ABSTRACT
Resumen La industria alimentaria utiliza hasta el 15 % del total de la energía eléctrica que demanda el sector industrial, principalmente en procesos de secado. Esto suscita la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas de secado que reduzcan el uso de energía eléctrica. Una opción es el secado solar, principalmente, el de tipo indirecto, a través de captadores solares de placa plana (CSPP). El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los recientes desarrollos de los CSPP, características, ventajas, desventajas, eficiencia y diversas tecnologías utilizadas en conjunto, para aumentar la eficiencia térmica en el secado solar. Los CSPP han desarrollado, a través de la hibridación con la utilización de otras fuentes de energía (eléctrica, biomasa, solar), un incremento en su eficiencia que los vuelve cada vez más viables para ser utilizados en procesos comerciales de secado de alimentos.
Abstract The food industry uses up to 15 % of the total electrical energy demanded by the industrial sector, mainly in drying processes. This motivates the search for new drying alternatives that reduce the use of electrical energy. One option is solar drying; mainly indirect type solar drying, that uses flat plate solar collectors (FPSC). The objective of this work was to analyze the recent developments of the FPSC, their characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, efficiency, and the range of technologies used in conjunction with the FPSC to increase their thermal efficiency for solar drying. The FPSC have developed through hybridization with the use of other energy sources (electricity, biomass, solar), an increase in their efficiency, that increasingly turns them into viable options for food drying processes.
ABSTRACT
Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems (SEGIS) concept helps in achieving high penetration of photovoltaic (PV) systems into the utility grid. Advanced, integrated inverter/controllers will be the enabling technology to maximize the bene?ts of residential and commercial solar energy systems, both to the systems owners and to the utility distribution network as a whole. Advanced integrated inverters/controllers may incorporate energy management functions and/or may communicate with separate-alone energy management systems as well with utility energy portals, such as smart metering systems. The value of the energy provided by these solar systems will in turn be increased through advanced communication interfaces and controls.
ABSTRACT
Abstract The demand for electricity is growing worldwide. At the same time, the non-renewable natural resources that account for a large proportion of the global energy matrix are rapidly depleting, which will pose a major challenge in the near future. Therefore, micro-grid models that use renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, are rapidly developing and are becoming economically viable alternatives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of installing solar and wind power generation systems in the NOVVALIGHT electrical components factory located in Campo Largo, Paraná, Brazil. The most viable model was the combination of solar and wind energy, which would generate approximately 260 MWh of energy per year. Using financing provided by the Brazilian Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES), this proposal has an eight-year payback period, net present value of BRL 149,097.42, and internal rate of return of 18%, demonstrating its economic viability.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy/economics , Wind Energy/economics , Brazil , IndustryABSTRACT
Abstract With the increasing of energy demand in Brazil and the unprecedent popular support for the use of energy sources with low environmental impact, the market for photovoltaic energy has become progressively relevant. Thus, it is of strategic importance to gather information of the solar resources either for a particular location or a specific region. This paper presents all the steps taken in order to design a solarimetric station intended to be used as part of the National Institute for Space Research's(INPE)Environmental Database System (SONDA)network, from the specification of the devices and sensors that will take part in it to the structural dimensioning necessary in order to accommodate them. This high-quality network mainly collects and stores surface solar radiation data, indispensable for the solar energy study and prospecting, therefore of great importance for the generation of energy of the State of Paraná- Brazil.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy , Brazil , Solar Radiation , Photovoltaic EnergyABSTRACT
