: p < 0,05. Resultados: A PA sistólica e a excreção urinária de sódio e potássio foram maiores nos grupos IH e JH, e eles tiveram maior preferência por amostras mais salgadas quando comparados com os grupos de normotensos (IH: 71,9%, JH: 56% vs. IN: 25%, JN; 6%, p < 0,01). Quando o orégano foi adicionado, a preferência dos indivíduos hipertensos foi pelas amostras com menores concentrações de sal, com uma diminuição da escolha por amostras mais salgadas (IH: 71,9% a 21,9%, e JH: 56% a 16%, p = 0,02); o grupo IN preferiu a amostra com a concentração de sal mais baixa (53,6% vs. 14,3%, p < 0,01) e no grupo JN aumentou ainda mais o número de indivíduos com preferência pela amostra com concentrações mais baixas de sal (63,6% vs. 39,4%, p = 0,03). Conclusões: Os idosos e jovens hipertensos preferem e consomem mais sal do que os normotensos, e o pão adicionado de tempero ajudou todos os grupos a escolher alimentos menos salgados. A preferência ao sal está ligada à hipertensão e não à idade nos pacientes ambulatoriais.

Evaluation on the effect of salt reduction intervention among fourth-grade primary school students and their parents in Shandong Province / 中华预防医学杂志

In order to evaluate the intervention effect of the school-based salt reduction model, 28 primary schools were selected in Shandong Province in September 2014 and randomly divided into intervention group (1 361 students, 1 306 parents) and control group (1 364 students,1 340 parents). A series of "small hands and big hands" salt reduction intervention activities were conducted in intervention group for 8 months. After the intervention, the total awareness rate of salt reduction knowledge, the total holding rate of related beliefs and the total reporting rate of related behaviors were 70.65%, 80.30% and 67.03% among students, and 85.66%, 93.77% and 87.93% among parents, in the intervention group, which were higher than those in the control group (37.12%, 66.52% and 50.07% among students; 55.11%, 87.52% and 57.96% among parents) (all P values <0.05). The school-based salt reduction model is effective and feasible.

Dietary intake of sodium and potassium among adult inhabitants and evaluation of survey methods in Tianjin in 2015 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To understand the status and food sources of daily dietary intake of sodium and potassium among adult inhabitants in Tianjin city, and to compare the consistence of sodium and potassium intake determined by combination of 3 consecutive 24-hour recalls and weighing family condiments (3 d dietary survey method) with 24 h urine sodium and potassium determination. @*Methods@#Multistage cluster sampling method was applied to select 1 955 adult inhabitants from 840 households of 7 districts in Tianjin in 2015. Questionnaire survey was used to obtain basic information, 3 d dietary method was used to obtain dietary information, and 450 subjects was selected by systematic random sampling method for 24 h urine collection and determination of sodium and potassium, and 153 complete 24 h urine samples were selected by the coefficient of urinary creatinine excretion, then the consistence of the determination was compared with 3 d dietary survey method. @*Results@#1 828 subjects were enrolled in this study with age of (54.6±14.7) years, among which 858 were male (46.9%). The average standard intake of sodium and potassium per people per day were (5 631.2±3 372.1) mg and (1 662.1±750.5) mg, while the average actual daily intake were (5 315.8±3 196.5) mg and (1 560.7±696.8) mg. 98.7% (1 804/1 828) of the subjects had dietary sodium intake exceeding the recommended adequate intake of China residents(1 300-1 500 mg/d), while 78.5% (1 435/1 828) consumed dietary potassium below the recommended adequate intake(2 000 mg/d). The main resource of sodium was condiments, among which cooking salt accounted for 61.5%, soy sauce accounted for 11.2%. Potassium mainly came from cereals (32.4%) and vegetables (18.1%). Compared with the 24 h urine sodium method, 3 d dietary method overestimated the sodium intake with a gap [median (P25, P75)] as 401.7 (-1 130.6, 1 939.5) mg/d with statistical difference (P<0.05). The gap [median (P25-P75)] for potassium between the two methods was 79.1 (-577.5, 565.2) mg/d, without statistical difference (P>0.05). @*Conclusion@#The dietary intake of sodium is high while potassium is low among adults inhabitants in Tianjin city. Compared with the 24 h urine sodium and potassium determination, the 3 d dietary method has a good consistency in evaluating the dietary potassium intake level of the population, but overestimates the dietary sodium intake.

