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Background: For effective control of Monkey pox (Mpox), clinicians need to have adequate knowledge of the disease and adopt appropriate practices to contain it. This study sought to assess the knowledge and practices of medical doctors regarding Monkey pox. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design was utilized for the study and using a two stage sampling method, 210 medical doctors working in Sokoto metropolis were recruited into the study. Aset of structured, pretested and self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain relevant information from the study participants. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS computer software version 23 with level of statistical significance set at p<0.05 Results: All the respondents were aware of Mpox with more than half (52.3%) having the internet as their commonest source of information. The majority, ((72%) of the clinicians had good knowledge and only years of working experience was significantly associated with knowledge of the disease. Preventive practices were well exhibited by all the respondents with the majority (73%) having appropriate preventive practices. Conclusion and recommendation: This study has demonstrated good knowledge towards Mpox by clinicians in Sokoto metropolis, with a greater majority exhibiting appropriate preventive practices. Sustained awareness and retraining of health care workers in general is necessary to maintain the tempo of high index of suspicion for outbreaks of Mpox and other potential epidemics and also regular use of personal protective equipment
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Mpox (monkeypox)ABSTRACT
Background: Blood group antigens have been used to evaluate ethnic diversity of human populations and had been related to predisposing individuals to some diseases or may protect individuals against some diseases. They also play the most important role in success of pregnancy and blood transfusion.Aim: The aim is to determine the frequencies of some blood group antigens phenotype among pregnant women.Materials and Methods: The study is a cross sectional study conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, antenatal clinic in Usmanu Danfodiyo Teaching Hospital Sokoto, from January 2020 to September 2020. This research included 1250 consecutively -recruited pregnant women on their first antenatal visit. The blood grouping were determined using standard tube techniques for ABO, MNSs, Duffy and Kidd antigens while column agglutination card was used for Rh C, E, c, e and Kell was utilized.Results:The sociodemographic characteristics revealed that the age range of the subject was 17-48 years .where majority were within the age between 21-30 years (61.3%).Majority of the pregnant women had their first antenatal visit during second trimester of their pregnancy (59.7%). The distribution of the ABO blood group revealed that 48.5% were group O, 27.3% were group B, 19.4% were group A and 4.8% were group AB. Out the subjects investigated, 93.1%, 30.2%, 24.6% and 90.2% were RhD, RhC, RhE, Rhc and Rhe positive respectively. The prevalence of M, S and s positive were 75.5%, 31.4% and 63.3% respectively. Among the subjects studied, 97.6% were Kell positive while 2.4% were kell negative. The prevalence of Duffy a and b antigen were 1.1% and 0.5% respectively and the prevalence of Kidd a and b phenotype positive were 15.9% and 21.7% respectively.Conclusion: The pattern of distribution of ABO, Rh, MSs, Duffy and Kidd blood groups antigens among pregnant women in Sokoto was in agreement with other populations while that of Kell blood group antigen is at variance with other population particularly among Caucasians. Data derived from this study will help policy makers make evidenced –based decisions on management of HDFN.
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Background:Cholelithiasis are relatively rare in Nigeria and Africaat large. However, recently the incidence has been reported to be on the rise. We present a ten-year review of our experience in managing gallstones to highlight the recent trends in our practice.Methods:This is a 10-year retrospective study on patients who were managed for gall bladder disease in the Usmanu Danfodiyo university teaching hospital Sokoto from August 2011 to July 2021. The biographic data, clinical features, radiologic, operative findings, histologic findings and outcome of treatment were analyzed with IBM SPSS 25. Results:There were 82 patients over the period of the study comprising of 18 (22%) males and 64 females (78%). Their ages range was 17 to 60 years with a mean of 37.59 years �.02. All patients had right upper quadrant pain as the main complaint with 24 patients (29.3%) having associated epigastric pain and 14 patients (17.1%) presented with jaundice. Preoperative ultrasound (USS) diagnosis was in keeping with intraoperative diagnosis in 97.6%. All patients had cholecystectomy out of which 62 patients (75.6%) had open cholecystectomy while 20 patients (24.4%) had laparoscopic cholecystectomy. There was no hospital mortality, the average hospital stay was 8.2 days following open cholecystectomy however this was shorter, 4.5 days for laparoscopic procedure.Conclusions:The prevalence of gallstones is still comparatively low when compared to the western world. Ultrasonography is very sensitive imaging modality.Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe and superior to open surgery in our environment.
