ABSTRACT
Resumo A catação de materiais recicláveis é uma ocupação com crescente número de trabalhadores, que encontram nela sustento diante das desigualdades socioeconômicas e do desemprego. Este artigo descreve as estratégias de resistência de mulheres catadoras que fazem parte de uma associação no Nordeste brasileiro, além da forma como elas lidaram com problemas de saúde durante a pandemia de covid-19, especialmente no que se refere aos medicamentos. Utilizamos uma abordagem quantitativa e uma etnográfica, coletando dados sociodemográficos de 13 participantes e dos medicamentos presentes em suas casas, e também realizando observação participante e entrevistas aprofundadas. Em meio à crise sanitária, foram mencionados problemas como o desemprego, as relações de gênero, a violência e os estigmas do trabalho. Se por um lado a pandemia vulnerabilizou ainda mais alguns segmentos populacionais, por outro potencializou estratégias coletivas de enfrentamento. As catadoras e a associação se organizaram para obter insumos e melhorias tanto na sede quanto no bairro. Identificamos 58 unidades de medicamentos, prescritos e obtidos principalmente na Unidade Básica de Saúde. Desses, 27,6% tinham ação sobre o sistema nervoso (analgésicos, psicolépticos e psicoanalépticos) e 17,2% sobre o sistema cardiovascular e sobre o trato alimentar e metabolismo. As catadoras desenvolveram práticas de autoatenção com os medicamentos, destacando o papel central deles no enfrentamento dos problemas de saúde.
Abstract The collection of recyclable materials is an occupation with an increasing number of workers, who find in it a livelihood in a context of socioeconomic inequalities and unemployment. This article describes resistance strategies of women collectors who are part of an association in Northeast Brazil, in addition to describing how they managed health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially regarding medicines. A quantitative and an ethnographic approach were used by collecting data on sociodemographic and medicines present in the homes of 13 participants and conducting participant observation and in-depth interviews. Amid the health crisis, the participants mentioned problems such as unemployment, gender relations, violence, and work stigmas. If, on the one hand, the pandemic has further increased vulnerability for certain population segments, on the other hand, it has enhanced collective resistance strategies. The collectors of the association organized to obtain various materials and benefits both for their headquarters and their neighborhood. We identified 58 units of medicines, prescribed and obtained mainly at the Basic Health Unit. Of these, 27.6% had action on the nervous system (analgesics, psycholeptics, and psychoanaleptics) and 17.2% on the cardiovascular system and on the alimentary tract and metabolism. The collectors developed self-attention practices with the medicines highlighting their central role in facing health problems.
ABSTRACT
Landfills are considered the main option for dumping of municipal solid waste (MSW) all over the world, but these landfills are mostly non-engineered. The decomposition of solid waste in the landfill and rainwater penetration into the decomposing waste produces leachate that contains dissolved organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals, suspended particles, and hazardous substances. Leachate migration in the environment may pose serious health risks to organisms exposed. Hence, the present study explored the cytotoxic potential of landfill leachate collected in different seasons from the Okhla landfill site, Delhi, India. Cytotoxicity of leachate samples was evaluatedby cell apoptosis and ultrastructural observation based on Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of the cells of root tips of vicia faba seedlings treated with the leachates collected in summer, winter and monsoon in a time and dose dependent manner. Leachate collected in all the three seasons induced apoptosis in cells of root tips of vicia faba that increased in a time and dose dependent manner when compared to control. The apoptosis was highest in the samples treated with leachate collected in the summer season, followed by winter and monsoon. It was further confirmed with TEM images that there was induction of apoptotic-like morphological changes in the root cells treated with landfill leachate when compared with the control. The present study indicates that municipal solid waste leachate is very toxic and it should be treated before disposing it to the environment.