Effects of maternal high salt exposure on growth and blood pressure of maternal and offspring / 中国医师杂志

Objective To establish the model of maternal high salt exposure and investigate the effects of maternal high salt exposure on growth and blood pressure in maternal and offspring.Methods At the age of 3 weeks (after weaning) female specific pathogen free (SPF) Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed for 1 weeks,were randomly divided into three groups,including the high diet salt group (group H,8％ NaCl),low salt diet group (group L,0.26％ NaCl),and normal diet salt group (group N,0.5％ NaCl).Breeding started in feeding until 12 weeks of age,and the inverted microscope was used to see male sperm full view as the zeroth day of pregnancy.Pregnant,lactating,postpartum were grouped by the corresponding feed.Rats fed high salt group after weaning rats continued to high salt diet,denoted as HH group;maternal low salt group after weaning rats received continued low salt diet,denoted as LL group;normal saline group rats after weaning rats fed with normal feed to salt,denoted as NN group.Each period of maternal and offspring weight were measured with the electronic balance.Maternal and offspring's blood pressure was detected with Softron BP-2010A intelligent non-invasive blood pressure instrument (Japan) in different periods.SPSS19.0 software was used to analyze the data,including One-way ANOVA analysis,SNK,and LSD methods.Results High salt exposure,maternal postpartum 2 weeks,and the weight of H group were higher than that of L group,there were no difference in other different periods of maternal.In the offspring,in addition to 32 weeks of age,weight of HH group was lower than that of LL group;and at the age of 8 weeks and 24 weeks,HH group rats body weight was less than the NN group,the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).After high salt exposure,after 3 weeks postpartum maternal blood pressure in H group was the highest (158.79 ± 1.87)mmHg.In the offspring,the blood pressure of 60 weeks in the HH group was the highest (162.50 ±2.11) mmHg.At the age of 8 weeks,9 weeks,10 weeks,11 weeks,7 days gestation,pregnant 14 days,1 weeks postpartum,2 weeks postpartum,3 weeks postpartum of maternal,and high salt group's blood pressure were higher than those in normal group,at the age of 9 weeks,10 weeks,11 weeks,7 days of pregnancy,postpartum 1 weeks,2 weeks postpartum,postpartum 3 weeks of high salt group's blood pressure was higher than the low salt group.In the offspring each period of HH group,the blood pressure was higher than that of NN group and LL group,and in the 28,32,36,44,48,and 52 weeks,blood pressure of LL was higher than that of NN group,the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Maternal high salt exposure can affect the growth and development of offspring and lead to the occurrence of maternal and offspring hypertension,and with the high salt exposure time,blood pressure was gradually rising trend.

Effects of maternal high salt exposure on growth and blood pressure of maternal and offspring / 中国医师杂志