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Background:Despite the ban on smoking in public places in Nigeria, second-hand smoke exposure is common across the country. It is increasingly being viewed as a severe women’s issue because of the high prevalence among women, and its harmful effects on pregnant women. However, second-hand smoke exposure among pregnant women in Nigeria is hugely under-researched.Aim:This study aims to determine the prevalence of second-hand smoke exposure among pregnant women in Nigeria, and determine their knowledge and avoidance behavior towards second-hand smoke. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 314 pregnant women in ten health facilities in Sokoto state, Nigeria. The health facilities were selected through simple random sampling.Results: The prevalence of second-hand smoke exposure was 72.9%. The majority of the respondents (61.1%) were exposed to second-hand smoke in homes of others, 20.4% in school 18.5% in restaurants, 43.3% in their own homes, 49.7% in public transport, 20.4% at work, and 15% in health facilities. Factors significantly associated with second-hand smoke exposure included knowing it causes miscarriage (OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.23 –0.64, P= <.001), and being able to keep a distance from smokers (OR=0.5, 95% CI= 0.28 –0.76, P=.002).Conclusion:This study revealed a high prevalence of exposure to second-hand smoke. Knowledge about the harmful effects of second-hand smoke was one of the significant factors associated with exposure. These findings indicate the need for appropriate education ofall pregnant women about the harmful effects of second-hand smoke and adequate enforcement of the ban on smoking in public places
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Background:Babesiosis is a rare emerging opportunistic disease in humans. It is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia andtransmitted by Ixodid tick vector. It is often incidentally diagnosed because of its rarity but may be severe or fatal in presentation, particularly in immunocompromised hosts. Aim: To reportthe clinical presentationof a fatal case of human babesiosis ina nine-year old girlwith retroviral disease, in Sokoto, Northern Nigeria.Case Report:A nine-year old girl presented with a month history of unremitting fever, cough and weight loss, There was no history of contact with someone with chronic cough and no diarrhoea. She was diagnosed to have retroviral disease (RVD) at age of three (3) years consequent to her mother’s positive test but only the mother was on antiretroviral treatment, due to the claim that the child had remained healthy. Review of her blood film during third week of admission revealed characteristic tetrads (maltese-cross formation) pathognomonic of babesial infection. She was started on anti-babesial treatment with quinine and clindamycin. She succumbed to the illness within second week of anti-babesial treatment.Conclusion:This report suggested that babesiosis should be a high index of suspicion especially in immunocompromised patients with persistent fever
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Background: Obstructed labour is an obstetric emergency and one of the major causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in the developing countries, Nigeria inclusive. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, causes and feto-maternal outcome of cases of obstructed labour managed at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto from 1st January, 2014 to 31st December, 2018.Methods: This was a retrospective review of all cases of obstructed labour managed at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto over 5 years. List of cases managed during the study period was obtained and case notes were retrieved. Relevant information such as age, booking status, parity, educational status, address, causes, mode of delivery and both maternal and foetal outcomes were obtained from the case notes. Data analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences version 22 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).Results: A total two hundred and seventy-six cases of obstructed labour were managed out of the 15,452 total deliveries during the study period. This gives an obstructed labour prevalence of 1.79%. The major cause of obstructed labour identified in this study was Cephalopelvic disproportion (74.6%) and majority of the patients were delivered by emergency lower segment caesarean section (70.6%). Up to 32.3% of the patients had no maternal complications and also 42.3% of them had live birth with no fetal complication. However, 20.2% of these patients had ruptured uterus and 37.9% of them had still birth, while 19.8% had live birth complicated by birth asphyxia.Conclusions: This study has found that obstructed labour resulted in adverse maternal and perinatal outcome. Hence, there is need to prevent obstructed labour in order to avert this consequence.