Abstract Understanding the solar radiation values in the surface is important for the development of solar energy projects, obtaining through radiometers installed in certain places or publications as in solar energy atlases. Typically, solar or weather stations do not have sensors to measure diffuse irradiation due to high investment and the need for constant maintenance. This paper presents methods for the determination of diffuse irradiation from surface measured data of global horizontal irradiation in the city of Curitiba, obtained through pyranometers installed at the Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR) headquarters and from Curitiba-A807 National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) station. Two models are presented for the estimation of the monthly mean daily diffuse irradiation, based on the studies of Liu and Jordan (1960) and Page (1961). Finally, these data were compared with those presented by the Solar Energy Atlas - Paraná, verifying the percentage differences presented. It was observed that the model elaborated by Page presented better results in the diffuse radiation estimates when compared to the values presented by the Paraná Atlas, with an average variation of -1.39% and -1.55%, for data from INMET and UTFPR respectively.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy , Statistics as Topic , Solar Radiation/methods , BrazilABSTRACT
Abstract The photovoltaic solar energy has been growing in installed capacity worldwide year by year, and Brazil has also been investing in this renewable source of energy generation. The conversion of light into electrical energy occurs in the photovoltaic cells, which are sensitive to the increase of the temperature. A considerable amount of the energy incident on the module is transformed into heat, rising its temperature and decreasing its efficiency. This study aims to estimate the temperature in photovoltaic cells (Tc) for polycrystalline silicon modules from a grid-connected photovoltaic systems through several equations proposed over the last decades by researchers. This estimation will occur in the municipality of Curitiba, using data from INMET's automatic station, located in the same city. The estimation was calculated hourly, throughout the day for one year. The validation of the estimated results was performed by measuring the cell temperature of a photovoltaic system installed in Curitiba, where it was observed that the equation proposed by Duffie and Beckman (2013) was the one that most approached to the measured value.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy , Photovoltaic Energy , Brazil , Electric WiringABSTRACT
Abstract The photovoltaic solar energy in Brazil was boosted by Normative Resolution No. 482/2012 of ANEEL, which regulated the micro and mini generation in the compensation system, and by the specific auctions for photovoltaic plants carried out by the federal government. However, the country still has little representation of the solar energy in its electrical matrix, about 0.13%, with approximately 1% of the installed capacity of electric power generators considering all the sources, both values refer to the year 2017. In the initial moments of a technology, its growth occurs irregularly and because there is little installed capacity, any added value can cause abrupt variations in the percentage from one year to another, that is, its growth still does not follow a sustainable standard, which should be regularized around the year 2025, following the worldwide trend of growth of approximately 30% each year. As a scenario for 2025, the total power of the PVSGC in Brazil will be approximately 75.6 GWp which will represent 98.3 TWh of electric energy produced by this source, considering the estimated electric energy demand for 2025 of 800 TWh, will result in the contribution of 12.3% of the energy by solar photovoltaic source.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy , Photovoltaic Energy , Brazil , Energy ConsumptionABSTRACT
RESUMO O uso de lodo de esgoto na agricultura se tornou prática corrente em diversos países, sendo atrativa em muitos aspectos, principalmente no fornecimento de matéria orgânica e nutrientes ao solo. Embora os benefícios ambientais e agrícolas do uso de lodo sejam consideráveis, tal prática deve ser realizada de forma sanitariamente segura. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de um processo de higienização térmica de lodo de esgoto utilizando energia solar. O lodo era aquecido através de um trocador de calor, construído com tubos de cobre e instalado dentro do reator, no qual circula água aquecida em coletores solares planos. Foram realizados 16 ensaios experimentais em diferentes condições de irradiação solar. A inativação térmica da Escherichia coli foi avaliada através do modelo cinético de primeira ordem em condições não isotérmicas. O processo mostrou-se eficiente em ensaios realizados com irradiação solar média do período acima de 500 W.h.m-2, com redução de E. coli entre 4,2 e 7,1 log10 e de coliformes totais entre 4,8 e 7,4 log10. Os ensaios realizados em dias com menores índices de irradiação solar tiveram a eficiência de higienização comprometida, devido às baixas temperaturas atingidas pelo lodo.