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La presente nota científica plantea una propuesta para gestionar de manera integral el problema ocasionado por la mala disposición de los desechos sólidos en la zona industrial Lurigancho, Perú. Se basa en el modelo de operador, que considera la parte política, estratégica y regulador, de esta manera contar con indicadores, que sirvan de herramientas para la toma de decisiones en la en la gestión de residuos a las plantas industriales a partir de su control, vigilancia, información y clasificación. Esta propuesta se aplicó en doce lugares de disposición de los residuos industriales, puntos de monitoreo, con dos intervenciones, con la evaluación inicial se observó caos ambiental, con desbordamiento de los contenedores de basura, sin aprovechamiento de los residuos y proliferación de fauna nociva. Posterior a la inducción para ejecutar la propuesta, en la segunda intervención, posterior a 45 días, se precisó mejoras considerables, aplicándose recomendaciones objetivas basadas en los valores de los indicadores los que permitieron la planificación estratégica y operativa y de la programación y el control generales. Los resultados preliminares hacen suponer que esta propuesta atiende requerimientos medioambientales y de salubridad, a través de la reducción y procesamiento de los residuos, cuya inadecuada disposición puede llegar a afectar la salud humana(AU)
This scientific note presents a proposal to comprehensively manage the problem caused by poor disposal of solid waste in the Lurigancho industrial zone, Peru. It is based on the operator model, which considers the political, strategic and regulatory part, thus having indicators that serve as tools for decision-making in the management of waste at industrial plants based on its control. , surveillance, information and classification. This proposal was applied in twelve industrial waste disposal sites, monitoring points, with two interventions, with the initial evaluation environmental chaos was observed, with overflow of garbage containers, without use of waste and proliferation of harmful fauna. After the induction to execute the proposal, in the second intervention, after 45 days, considerable improvements were required, applying objective recommendations based on the values of the indicators, which allowed strategic and operational planning and general programming and control. . Preliminary results suggest that this proposal meets environmental and health requirements, through the reduction and processing of waste, whose inadequate disposal can affect human health(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Solid Waste , Environmental Monitoring , Waste Management , Environmental Pollution/prevention & control , Industrial Waste , Peru , Operators , Manufacturing and Industrial FacilitiesABSTRACT
Solid waste management (SWM) have becomes a very serious concern globally. The lack of individual responsibilities as well as proper attitude and approach leads to this issue. Rapid industrialization, increase in population and further increase in standard of living and poor waste management have increased the serous health issue. In India we generate about one 1 lakh ton of MSW per day. Almost every ton of MSW is disposed of unscientifically. Though the compostable organic waste ranges between 34-70 percent, improper segregation or no segregation at source has challenged the further treatment and disposal experiments. Ranchi city need to be taken care by various new SWM techniques, proper management skill and adequate care the diseases and improve medical conditions. This paper deals with the proper description of the current MSWM process and the real time scenario where every individual is a source of waste creation. The effect of growing population of last ten years outcome of waste quality and quantity generated throughout these years have been discussed. It is observed that more than 4000 tons of waste per month is being generated. Researches shows that the disposal of solid waste requires 2,700,000 m2 area for the land up to the year 2030. Far sustainable development and effective management it is suggested that implementation of newer technologies, training of common people, and effective implementation of government policies will help to come out of these current issues
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The present study was carried out to characterize leachate from waste dumping site and its impact on surrounding surface water quality at Rajbandh in Khulna. For this purpose, surface water samples (10) and leachate samples (5) were taken from the site during two season the monsoon season and post monsoon respectively. The samples were taken during the daytime from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m because at midday the temperature rises and the physico-chemical parameters of the water are modified. Some physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolve Oxygen (DO), Chloride (Cl-), Magnesium (Mg2+), Calcium (Ca2+), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Iron (Fe2+), Phosphate (PO43-), Sulfate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO32-) were analyzed in the laboratory in accordance with standard laboratory procedure. As well as some heavy metals such as Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Manganese, Iron and Zinc were also analyzed in the laboratory. It is observed that, the physicochemical characteristics of surface water and leachate samples vary among the parameters in two seasons throughout the study period. The concentration of TDS and EC were found to be high in leachate compare to surface water samples that might be caused due to the existence of high-level various anions and soluble salts with other inorganic