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ABO, Rhesus D and subgroups of ABO are highly immunogenic and are the common cause of antibody production in mismatched blood transfusions, haemolytic transfusion reaction and maternal alloimmunization. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of ABO, Rh D and subgroups of ABO among blood donors attending Specialist Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria. ABO, Rhesus D and subgroups of ABO antigen status of 176 blood donors with mean age of 30.44 � 8.210 years attending Specialist Hospital Sokoto were determined using tile method for ABO and Rh D and conventional tube method for anti- A1, anti- H reagents for ABO subgroups respectively. Among the 176 subjects tested, blood group O+ was the most frequent group with 93 (52.8%), 39 (22.2%) were blood group B+, 37(21.0%) were blood group A+, 5 (2.8%) were blood group AB+, 2 (1.1%) were blood group O-. No data was obtained for A-, B- and AB- blood groups. Out of 37 A blood groups obtained, 31 (83.8%) had A1 antigens and 6 (16.2%) had A2 antigens. Out of the 5 AB blood groups, all had A1B antigens. The study also shows that there was statistically significant difference between blood group A and ethnic groups (Hausa, Fulani and Yoruba) (p<0.05). Blood group O was found to be the most frequent followed by B, A and AB except among Hausa which revealed a pattern of O> A> B> AB. ABO, subgroups shows majority had A1 followed by A2 and A1B respectively.
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Introduction: Bullying victimization is a common experienceamong adolescents. Victimization is associated with negativeconsequences including negative mental outcomes, pooracademic results, and poor social relationships. We describethe various forms of bullying victimization and the predictorsof victimization among in-school adolescents in Sokotometropolis.Material and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectionalstudy among in-school adolescents in Sokoto metropolis.Using a multistage sampling technique, 450 respondents wereselected from public and private schools We used an adapted,validated, pretested and interviewer-administered peervictimization scale questionnaire to collect information fromrespondents. We conducted a descriptive statistic, bivariateand multivariate analysis at 5% level of significance.Results: Of the 450 respondents, 182 (40.4%) were in earlyadolescence and 220 (48.9%) were females. The mean ageof respondents was 15.2 ± 1.9 years. Two hundred and thirty(51.1%), 102 (22.7%), 38 (8.4%), 161 (35.8) respondentshad experienced physical, verbal, relational and damage-toproperty victimization respectively. Overall, 295 (65.6%) hadexperienced at least one type of bullying victimization. Beingin junior class (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.1, 95% CI= 1.2-3.5) being in a boarding school (aOR: 3.4, 95% CI= 1.7-6.8),having friends that influence decisions (aOR: 2.5 (1.1-5.6),not smoking (aOR: 3.3, 95% CI = 1.1-10.0) and not knowingschool policy on bullying (aOR: 2.1, 95% CI= 1.2-3.8) wereindependent predictors of bullying victimization.Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of bullyingvictimization among in-school adolescents in Sokotometropolis. We recommend that school policy shouldprotect junior students and those in boarding schools fromvictimization.
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Background: Current state of practice of medical imaging now encompasses advancesupportive care to patient, in addition to the supportive care offered for the stabilization of patient before radiologic procedures. Advance supportive care, such as Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is offered to patient who may have cardiopulmonary arrests.Objective: To assess the knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among clinical radiography students of a tertiary institution in Sokoto. Methods:A cross section study employing a semi-structured and self-administered questionnaire, consisting of two section, designed with the aim of the study were distributed among 82 clinical radiography students (300 –500 level), in the 2017/2018 academy session of the tertiary institution (Usmanu Danfodiyo University) in Sokoto. The data were extracted using SPSS version 20 and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: A total of 75 questionnaire were returned, yielding a response rate of 91.5%. Respondents comprised 53 male and 22 female aged 20 to 34 years with mean age of 27 years. It was observed that 68% of the students had never had a CPR training and about 4% of the respondents knew the recommended compression to ventilation ratio during a CPR. While 1.3% knew the recommended chest compression to be performed each minute when giving CPR. Majority of the respondents (94.7%) were of the opinion, that CPR training should be made mandatory for all clinical radiography students.Conclusion:Base on the evidence presented within this study, there is knowledge gap in the practice of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among clinical radiography students, as majority of the students do not have adequate knowledge on the practice of CPR.