Objective To establish the model of maternal high salt exposure and investigate the effects of maternal high salt exposure on growth and blood pressure in maternal and offspring.Methods At the age of 3 weeks (after weaning) female specific pathogen free (SPF) Sprague Dawley (SD) rats fed for 1 weeks,were randomly divided into three groups,including the high diet salt group (group H,8％ NaCl),low salt diet group (group L,0.26％ NaCl),and normal diet salt group (group N,0.5％ NaCl).Breeding started in feeding until 12 weeks of age,and the inverted microscope was used to see male sperm full view as the zeroth day of pregnancy.Pregnant,lactating,postpartum were grouped by the corresponding feed.Rats fed high salt group after weaning rats continued to high salt diet,denoted as HH group;maternal low salt group after weaning rats received continued low salt diet,denoted as LL group;normal saline group rats after weaning rats fed with normal feed to salt,denoted as NN group.Each period of maternal and offspring weight were measured with the electronic balance.Maternal and offspring's blood pressure was detected with Softron BP-2010A intelligent non-invasive blood pressure instrument (Japan) in different periods.SPSS19.0 software was used to analyze the data,including One-way ANOVA analysis,SNK,and LSD methods.Results High salt exposure,maternal postpartum 2 weeks,and the weight of H group were higher than that of L group,there were no difference in other different periods of maternal.In the offspring,in addition to 32 weeks of age,weight of HH group was lower than that of LL group;and at the age of 8 weeks and 24 weeks,HH group rats body weight was less than the NN group,the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).After high salt exposure,after 3 weeks postpartum maternal blood pressure in H group was the highest (158.79 ± 1.87)mmHg.In the offspring,the blood pressure of 60 weeks in the HH group was the highest (162.50 ±2.11) mmHg.At the age of 8 weeks,9 weeks,10 weeks,11 weeks,7 days gestation,pregnant 14 days,1 weeks postpartum,2 weeks postpartum,3 weeks postpartum of maternal,and high salt group's blood pressure were higher than those in normal group,at the age of 9 weeks,10 weeks,11 weeks,7 days of pregnancy,postpartum 1 weeks,2 weeks postpartum,postpartum 3 weeks of high salt group's blood pressure was higher than the low salt group.In the offspring each period of HH group,the blood pressure was higher than that of NN group and LL group,and in the 28,32,36,44,48,and 52 weeks,blood pressure of LL was higher than that of NN group,the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Maternal high salt exposure can affect the growth and development of offspring and lead to the occurrence of maternal and offspring hypertension,and with the high salt exposure time,blood pressure was gradually rising trend.

Hypertensives' Knowledge About High-Sodium Foods and Their Behavior / Conhecimento e Atitudes Sobre Alimentos Ricos em Sódio por Pacientes Hipertensos

Abstract Background: In Brazil, the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is approximately 30% of the total population. In 2010, SAH was the cause of death of about 9.4 million people worldwide. A healthy dietary pattern is important to maintain proper blood pressure levels and, consequently, disease control. Objectives: To describe the knowledge and practices of hypertensive patients cared for at a public hypertension outpatient clinic, and its relationship with high-sodium food. Methods: We applied a questionnaire to patients with questions related to sociodemographics, dietary pattern, frequency of ingestion of certain foods, and knowledge about their own disease. Results: We studied 221 patients, 56.1% of whom were women, and 53.8% had only elementary education. Their mean age was 57.7 ±13.5 years, and 75.6% of them reported having high blood pressure, and 11.3%, diabetes mellitus. Regarding dietary pattern, 62% used ready-to-use seasonings, but 94.1% reported not adding extra salt to their ready meals. Regarding patients' knowledge about high-sodium foods and SAH, only 8 patients had 100% of right answers, 37 patients had 73.8%, and 42 patients, 57% of right answers. Conclusion: Knowledge about SAH prevention and high-sodium foods was insufficient. Based on this study's findings, more effective educational strategies targeted at this population can be developed.

Resumo Fundamento: No Brasil, a prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é aproximadamente 30% do total da população. No mundo, HAS é a causa de morte de cerca de 9,4 milhões de pessoas. Um padrão alimentar saudável é importante para a manutenção de níveis pressóricos adequados e, consequentemente, controle da doença. Objetivos: Descrever o conhecimento e as práticas alimentares de pacientes hipertensos sobre a HAS, relacionando-a com alimentos ricos em sódio. Métodos: Aplicou-se aos pacientes um questionário contendo perguntas relacionadas ao seu padrão alimentar, hábitos e frequência de consumo de determinados alimentos e conhecimento sobre a doença e condições sociodemográficas. Resultados: Avaliaram-se 221 pacientes, sendo 56,1% mulheres, 53,8% com ensino fundamental incompleto, e média de idade de 57,7±13,5 anos. Desses, 75,6% referiram ser portadores de HAS e 11,3% eram diabéticos. Em relação ao padrão alimentar, verificou-se que 62% utilizam temperos prontos para o preparo das refeições, porém 94,1% referiram não adicionar sal à refeição pronta. Em relação ao conhecimento dos pacientes quanto aos alimentos com alto teor de sódio e à HAS, apenas 8 acertaram 100% das questões do questionário (14 acertos = 100%), 37 pacientes tiveram 73,8% de acertos e 42 pacientes, 57% de acertos. Conclusão: O conhecimento sobre prevenção da HAS e alimentos ricos em sódio foi considerado insuficiente. Com base nesses achados, será possível elaborar estratégias educativas mais efetivas e direcionadas para essa população.