ABSTRACT The application of sewage sludge in agriculture has become a common practice in many countries, which is attractive in many aspects, especially for the input of organic matter and nutrients in the soil. Despite the benefits of sludge use in agriculture and for the environment , this practice needs to be conducted considering safety aspects regarding sanitary conditions. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of a thermal disinfection process of sewage sludge using solar energy. The sludge was heated through a heat exchanger built with copper pipes and installed inside the reactor, in which water heated in flat plate solar collectors circulates. Sixteen experimental tests were performed under different solar irradiation conditions. The thermal inactivation of Escherichia coli in the reactor was evaluated using the first order kinetic model in non-isothermal conditions. The process proved effective in those tests with an average solar irradiation period above 500 W.h.m-2, and the reduction of E. coli was between 4.2 and 7.1 units log10; and between 4.8 and 7.4 units log10 of total coliforms. When tests were conducted in days with lower levels of solar irradiation, the efficiency of sanitisation was compromised, due to the low temperatures reached by the sludge.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Energy is essential for human activities and, considering the prospect that the demand for energy increases, it is necessary to carry out studies of new technical solutions so as to make the use of the available sources feasible. Greater participation of renewable energy sources in the electricity matrix has been stimulated worldwide and a number of public policies have been adopted by different countries in order to seek greater energy security and sustainability. In this context, photovoltaic solar energy potentially plays an important role in the evolution of the participation of alternative sources in the world energy matrix, considering its abundance and wide availability in the terrestrial surface. This work proposes a methodology to model a scenario that estimates the consumption of electricity in 2050 in the State of Paraná and how it can contribute to the complementarity of the Brazilian electricity matrix. In addition, it indicates, based on decision factors, which are the most indicated mesoregions for possible deployments of grid-connected photovoltaic systems in Paraná to meet this demand.
Subject(s)
Electricity , Energy Consumption , Brazil , Photovoltaic EnergyABSTRACT
Abstract The electrical sector is under constant evolution. One of the areas refers to the consumers that come to be generators, implementing distributed generation, interconnected to a smart grid. This article discusses the improvement of an algorithm, already presented in the literature, to make the best temporal allocation of loads, electric vehicle, storage and many sources of generation, aiming at the maximum financial performance, that is, the lowest value for the energy invoice The modeling consists of a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) algorithm, which considers each component of the system and weighs the maintenance and shelf life of storage devices, basically batteries, loads that can be reallocated and the concept of Vehicle-to-grid, performing a daily analysis. The simulation has considered the hypothetical case of a residence, in which are included storage, electric vehicle and redistribution of loads, as well as wind and solar generation. Several scenarios are simulated, with or without the presence of some of the components. The results indicate that the simplest model, only redistributing the loads, can provide a sensible monetary savings of approximately 60%, while with the application of all the components modeled, there can be a reduction in the invoice of 90%.
Subject(s)
Energy-Generating Resources , Wind Energy , Solar Energy , Motor VehiclesABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The increasing demand for electricity and the scarcity of resources, require renewable energy sources and efficient equipment that reduce the consumption of electricity. The Green Office (GO) of the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR) is a sustainable building that uses strategies to reduce impacts to the environment, one of them being the use of the grid connected photovoltaic system (on-grid). The on-grid was installed in 2011 and since then has been feeding the GO and another building (block V) belonging to UTFPR. This article presents a comparison between an estimate of energy consumption and the generation of energy through the on-grid. By means of the estimated consumption, a survey in loco of the scenario of expenditures of the electrical equipment used in the GO was made, estimating hours of use and power, so the consumption scenario was 145 kWh/month. The power generation of the EV is lower in the months May - July, period in which the solar irradiation is smaller, but according to the measurements the on-grid produces more energy than it consumes.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy , Energy Consumption , Photovoltaic Energy , BrazilABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Sewage sludge is a solid waste composed of water, rich in organic matter and nutrients, but concentrator of pathogenic microorganisms. Its use as agricultural fertilizer in the state of Paraná, Brazil is common. However, it is necessary to eliminate or significantly reduce microorganisms by means of a hygiene process. This can be obtained thermally, requiring a source of energy for heat generation. In this sense, a pilot system was constructed consisting of a stainless steel radiant floor, capable of transferring heat to the sewage sludge from coils coupled in base, through which the heated water circulates. The energy comes from solar radiation and is complemented by biogas from the anaerobic sewage treatment. Aiming to investigate the system's ability to transfer heat and, consequently, to sanitize and dry the sludge, a layer of 0.10 m was deposited on the radiant floor, the temperature being monitored at two different heights, obtaining averages of 328.95 K (55.8 ° C) and 336.95 K (63.8 ° C), respectively. The sludge was still submitted to a drying process, where a 68.68% increase in the total solids content was verified. Finally, the energy consumption was measured where a demand of 29.22 Nm³ of methane per m³ of treated sludge had been estimated.