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Background: Doctors and nurses are the largest and very important human resources for health within health service organizations; therefore their performance will impact the overall organizational performance. The study was aimed to assess the predictors of job motivation among Doctors and nurses of a tertiary hospital.Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 334 doctors and nurses. Multi-stage sampling method was used to select study respondents and self-administered questionnaires developed based on Maslow and Herzberg theories of motivation. Linear regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of job motivation. The level of statistical significance was set at p<0.05.Results: The motivators were ranked in order of importance from achievement factors, remuneration, job attributes and co-workers. Linear regression revealed only respondents’ designation significantly predicted job attributes as a motivating factor. Doctors were less likely to be motivated by their job attributes compared with nurses (p=0.03). Sex (p=0.01) and holding managerial position (p=0.001) predicted remuneration as a motivating factor for doctors and nurses. Disaggregation by profession showed, only holding managerial position (p=0.02) predicted remuneration as a motivating factor for doctors while for nurses, predictors were sex (p=0.001) and holding managerial position (p=0.02). Co-workers as a motivating factor for all groups were predicted by holding managerial position (p=0.01) and designation (p=0.03).Conclusions: Motivation was influenced by both financial (remuneration) and non-financial incentives (achievements). Healthcare professionals tend to be motivated more by non-financial factors, implying that this should be a cogent strategy for effective employee management.
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Oestrus was artificially synchronized in thirty-six (36) primiparous Red Sokoto goats (RSG) done using 45 mg fluorogestone acetate vagina sponges for fourteen (14) days. Pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) hormone was administered immediately after sponge removal and the does were mated thereafter. Twenty four (24) gravid weighing 15.8 kg – 23.7 kg were selected and fed graded levels of baobab (Adansonia digitata. L) pulp-seed meal supplement in a completely randomized experimental design of six (6) replicates per treatment. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the results obtained. At parturition, animals on 20% baobab fruit inclusion level had the highest mean weight value of 28.8 kg and the does on 0% inclusion level recorded the least value of 20.5 kg. At pregnancy, animals on 30% baobab inclusion level had the highest weight gain value of 5.9 kg, followed by 10% inclusion level with a weight gain of 5.5 kg. 20% inclusion level had 5.1 kg weight gain and the least value of 4.7 kg was recorded for animals on 0% baobab fruit inclusion. Similarly, the weight of dam at weaning ranged from 17.1kg to 24.8 kg. The Birth weight of kids were 1.7, 2.2, 2.1 and 2.0 kg for 0, 10, 20 and 30% levels of baobab fruits inclusion respectively. The sex ratio of male: female recorded in the study were significantly different (P<0.05). 0, 10, 20 and 30% baobab fruit inclusion recorded 33:67 (2 males, 4 females), 50:50 (3 Males, 3 Females), 83:17 (5 Males, 1 Female) and 67:33 (4 Males, 2 Females) respectively. The kid weight at weaning and daily weight gain of the kids was significantly different (P<0.05) at all levels of baobab fruit inclusion. The percentages of kid mortality at birth and at weaning were zero in this study.