components. In monsoon the TDS values ranged from 3227 � 2357 for leachate and 737 � 498 for surface water samples whereas in post-monsoon the variation followed by 4640 � 1790 and 803 � 232 for surface water and leachate respectively. In case of EC for leachate it varied from 3630 � 1397 and 4900 � 1734 for monsoon and post-monsoon seasons correspondingly but varied from 1473 � 498 in monsoon and 1627 � 473 in post-monsoon for surface water samples. The high concentration of BOD (3.91 � 1.54 in monsoon and 6.25 � 3.27 in post- monsoon) and COD (117.80 � 58.31 in monsoon and 229.39 � 166.55 in post-monsoon) value were found in surface water samples compared to leachate samples. In case of Cr for leachate it varied from 0.081 � 0.029 and 0.070 � 0.026 for monsoon and post-monsoon seasons correspondingly. As well as the concentration of Cd (0.023� 0.006 in monsoon and 0.087�068 in post monsoon) and Pb (0.35�109 in monsoon and 0.025�013 in post monsoon) varied greatly during both season. The concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Zn, Cr and Mn in surface water samples was also greater than 0.001mg/l. Further for leachate COD was very strongly correlated with TDS and cadmium. Magnesium was significantly correlated with potassium. For surface water sample TDS was significantly correlated with EC and pH. Chloride was significantly correlated with Cd and pb was correlated with calcium. This study recommended that the authority should take proper steps for the management of waste as well as give emphasis on the leachate collection.
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RESUMO A busca por energias alternativas que sejam renováveis está cada vez maior, assim como a preocupação com o crescente aumento da geração de resíduos pela população mundial. O aproveitamento energético do gás gerado pela decomposição dos resíduos sólidos é um caminho atrativo para a solução, de uma só vez, desses dois problemas. Com objetivo de contribuir para o desenvolvimento da geração de energia elétrica a partir de aterros sanitários no Brasil, o presente trabalho compreende uma análise de potencial energético e de viabilidade financeira dessa alternativa energética no Brasil. Para a construção das análises, utilizaram-se dados de geração de resíduos e climáticos de seis cidades brasileiras, o que permitiu a estimativa da vazão de produção de gás nos aterros de cada uma dessas localidades, a potência ótima a ser instalada em cada um desses aterros e da viabilidade econômica dessa alternativa. Os valores de custo de geração obtidos variaram entre R$ 345 e 440·MWh, sendo fortemente influenciados por fatores como população, captação de resíduos e aspectos climáticos, sendo, em geral, superiores aos valores típicos de tarifa de venda de energia no país. Isso implica uma necessidade de formulação de políticas públicas de incentivo à geração de energia a partir de resíduos sólidos urbanos no Brasil.
ABSTRACT The search for alternative and renewable sources of energies is growing, as is the concern with the growing increase in the generation of waste by the world population. The energy use of the gas generated by the decomposition of solid waste at landfills is an attractive way to solve these two problems, at once. In order to contribute to the development of electric power generation from landfills in Brazil, the present work comprises an analysis of the energy potential and financial viability of this energy alternative in the country. For the construction of the analyses, waste and climate generation data from six Brazilian cities were used, which allowed the estimation of the gas production flow in the landfills of each city, the optimum power to be installed in each of these landfills and the economic viability of this alternative. The generation cost values obtained ranged between R$ 345 and 440·MWh, being strongly influenced by factors such as population, waste capitation and climatic factors, being, in general, higher than the typical values of energy sales tariff in the country. This implies a need to formulate public policies to encourage the generation of energy from solid urban waste in Brazil.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Both hepatic parenchymal and renal cells are rich in enzymes required for the biotransformation of various exogenous substances, a process that sometimes may result in organ damage. Contact with solid waste will undoubtedly result in high degree of exposure to various harmful substances. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of solid waste scavenging on hepato-renal function. Material and Methods: Twenty-nine solid waste scavengers and 30 subjects who served as control were used for the study. Serum obtained from 5 mL of blood was utilized to assess hepatic (alanine & aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, total protein, ?-globulins) and renal (urea, creatinine) functions of each participant. Standard photometric methods were used for all estimations. Data were analyzed using Student抯 t-test and Pearson抯 correlation coefficient. P ? 0.05 was considered significant. Results and Discussion: Significant differences were observed for globulins and total proteins in solid waste scavengers compared with control (p<0.05) while other parameters (alanine & aspartate aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, urea) were not significantly different (p>0.05). There was total non-compliance to the use of personal protective equipment. Results of the study revealed that hepatic and renal markers were not significantly different but ?-globulins were significantly higher in solid waste scavengers compared with control group. Conclusion: Solid waste scavenging in Osogbo is not associated with hepatorenal alteration except that ?-globulin fraction was elevated.