Estudo de validação das equações de Tanaka e de Kawasaki para estimar a excreção diária de sódio através da coleta da urina casual / Validation study of the Tanaka and Kawasaki equations to estimate the daily sodium excretion by a spot urine sample

RESUMO: Objetivo: Validar as fórmulas de Tanaka e Kawasaki para cálculo do consumo de sal pela relação sódio/creatinina na urina casual. Métodos: Foram estudados 272 adultos (20 - 69 anos, 52,6% de mulheres) com coleta urinária de 24 h e duas coletas casuais no mesmo dia (em jejum - casual 1 - e fora do jejum - casual 2). Antropometria, pressão arterial e coleta de sangue foram obtidos no mesmo dia. A concordância entre o consumo de sal estimado pela urina de 24 h e pela urina casual foi feita por Pearson (r) e Bland & Altman. Resultados: O consumo médio de sal medido pela urina de 24 h foi de 10,4 ± 5,3 g/dia. A correlação entre a excreção de sódio na urina de 24 h e a estimada pela urina casual 1 ou 2, respectivamente, foi apenas moderada, tanto por Tanaka (r = 0,51 e r = 0,55; p < 0,001) como por Kawasaki (r = 0,52 e r = 0,54; p < 0,001). Observa-se subestimação crescente dos valores estimados em relação ao medido com o aumento do consumo de sal pela fórmula de Tanaka e, ao contrário, superestimação ao usar a fórmula de Kawasaki. As fórmulas estimam adequadamente o consumo diário de sal (diferença entre sal medido e estimado de, no máximo, 1 g/dia) somente com consumo entre 9 - 12 g/dia (Tanaka) e 12 - 18 g/dia (Kawasaki). Conclusão: A coleta de urina casual estima adequadamente o consumo de sal apenas nos indivíduos próximos à média populacional.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To validate Tanaka and Kawasaki's formulas to calculate the salt intake by the sodium/creatinine ratio in spot of urine. Methods: Two hundred and seventy two adults (20 - 69 years old; 52.6% women) with 24 h urine collection and two urinary spots collected on the same day (while fasting - spot 1 - or not fasting - spot 2). Anthropometry, blood pressure and fasting blood were measured on the same day. The analysis of agreement between salt consumption measured in the 24 h urine test and urinary spots were determined by the Pearson's correlation (r) and the Bland & Altman method. Results: The mean salt consumption measured by the 24 h sodium excretion was 10.4 ± 5.3 g/day. The correlation between the measured 24 h sodium excretion and the estimation based on spots 1 and 2, respectively, was only moderated according to Tanaka (r = 0.51 and r = 0.55; p < 0.001) and to Kawasaki (r = 0.52 and r = 0.54; p < 0.001). We observed an increasing underestimation of salt consumption by Tanaka to increasing salt consumption and conversely, an overestimation of consumption by the Kawasaki formula. The estimation of salt consumption (difference between measured and calculated salt consumption lower than 1 g/day) was adequate only when the consumption was between 9 - 12 g/day (Tanaka) and 12 - 18 g/day (Kawasaki). Conclusion: Spot urine sampling is adequate to estimate salt consumption only among individuals with an actual consumption near the population mean.