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Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Early detection and prompt treatment offers the greatest chance of survival. We described the knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self examination among female students of a tertiary institution in Sokoto, northwest Nigeria. Methods: A set of semi structured self administered questionnaire was used to seek information on respondents’ knowledge, attitude and practice of breast self examination. A total of 80 female students were selected using stratified sampling technique, with a response rate of 100%. The data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Results: The mean age of respondents was 21 years ±SD1.83, with 48.8% of them being Hausa. They are predominantly Muslims and 85% are single. About 19% of the respondents have family history of breast cancer. Up to 96% of them have heard about breast cancer and 86.3% were aware of BSE, however, only 46% of them had adequate knowledge of BSE. Majority (96%) of the respondents had positive attitude towards BSE as 92.5% of them think BSE is necessary and a further 97.5% would like to know more about it. This study showed poor level of BSE practice with only 17.5% showing good practice out of the 45% of respondents that have ever practiced BSE. Conclusion: Most of the respondents have heard about BSE but only 46.3% had adequate knowledge. Majority of respondents demonstrated a positive attitude towards BSE; however, the practice was low.
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Background: Sleep disturbance results in physical, mental and emotional disturbances among patients with HIV infection. In spite of these observations, studies of sleep problems among HIV patients from Sub-Saharan Africa are limited. Aim: To determine prevalence of sleep problems among patients with HIV infection in a north western Nigeria. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study among patients with HIV infection (n = 159) conducted in VCT (Voluntary Counselling and Testing) center of a teaching hospital in Sokoto, Nigeria. Questionnaire comprising of three sections including sociodemographic, sleep pattern, and psychiatric morbidity were administered to the subjects. Sleep pattern was assessed using clinical assessment variables such as early, middle, and late insomnia, presence of nightmare and non-restorative sleep. Psychiatric morbidity was assessed through the use of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Statistical analysis was performed with frequency distribution and Pearson’s chi square test to test for associations. A significance level of 5% was established. Results: The prevalence of sleeping problems among the subjects was 20%. Non-restorative sleep is the most prevalent sleep problem among the patients. Factors associated with sleep problems included being employed and presence of psychiatric morbidity. Conclusion: This study suggested that the prevalence of sleep problems among the patients with HIV infection is high. Routine screening for sleep problems is suggested.
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Aims: To assess the serum albumin and selected antioxidant status in 51 children with protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in Sokoto, Nigeria. Study Design: A cross-sectional study was performed comparing two groups of children, one with confirmed case of PEM and the other apparently healthy children; both groups were gender, age and socioeconomically matched. Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Paediatrics, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, between April, 2014 and September, 2015. Methodology: We included fifty (51) children (of both sexes, aged range 6-60 months) with confirmed cases of protein energy malnutrition were included in this study. The modified Wellcome classification was used to classify the protein energy malnourished children into underweight (14), marasmus (17), kwashiorkor (10) and marasmic-kwashiorkor (10). Fifty (50) gender- age-and socioeconomically-matched apparently healthy children were used as controls. The subject selection, anthropometric parameters and clinical examinations were performed by the consultant paediatricians in the clinic. Standard procedures were used for the analyses of biochemical parameters. Results: Our results showed that, mean mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight, body mass index (BMI), were significantly (P<0.001) lower in the malnourished group compared with the control group. With the exception of MUAC which decreased significantly (p<0.001) with increasing severity of malnutrition, the mean weight, and BMI were not significantly (p>0.05) different among the different classes of PEM. Serum Albumin, α-tocopherol, copper and zinc were significantly (P<0.001) lower in the malnourished group compared with the control group. Serum Albumin, α-tocopherol, copper and zinc decreased significantly (P<0.001) with increasing severity of malnutrition. Conclusion: Our results showed that serum albumin, α-tocopherol, copper and zinc were significantly lower in the malnourished group than the control group (p<0.001). The decrease in the serum albumin, α-tocopherol, copper and zinc progressed with the increasing severity of malnutrition among the children. These findings suggest an altered protein and antioxidant status in protein energy malnutrition. In addition to providing proteins and calories, adequate supplementations of zinc, copper and α-tocopherol should be provided. These should be part of nutritional rehabilitation of malnourished children in order to achieve optimal results of management and avoid clinical complications associated with zinc, copper and vitamin E deficiencies.