Subject(s)
Sewage , Sanitation , Biofuels , Solar EnergyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Considering the development of new technologies in the electricity generation sector, such as solar photovoltaic energy, some studies are made necessary to obtain the best performance of these systems. This generation model consists of modules, which are exposed to adverse climatic conditions, they receive direct influence of the dirt, according to the environment from which they were installed, which directly influences the performance of the system since, due to the disposal of waste on the module, a smaller portion of the solar radiation can reach the photovoltaic cell effectively. The objective of this work is to determine the ideal time for cleaning photovoltaic panels, aiming at high system productivity, having as object of study the photovoltaic panels of the Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR) Campus Curitiba, installed in the Green Office (GO) and at Neoville´s headquarters. Within this objective, it was necessary to verify its merit indexes, parameters used to compare grid-connected photovoltaic systems. The study shows the importance of frequent cleaning of panels, especially when they are installed in urban areas and close to high traffic access roads.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy , Photovoltaic Energy , Brazil , Efficiency , Household WorkABSTRACT
ABSTRACT In the search for new options for the establishment of the energy matrix of Brazil, the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (GCPVS) are configured as an alternative to urban centers, because they allow the power generation at distributed mode, that is, generate energy at the place where it will be consumed and inject the surplus energy into the network. Faced with the prospect of installing Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System, the objective of this research is to characterize this type of photovoltaic system installed in Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil. This paper highlights that up to July 2017 the State of Paraná has 1031 GCPVS in operation, which corresponds to 6,6MW, while Curitiba has 204 GCPVS that represents 997.4 kW in operation, 82% of which are installed in residences. In addition, the study of a sample of 41 GCPVSs installed in Curitiba shows that 98% of these systems use multicrystalline modules, 75% use single phase inverters and 95% of these use inverters transformerless. This shows that the losses in the conversion process are reduced and the equipment is more compact using better technology than the inverters with transformer. Therefore, the main trend of photovoltaic energy market is to use transformerless inverters.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy , Electric Wiring , Photovoltaic Energy , BrazilABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Solar energy as a form of electric power generation is gaining ground in Brazil, being the subject of worldwide discussions on sustainability. The electric energy, a right of all citizens, represents a consumption of natural resources on a large scale. State schools in Paraná invested more than R$ 46 million to guarantee electricity and thus provide essential running conditions to the system in 2016. Through open data, 15 schools from "Regional Administrativa do Cajuru", in Curitiba/PR, were evaluated in consumption and expenses of electric energy from January to May of 2017 and a solar photovoltaic system was dimensioned to supply the demand of each school. From that, it was estimated the total saving from the electricity that would no longer be spent on electricity which could be directed to other educational programs and projects of interest to the community towards sustainability within the school. The savings estimated totalized more than R$ 435 thousand annually.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy/economics , Renewable Energy/economics , Sustainable Development , Schools , Public AdministrationABSTRACT