Consumo elevado de sal autorreferido em adultos: dados da pesquisa nacional de saúde, 2013 / High self-reported salt intake in adults: data from the national health survey, Brazil, 2013 / Ingesta elevada de sal autorreferida en adultos:datos de la encuesta nacional de salud, 2013

OBJETIVOS: Descrever a prevalência de consumo elevado de sódio autorreferido em adultos e comparar resultados das capitais brasileiras e Distrito Federal, coletados pela Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) e pelo Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel), ambos de 2013. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo utilizando dados da PNS e Vigitel, estimando prevalências e intervalos de confiança (IC95 por cento). RESULTADOS: segundo a PNS, 14,2 por cento (IC95 por cento:13,6 por cento -14,7 por cento) dos adultos referiram consumo elevado de sal, com prevalência maior em homens (16,1 por cento; IC95 por cento:15,3-16,9), indivíduos de 18-29 anos de idade (17,7 por cento; IC95 por cento: 16,2-19,2), com Ensino Superior completo (17,3 por cento; IC95 por cento: 15,6-19,0), residentes na área urbana (14,8 por cento; IC95 por cento: 13,6-14,7) e na macrorregião Sul (18,2 por cento; IC95 por cento: 16,8-19,7); no total das capitais, não houve diferenças entre PNS (15,0 por cento; IC95 por cento: 14,2-15,8) e Vigitel (16,0 por cento; IC95 por cento: 15,3-16,6), porém observaram-se diferenças significativas para Rio Branco e Aracaju. CONCLUSÃO: encontrou-se prevalências elevadas, semelhantes em ambos estudos, reforçando a importância do Vigitel para monitoramento.

OBJETIVOS: Describir la prevalencia del consumo elevado de sodio autorreferido en adultos y comparar los resultados de 2013 de capitales brasileñas y Distrito Federal recogidos por la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS) y por el Sistema de Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección para Enfermedades Crónicas por Pesquisa Telefónica (Vigitel). MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo con datos de la PNS y Vigitel, estimando las tasas de prevalencia e intervalos de confianza (IC95 por ciento). RESULTADOS: los datos de la Encuesta muestran que 14,2 por ciento (IC95 por ciento: 13,6 por ciento-14,7 por ciento) de adultos reportaron ingesta elevada de sal, siendo más prevalente en hombres (16,1 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 15,3-16,9), individuos de 18-29 años de edad (17,7 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 16,2-19,2), graduados universitarios (17,3 por ciento ; IC95 por ciento: 15,6-19,0), viviendo en zonas urbanas (14,8 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 13,6-14,7) y en la región Sur del país (18,2 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 16,8-19,7); comparando el total de capitales, no se observaron diferencias entre PNS (15,0 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 14,2-15,8) y Vigitel (16,0 por ciento; IC95 por ciento: 15,3-16,6); sin embargo, hubo diferencias estadísticas en Río Branco y Aracaju. CONCLUSIÓN: las tasas de prevalencia fueron altas y la semejanza de valores encontrada refuerza la importancia de Vigitel para ese monitoreo.

OBJECTIVE: To describe self-reported high sodium consumption prevalence in adults and compare results in Brazilian capitals and the Federal District based on data from the 2013 National Health Survey (PNS) and from the 2013 Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel). METHODS: this was a descriptive study using PNS and Vigitel data, estimating prevalence and confidence intervals (95 per cent CI). RESULTS: PNS data indicates that 14.2 per cent (95 per cent CI:13.6 per cent -14.7 per cent) of adults reported high sodium consumption. It was higher in men (16.1 per cent; 95 per cent CI:15.3-16.9), people aged 18-29 (17.7 per cent; 95 per cent CI:16.2-19.2), those with higher education (17.3 per cent; 95 per cent CI:15.6-19.0), living in urban areas (14.8 per cent; 95 per cent CI: 13.6-14.7), and in Southern Brazil (18.2 per cent; 95 per cent CI:16.8-19.7). When comparing capitals, there was no statistical difference between PNS and Vigitel, although statistical difference was found in Rio Branco and Aracaju. CONCLUSION: similar rates of high prevalence were found in both studies, reinforcing Vigitel's important monitoring role.