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Aims: To determine the prevalence of obesity and its relationship with hypertension and diabetes among dwellers of Sokoto metropolis. Study Design: A descriptive cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: We conducted the study in March 2012, within Sokoto metropolis to mark the world kidney day. Methodology: We enrolled 300 participants using a convenience sampling technique. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to obtain the biodata and past medical history. Blood pressure and anthropometric parameters were measured while blood and urine samples were taken for RBS estimation and urine analysis respectively. We analyzed the data obtained using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17. Results: Out of the 300 participants that came for screening, two opted out, thus leaving 298 participants. There were 50.3% males and 49.7% females. Their mean age was 42±31 years. The BMI ranged between 14-48 kg/m2 with mean of 24.24 kg/2 ±5. Mean SBP and RBS were 130mmhg (±25) and 7.34±4 mmol-1 respectively. About 13.9% of the participants were found to be obese. Obesity was significantly associated with SBP (p<0.001) and RBS level (p=0.002). Conclusion: Obesity is quite common in our environment and it contributes to the occurrence of hypertension and elevated blood sugar. Screening for obesity markers should be encouraged at every contact with healthcare provider. Physical activity for at least 30 minutes/day should be encouraged in order to reduce the risk of obesity, hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
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Background: Globally prostate cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is present in small amount in the serum of men with healthy prostates, but is often elevated in the presence of prostate cancer and other prostate-related disorders. The aim of this present study was to determine the PSA levels among healthy men of African descent resident in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. Methods: Testing was carried out using the CTK Biotech PSA kit (CTK Biotech Inc, San Diego, USA). The Onsite PSA Rapid Test is a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in human serum or plasma at a cut-off level of 4.0 ng/mL. Result: We investigated the PSA levels in 106 consecutively recruited men of African descent with age range and mean age of 40-70 years and 44.75 ± 7.91 years respectively. We observed a PSA of > 4ng/mL among 7 (6.6%) of subjects studied. Men > 60 had the highest prevalence of raised PSA level (33.3%) compared to those younger men (p= 0.001). We observed a higher prevalence among farmers (11.1%) compared to business men, civil servants and students. Conclusion: In this present study we observed a high prevalence of PSA >4ng/mL and a positive and significant correlation between age and raised PSA levels among men in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. We recommend an annual PSA blood test for men ≥ 40 years of age and that those with a PSA value > 4.0 ng/mL should be considered for further evaluation. There is also the need to build capacity among biomedical and medical staff in Nigeria to facilitate effective diagnosis of prostate cancer. There is also the need for increased prostate cancer awareness in the area to facilitate voluntary testing.
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Objective: To investigate the prevalence of Kidd antigens among pregnant women in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria. Methods: One hundred and sixty two pregnant women aged 18-45 years [mean age (27.19±4.72) years] attending antenatal clinic in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, were screened for the presence of Kidd blood group antigens using the conventional tube method and anti-Jka and Jkb reagents (Lorne Laboratories, UK). Results: Out of the 162 pregnant women tested, 82 (50.6%) were Hausa, 26 (16%) were Igbo, 23 (14.2%) were Fulani and 20 (12.3%) were Yoruba while the minority ethnic groups were 11 (6.8%). The distribution of Kidd antigen was compared based on the ethnic groups of subjects. Jka antigen was the highest among the Yoruba ethnic group (10.0%) followed by the Hausa ethnic group (7.31%). The prevalence of Jkb was highest among Hausa subjects (10.97%) followed by the Yoruba ethnic group (10.0%). Subjects were categorized based on parity. Majority of the subjects were multigravidae, 122 (75.3%) compared to primigravidae 40 (24.7%). Subjects were stratified based on trimester. A significant number of women were in the second trimester, 111 (68.5%) compared to the third trimester 38 (23.5%) and the first 13 (8.0%). The distribution of Kidd antigens among subjects studied indicated a prevalence of Jka, Jkb and Jk(a+b+) with 8 (4.9%), 13 (8.0%) and 0 (0.0%), respectively. A significant number of subject tested were negative for Kidd antigens. Of the 162 pregnant women tested, 154 (95.1%), 149 (75.3%) and 141 (87.04%) tested were negative for Jka, Jkb, and Jk(a-b-), respectively. Conclusions: This study