ABSTRACT This work presents the mapping of grid-connected photovoltaic systems supported by the Normative Resolution (NR) of the National Agency of Electric Energy (ANEEL) Nº 482/2012 in the city of Curitiba. Firstly, a brief introduction was made justifying the reasons that led to the development of this study, followed by the explanation about the methodology, procedures and criteria adopted in the study. A general mapping of all on-grid photovoltaic systems supported by NR Nº 482/2012 installed in the city of Curitiba, identified by class, is presented, indicating how the urban distribution of these photovoltaic systems occurs, and it is possible to observe in which regions the highest prevalence of installations occurs. From this, the general characterization of these photovoltaic systems is performed, classifying them by class, number of installed systems, power, number of modules, total occupied area, average power of modules and average efficiency of photovoltaic systems. Considerations are also raised regarding the reliability of the Database of Distributed Generation Consumer Units made available by ANEEL.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy , Photovoltaic Energy , Brazil , Electric WiringABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The Federal University of Technology - Paraná (UTFPR), Campus Curitiba, has a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System (GCPVS) of 2.1 kWp in the Green Office (GO), which has been in operation since December 2011, and until September 2017 generated little more than 13.64 MWh and a GCPVS of 10.2 kWp, in operation since February 2016. The photovoltaic panel of the 2.1 kWp system was set up following the inclination of the roof of the building, which does not give its maximum performance. On the other hand, the panel of the 10.2 kWp system in Neoville was installed in optimum conditions, that is, oriented to the north and with slope equal to the latitude of Curitiba and, up tol September 2017 generated more than 20.65 MWh. This paper presents the monitoring of the electric energy generated by the systems and also a history of the merit indexes of the GCPVS, which are: Productivity (Yield); Performance Ratio; and Capacity Factor. These indexes allow to evaluate the performance of the GCPVS and make a comparison between them. Finally, the photovoltaic generation of both GCPVS proved to be a sustainable and effective form of distributed generation of electric energy in the urban environment.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy , Photovoltaic Energy , Brazil , Electric WiringABSTRACT
ABSTRACT This work proposes a simplified methodology to obtain the needed data to determine and investigate the variation of photovoltaic modules performance under non-standardized environmental conditions - Standard Test Conditions and Nominal Operating Cell Temperature. This methodology uses a previously developed mathematical model in association with environmental parameters as wind speed, air temperature and irradiance in different cities, located in different regions in Brazil. These data are obtained from both SWERA project and the National Institute of Meteorology of Brazil websites, both of them with free access on the internet. The result of this methodology is the operating temperature of a commercial polycrystalline module of 330 Wp and 1.95 m², and this methodology also results in the maximum power of the module and efficiency for each set of analyzed environmental parameters. As conclusion, from the the results, it is possible to suggest the investigated environmental parameters have a significant impact on the module performance and therefore cannot be neglected.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy , Temperature , Wind , Photovoltaic EnergyABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The present study evaluates the economic viability of the application of solar energy for electric power generation via the use of photovoltaic systems in a residential consumption unit in the city of Curitiba. Since the energy from the sun is abundant, clean, renewable and has the potential to compete in productivity and profitability, the evaluation of the applicability of these systems in homes, not only in industrial parks, is of great interest. A household with the determined consumption profile was chosen for this case study through simulations with the HomerPro software. After analyzing the data, the photovoltaic potential of the State of Paraná was estimated to investigate the possibility of photovoltaic generation growth in the state energy matrix and its consequences.
Subject(s)
Solar Energy/economics , Renewable Energy/economics , Brazil , Photovoltaic Energy/economicsABSTRACT
Objective To design a set of matrix solar radiation simulation ,that can be used to study the thermal comfort of armored vehicles.Methods With xenon lamps as the light source , the lifting matrix lamp array controlled by the computer was used to test the whole vehicles .Results The system could irradiate the top , the left and right sides of the armored vehicle, and the intensity of irradiation ranged from 200 to 1200 W/m2 in order to adapt to vehicles of different sizes and heights.Conclusion The system can meet the needs of solar simulation experiments of different armored vehicles.