ABSTRACT
The increase in the generation of Solid Urban Waste causes social, environmental problems and damages to the population's health. Professionals who work in the collection of recyclable waste are exposed to risks of contamination either by toxic elements or pathogenic organisms. The objective of the work was to estimate the types and prevalence of intestinal parasites inwaste pickers. A field research was carried out from December 2017 to April 2018 with the voluntary participation of 26 waste pickers belonging to three associations in the municipality of Conselheiro Lafaiete, Minas Gerais, Brazil (CAAE: nº 79937817.7.0000.8122). In addition to the application a socio-environmental questionnaire, each volunteer provided a stool sample for laboratory testing the parasitological examination. Of the 26 survey participants, four (15.4%) had a positive result and were infected by the parasites Giardia lamblia, Entamoebacoliand Iodamoeba butschlii. Among the main factors that can contribute to the infection these waste pickersare the ingestion of untreated water for consumption in addition to reduced access to Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) during waste management. One way to control the presence of parasites would be through health and environmental education actions, periodic parasitological examinations and permanent use of PPE.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Parasites/parasitology , Waste Pickers , Solid Waste Use , Environmental Pollution/prevention & control , Parasitology , Water Pollution/analysis , Health Education , Giardia lamblia/parasitology , Entamoebiasis/parasitology , Feces/parasitology , Personal Protective Equipment , Sustainable DevelopmentABSTRACT
Resumo Objetivo promover o autocuidado de catadores de material reciclável a partir da aplicação da Teoria dos Déficits de Autocuidado. Método Pesquisa Convergente-Assistencial realizada com catadores de material reciclável de duas associações de reciclagem do Sul do Brasil. Os dados foram produzidos por meio de observação participante, entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos de convergência. Os dados foram analisados segundo os passos propostos pelo método: apreensão, síntese, teorização e transferência. Resultados os participantes possuíam ações deliberadamente empreendidas e motivações para o autocuidado. No entanto, apresentaram déficits relacionados, principalmente, a hábitos que os expunham aos riscos ocupacionais. Nas ações grupais de apoio-educação, os participantes discutiram seus déficits de autocuidado e estratégias para mitigá-los. A pesquisa possibilitou mudanças no cenário laboral, no entanto, alguns déficits de autocuidado persistiram. Conclusões e implicações para a prática pondera-se que mudanças profundas exigem ações permanentes para transformações das iniquidades sociais. No entanto, o Sistema de Enfermagem apoio-educação possibilitou mudanças positivas no autocuidado dos catadores, o que corrobora a contribuição teórico-prática da teoria para o cuidado de Enfermagem.
Resumen Objetivo promover el autocuidado de los recolectores de materiales reciclables basado en la aplicación de la Teoría de los Déficits en el Autocuidado. Método Investigación de Asistencia Convergente realizada con recolectores de material reciclable de dos asociaciones de reciclaje en el sur de Brasil. Los datos fueron producidos mediante observación participante, entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos de convergencia. Los datos fueron analizados según los pasos propuestos por el método: aprehensión, síntesis, teorización y transferencia. Resultados los participantes habían realizado deliberadamente acciones y motivaciones de autocuidado. Sin embargo, mostraron déficits relacionados principalmente con hábitos que los expusieron a riesgos laborales. En las acciones grupales de apoyo-educación, los participantes discutieron sus déficits de autocuidado y estrategias para mitigarlos. La investigación permitió cambios en el escenario laboral, sin embargo, persistieron algunos déficits de autocuidado. Conclusiones e implicaciones para la práctica se considera que los cambios profundos requieren acciones permanentes para transformar las desigualdades sociales. Sin embargo, el sistema de apoyo-educación de enfermería permitió cambios positivos en el autocuidado de los recolectores, lo que corrobora el aporte teórico-práctico de la Teoría al cuidado de Enfermería.