indicates that blood group antigens can be distributed differently within different nationalities. Kidd phenotypes observed among pregnant women in this study was similar to previous reports among blacks but at variance with report among Caucasians and Asians. We recommend that detailed routine phenotyping for all clinically significant red cell antigen including Kidd antigen being carried out routinely among all pregnant women in Nigeria. There is also the need to routinely screen all pregnant women for alloantibodies to facilitate the selection of antigen negative units for those with clinically significant alloantibodies who require a red cell transfusion. This can potentially optimise the obstetric management of haemolytic disease of foetus and newborn and prevent haemolytic transfusion reaction among pregnant women.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the prevalence of Kidd antigens among pregnant women in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria.@*METHODS@#One hundred and sixty two pregnant women aged 18-45 years [mean age (27.19±4.72) years] attending antenatal clinic in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, were screened for the presence of Kidd blood group antigens using the conventional tube method and anti-Jka and Jkb reagents (Lorne Laboratories, UK).@*RESULTS@#Out of the 162 pregnant women tested, 82 (50.6%) were Hausa, 26 (16%) were Igbo, 23 (14.2%) were Fulani and 20 (12.3%) were Yoruba while the minority ethnic groups were 11 (6.8%). The distribution of Kidd antigen was compared based on the ethnic groups of subjects. Jka antigen was the highest among the Yoruba ethnic group (10.0%) followed by the Hausa ethnic group (7.31%). The prevalence of Jkb was highest among Hausa subjects (10.97%) followed by the Yoruba ethnic group (10.0%). Subjects were categorized based on parity. Majority of the subjects were multigravidae, 122 (75.3%) compared to primigravidae 40 (24.7%). Subjects were stratified based on trimester. A significant number of women were in the second trimester, 111 (68.5%) compared to the third trimester 38 (23.5%) and the first 13 (8.0%). The distribution of Kidd antigens among subjects studied indicated a prevalence of Jka, Jkb and Jk(a+b+) with 8 (4.9%), 13 (8.0%) and 0 (0.0%), respectively. A significant number of subject tested were negative for Kidd antigens. Of the 162 pregnant women tested, 154 (95.1%), 149 (75.3%) and 141 (87.04%) tested were negative for Jka, Jkb, and Jk(a-b-), respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#This study indicates that blood group antigens can be distributed differently within different nationalities. Kidd phenotypes observed among pregnant women in this study was similar to previous reports among blacks but at variance with report among Caucasians and Asians. We recommend that detailed routine phenotyping for all clinically significant red cell antigen including Kidd antigen being carried out routinely among all pregnant women in Nigeria. There is also the need to routinely screen all pregnant women for alloantibodies to facilitate the selection of antigen negative units for those with clinically significant alloantibodies who require a red cell transfusion. This can potentially optimise the obstetric management of haemolytic disease of foetus and newborn and prevent haemolytic transfusion reaction among pregnant women.
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A morphometric study was undertaken on the long bones in the two predominant breeds of small ruminant in Northern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria, to determine their anatomical differences and thus, provide a means of differentiating the remains of these two species during zooarchaeological studies and gross anatomy practical session. The pelvic and pectoral limbs from thirty animals (15 Yankasa sheep and 15 Red Sokoto goats) of both sexes were used for this study. The long bones of the pectoral limbs considered were the humerus, radius, ulna and metacarpal III while those of the pelvic limbs were the femur, tibia and metatarsal III. The parameters considered were the mean weights, lengths and diameters of the proximal extremity, mid-shaft and distal extremities of these bones. The result of this study showed that there is a very high statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) in the length of long bones between the two species, with that of the Yankasa sheep being significantly longer than the Red Sokoto goat. Also, the differences in weights as well as diameters of the proximal, middle and distal shafts of the tibia between the two species are of a very high statistical importance (p < 0.001). Conversely, the differences in the proximal and distal diameters of the femur between the two species are not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Factors that may be responsible for these differences were discussed. It is concluded that the bones of the Yankasa sheep and Red Sokoto goat can be differentiated by the disparity in the length of these long bones or the disparity in the entire morphometry of the tibia bone.