Relationship between salt intake and risk of cardiovascular diseases / 心血管康复医学杂志

Some experiments indicated that there is J-shape relationship among morbidity and mortality of cardiovas-cular diseases and salt intake.Its main causes are:(1)methods of measuring sodium intake are not the same;(2) The sensitive for individual is also not the same;(3)There are influence of other dietury factors related cardiovas-cular disease.This article reviews related discuss.

Characterization of salt consumption among hypertensives according to socio-demographic and clinical factors / Caracterizacao do consumo de sal entre hipertensos segundo fatores sociodemograficos e clinicos / Caracterizacion del consumo de sal entre hipertensos segun factores sociodemograficos y clinicos

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the relationship between the behaviors of salt consumption and socio-demographic and clinical variables. METHOD: sodium consumption was evaluated using the methods: self-reporting (considering 3 different behaviors related to salt consumption), 24- hr dietary recall, discretionary salt, food frequency questionnaire, estimation of total sodium intake and 24-hr urinary excretion of sodium (n=108). RESULTS: elevated salt intake according to the different measurements of consumption of the nutrient was associated with the variables: male sex, low level of schooling and monthly income, being Caucasian, and being professionally inactive; and with the clinical variables: elevated Body Mass Index, tensional levels, ventricular hypertrophy and the number of medications used. CONCLUSION: the data obtained shows a heterogenous association between the different behaviors related to salt consumption and the socio-demographic and clinical variables. This data can be used to optimize the directing of educational activities with a view to reducing salt consumption among hypertensives. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar a relação entre os comportamentos de consumo de sal e variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas. MÉTODO: o consumo de sódio foi avaliado segundo os métodos: de autorrelato (visando 3 diferentes comportamentos relacionados ao consumo de sal), recordatório de 24h, sal per capita, questionário de frequência alimentar, estimativa de consumo total de sódio e excreção urinária de sódio (n=108). RESULTADOS: o consumo elevado de sal, segundo as diferentes medidas de consumo do nutriente foi associado às variáveis: sexo masculino, baixo nível de escolaridade e de renda mensal, cor branca, inatividade profissional e às variáveis clínicas: índice de massa corpórea elevada, níveis tensionais, indicadores de hipertrofia ventricular e número de medicações utilizadas. CONCLUSÃO: os dados obtidos mostram uma associação heterogênea entre os diferentes comportamentos relacionados ao consumo de sal e às variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas. Esses dados podem ser utilizados para otimizar o direcionamento das atividades educativas, visando a redução do consumo de sal entre hipertensos. .

OBJETIVO: evaluar la relación entre los comportamientos de consumo de sal y variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. MÉTODO: el consumo de sodio fue evaluado según los métodos: de autorrelato (objetivando 3 diferentes comportamientos relacionados al consumo de sal), recordatorio de 24h, sal per cápita, cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria, estimativa de consumo total de sodio y excreción urinaria de sodio (n=108). RESULTADOS: el consumo elevado de sal según las diferentes medidas de consumo del nutriente fue asociado a las variables: sexo masculino, bajo nivel de escolaridad y de renta mensual, color blanco, inactividad profesional y a las variables clínicas: Índice de Masa Corporal elevada, niveles de tensión, indicadores de hipertrofia ventricular y número de medicaciones utilizadas. CONCLUSIÓN: los datos obtenidos muestran una asociación heterogénea entre los diferentes comportamientos relacionados al consumo de sal y a las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Estos datos pueden ser utilizados para optimizar la orientación de las actividades educativas objetivando la reducción del consumo de sal entre hipertensos. .

Teores de sal e gordura nas preparações de restaurantes comerciais da cidade de goiânia-GO / Niveles de sal y grasa en las preparaciones de restaurantes comerciales de la ciudad de Goiânia-GO / Salt and fat contents in preparations at commercial restaurants in Goiânia-GO