Abstract Objective to promote the self-care of recyclable material collectors through the application of the Theory of Self-Care Deficits. Method Convergent-Assistance Research conducted with recyclable materials collectorsfrom two recycling associations in Southern Brazil. The data was produced through participant observation, semi-structured interviews and convergence groups. The data was analyzed according to the steps proposed by the method: apprehension, synthesis, theorization, and transfer. Results the participants had deliberate actions undertaken and motivations for self-care. However, they presented deficits related mainly to habits that exposed them to occupational risks. In the supportive-educational group actions, participants discussed their self-care deficits and strategies to mitigate them. The research enabled changes in the work scenario; however, some self-care deficits persisted. Conclusions and implications for the practice it is pondered that profound changes require permanent actions for transformations in social inequities. However, the supportive-education nursing system enabled positive changes in the recyclable materials collectors' self-care, which corroborates the theoretical-practical contribution of the theory to nursing care.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Self Care , Nursing Theory , Waste Pickers , Occupational Health , Self Medication , Occupational Risks , Spirituality , Qualitative Research , Health Vulnerability , Feeding Behavior , Personal Protective Equipment , Leisure ActivitiesABSTRACT
@#China has a huge cumulative storage of NORM solid waste, which urgently needs to be treated and disposed of in a scientific and standard way. Through analyzing the current status and technologies of treatment and disposal of NORM solid waste and relevant environmental radiation protection regulations and standards, we put forward suggestions on the improvement of regulations and standards and the applicability of treatment and disposal technologies, to provide a reference for the green and sustainable development of mineral resources in China.
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RESUMO Os estudos de viabilidade técnico econômica são elementos primordiais para a viabilização de projetos de saneamento, inclusive de incineração de resíduo sólido urbano com recuperação energética. O artigo teve como base os padrões para estudos de viabilidade técnico econômica conforme Portaria n° 557 do Ministério das Cidades, previstos na lei n° 11.445 que estabelece diretrizes nacionais para o saneamento básico. Foram realizadas visitas técnicas em quatro incineradores em operação na Suíça e dois em Portugal, com o objetivo de estabelecer um benchmarking para referenciar a análise da aplicação da Portaria, a identificação dos fatores críticos que dificultam a adoção dessa tecnologia no Brasil, assim como as ações necessárias para a viabilidade técnico-econômica do incinerador. Os principais fatores críticos identificados foram a localização da planta, o efeito Not in My Backyard, a concepção de conflito entre reciclagem e incineração, o elevado investimento inicial, o risco de adoção de tecnologias já superadas, a falta de experiência e mão de obra capacitada local, a variação e sazonalidade na alimentação de resíduo sólido urbano, a volatilidade do preço da energia no mercado, as receitas mínimas para viabilidade financeira, a adequação do arcabouço legal e a seleção de modelo de negócio adequado.
ABSTRACT Technical-economic feasibility studies are essential elements for making sanitation projects feasible, including projects of MSW incinerators with energy recovery. This article is based on the reference standards for technical-economic feasibility studies according to Ordinance No. 557 (2016) of the Ministry of Cities, provided for in Law No. 11.445, which establishes national guidelines for basic sanitation. Technical visits were carried out in four incinerators in Switzerland and two in Portugal in order to establish a benchmark to reference the analysis of the application of the Ordinance, the identification of critical factors that hinder the adoption of this technology in Brazil, as well as the necessary actions for technical-economic feasibility. The objective of this article is to propose an adaptation of the technical-economic feasibility studies model of the Ordinance for a MSW incinerator project with energy recovery, identifying the critical factors and actions related to the financial-economic viability that hinder the adoption of this technology in Brazil. The critical factors identified were the location of the plant, the Not in My Backyard effect, the concept of conflict between recycling and incineration, the high initial investment, the risk of adopting technologies that have already been overcome, the lack of experience and hands of qualified local work, variation and seasonality in MSW supply, volatility in the price of energy in the market, minimum revenues for financial viability, adequacy of the legal framework, and selection of an appropriate business model.