Se realizó un estudio morfométrico en los huesos largos en las dos razas predominantes de pequeños rumiantes del norte de Guinea, zona de Sabana de Nigeria, para determinar sus diferencias anatómicas y proporcionar un medio de que permita diferenciar los restos, de estas dos especies, durante los estudios zooarqueológico y en además en práctica de anatómica. Se utilizaron los miembros pélvicos y pectorales de treinta animales (15 ovejas Yankasa y 15 cabras rojas de Sokoto) de ambos sexos. Los huesos largos de los miembros pectorales considerados fueron: húmero, radio, ulna y III metacarpiano, mientras que en los miembros pélvicos fueron: fémur, fíbula y el III metatarso. Los parámetros considerados fueron los pesos medios, longitudes y diámetros de la extremidad proximal y tercios medio y distal de estos huesos. Los resultados mostraron que existe una diferencia altamente significativa (p <0,001) en la longitud de los huesos largos entre las dos especies. Los huesos en las ovejas Yankasa son significativamente más largos que los de la cabra roja de Sokoto. Además, de las diferencias en el peso, así como los diámetros de los ejes proximal, media y distal de la fíbula entre las dos especies son estadísticamente significativos (p <0,001). Por el contrario, las diferencias en los diámetros proximal y distal del fémur entre las dos especies no son estadísticamente significativas (p> 0,05). Fueron discutidos los factores que pueden ser responsables de estas diferencias. Se concluye que los huesos de las ovejas y cabras Yankasa Red Sokoto, se pueden diferenciar por la disparidad en la longitud de los huesos largos o en la morfometría de la tibia.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Adult , Goats/anatomy & histology , Goats/physiology , Sheep/anatomy & histology , Sheep/physiology , Lower Extremity/anatomy & histology , Lower Extremity/growth & development , Lower Extremity/physiology , Femur/anatomy & histology , Femur/physiology , Tibia/anatomy & histology , Tibia/innervation , Tibia/ultrastructureABSTRACT
This study was carried out to investigate the morphological development of the tongue in the foetal and prepubertal stages of Red Sokoto goats by light microscopy. In foetuses of about 50 days, the tongue tissues showed thickening of the epithelium into about 2-3 layers of cells. In fetuses of about 65 days, mesenchymal tissue was observed under the epithelium.Rudiments of some papillae were observed at this time. Collagenous fibre and blood vessels were scant in the lamina propria. In the 80-day-old foetuses, their was further differentiation of the epithelium rudiments into some papillae and this continued to mature until in foetuses of about 90 and 110 days, were early rudiments of taste buds were observed. Evidence of keratinization was apparent in the prepubertal stages.
El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el desarrollo morfológico de la lengua en las etapas fetal y prepuberal de la cabra roj a de Sokoto por microscopía de luz. En los fetos de alrededor de 50 días, los tejidos linguales mostraron un engrosamiento del epitelio en cerca de 2-3 capas de células. En los fetos de alrededor de 65 días, se observó tejido mesenquimático bajo el epitelio. Rudimentos de algunas papilas se observaron en esta etapa. Fibras colágenas y vasos sanguíneos fueron observados de manera escasa en la lámina propria. En los 80 días de edad fetal, se observó la mayor diferenciación del epitelio con algunos rudimentos de papilas, lo que continuó hasta la maduración de los fetos, alrededor de los 90 y 110 días, donde fueron observados de manera temprana rudimentos de botones gustativos. Evidencia de queratinización fue evidente en las etapas prepuberales.