Objetivo: Avaliar os teores de sódio e gordura adicionados em preparações de restaurantes comerciais de Goiânia-GO, Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal e descritivo. Foram incluídos restaurantes a quilo, com cardápio padrão médio e que tivessem como preparações fixas arroz branco, feijão de caldo e frango grelhado. Entre os estabelecimentos com essas características, três aceitaram participar. Acompanhou-se o processo produtivo das preparações acima citadas durante três dias não consecutivos em cada estabelecimento. Para a quantificação do teor de sódio e gordura adicionados nas preparações, pesou-se o óleo, o sal e a preparação pronta; definiu-se o peso da porção de referência e o rendimento da preparação pronta em número de porções. A partir desses dados, calculou-se a quantidade per capita de sal e óleo adicionados para preparar uma porção de cada preparação avaliada, dividindo-se a quantidade total de sal e óleo pelo número de porções preparadas. Resultados: Os teores de sal (3,0; 2,7; e 4,1g ? restaurantes A, B e C, respectivamente) e óleo (17,0; 11,3; e 11,2g ? restaurantes A, B e C, respectivamente) adicionados para as três preparações são superiores às recomendações. Conclusão: Os teores de sódio e gordura dos restaurantes avaliados estão acima do recomendado pelo ?Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira?. É fundamental que os restaurantes comerciais sejam parceiros das políticas públicas de promoção da saúde, adotando boas práticas nutricionais, através da redução dos teores de sódio e gordura, para ofertar refeições saudáveis diariamente.

Objective: To evaluate the sodium and fat contents added to preparations of commercialrestaurants in Goiânia-GO, Brazil. Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectionaland descriptive study. It included ?pay-per-weight? restaurants with a medium standardmenu and having as daily preparations white rice, beans and grilled chicken. Among theestablishments with these characteristics, three agreed to participate. The production processof the above-mentioned preparations was accompanied for three non-consecutive days ineach establishment. For quantification of sodium and fat added into the preparations, oiland salt were weighed, as well as the finished preparation; the weight of the standard portion and the yield of the preparation expressed in number of portions prepared were settled. From these data, the per capita amount of salt and oil added to cook one portion of each kind of preparation was calculated by dividing the total quantity of salt and oil by the number ofprepared portions. Results: The levels of salt (3.0, 2.7, and 4.1 g ? restaurant A, B and C,respectively) and oil (17.0, 11.3, and 11.2 g ? restaurant A, B and C, respectively) added inthe three preparations are superior to the recommendations. Conclusion: The sodium andfat contents in the analyzed restaurants are higher than it is recommended by the Food Guidefor the Brazilian Population. It is essential that commercial restaurants become partners ofpublic policies on health promotion, adopting good nutritional practices, by reducing the sodium and fat contents, to offer healthy meals daily.

Objetivos: Evaluar los niveles de sodio y grasa añadidos en lãs preparaciones de restaurantes comerciales de Goiânia-GO, Brasil. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo. Fueron incluidos los restaurantes con comidas por peso, con menús estándar que tuviesen como alimentos fijos El arroz blanco, alubias de caldo y pollo a la parrilla. Entre los establecimientos con estas características, tres estuvieron de acuerdo en participar. Se acompañó el proceso productivo de las preparaciones mencionadas anteriormente durante tres dias no consecutivos en cada establecimiento. Para cuantificar La cantidad de sodio y grasa añadida a las preparaciones se pesó El aceite, la sal y la preparación terminada; se definió el peso de La ración de referencia y el rendimiento de la preparación terminadaen número de raciones. A partir de estos datos, se calculó La cantidad per capita de sal y aceite añadidos para preparar uma ración de cada preparación evaluada, dividiendo la cantidad total de sal y aceite por el número de raciones preparadas. Resultados: Los niveles de sal (3,0; 2,7; y 4,1g ? restaurantes A, B y C, respectivamente) y aceite (17,0; 11,3; y 11,2g ? restaurantes A, B y C, respectivamente) añadidos a las tres preparaciones son superiores a las recomendaciones. Conclusión: Los niveles densodio y grasas en los restaurantes evaluados están por encimade los recomendados por la ?Guía Alimentaria para la Población Brasileña?. Es esencial que los restaurantes comerciales Sean partidarios de las políticas públicas para promover la salud,adoptando buenas prácticas de nutrición, mediante la reducción de los niveles de sodio y grasas para ofrecer comidas saludables todos los días.