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RESUMO Os aterros sanitários são obras construídas para o confinamento seguro dos resíduos sólidos e, entre seus elementos de projeto, destaca-se a camada de impermeabilização da cobertura final, frequentemente construída com solo argiloso, que deve, entre outras funções, minimizar ao máximo a infiltração de águas pluviais para o interior do aterro e o fluxo de gases com o meio ambiente. As características físicas, químicas e mineralógicas dos materiais dessa camada devem ser analisadas para a avaliar seu potencial de utilização. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de argilas expansivas, sujeitas à variação de umidade, como material impermeabilizante de cobertura de aterros sanitários, sendo caracterizadas duas amostras por meio de ensaios geotécnicos. As características foram compatíveis com os requisitos exigidos nas normas consultadas. A parte superior de uma camada de argila compactada foi reproduzida com uma das amostras em um modelo experimental, sujeita à secagem, com observação da formação de trincas e medições do teor de umidade ao longo do tempo e profundidade. A formação de trincas na superfície se iniciou para teores de umidade acima do limite de plasticidade. A aplicação de uma carga hidráulica na superfície após a etapa de secagem resultou em um fechamento das trincas em razão da expansão da argila, indicando eficiência na restrição de entrada de águas pluviais. No entanto, o uso de material expansivo para esse fim deve ser investigado quanto ao seu desempenho em campo, tanto na fase de construção, durante a compactação, quanto de operação, quando estará sujeito às variações climáticas.
ABSTRACT Solid waste landfills are works built to contain solid urban waste, being the most used final disposal method in Brazil. One of the most important components of the project is the final cover, the low hydraulic conductivity layer, with clayey materials, which has the function of minimizing the infiltration of rainwater into the landfill and the entry and exit of gases. The physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of clayey materials must be analyzed for potential use as a cover layer. The present work aimed to evaluate the use of clays, with expansive characteristics, subject to water content variations, as cover material in landfills, being characterized two clay samples through geotechnical tests. The characterization indicated samples with characteristics compatible with the requirements demanded by the consulted standards. One of them was used in a laboratory model and reproduced the upper part of a layer of compacted clay, subject to drying on the surface, with observation of the formation of cracks, and with measurements of the water content over time and depth. Cracks on the clay surface occurred during the drying process, starting for water contents above the limit of plasticity of the clay. The application of a hydraulic head on the surface, after the drying step, resulted in cracks closure, due to the expansion of the clay, indicating efficiency in the restriction of rainwater entry. However, the use of expansive material for this purpose should be investigated regarding its performance in the field, both in the construction phase, during compaction, and in operation, subject to climatic variations.
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RESUMEN El presente artículo busca describir las condiciones de salud y trabajo de los recicladores a nivel mundial, desde el modelo de condiciones de trabajo de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en PubMed, Taylor and Francis, Science Direct y SAGE de artículos publicados entre los años 1999 al 2019. Para el proceso de depuración de artículos se utilizó el gestor bibliográfico Mendeley. Se obtuvieron 857 registros, de los cuales 88 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La mayoría de los estudios eran de casos y controles, con la aplicación de cuestionarios, entrevistas, encuestas y discusiones de grupos focales. Las condiciones intralaborales de los recicladores se relacionan principalmente con la exposición a agentes químicos y biológicos; las condiciones extralaborales que más influyen en el desempeño laboral están asociadas con su situación económica, familiar, vivienda y relación con el entorno. Las condiciones individuales que más inciden en la salud y el trabajo de los recicladores están asociadas con el sexo, la edad y la escolaridad. Desde el abordaje del modelo de condiciones de trabajo esta revisión de literatura identificó y explicó los agentes de riesgo y los efectos en la salud de recicladores como consecuencia de su exposición a entornos de trabajo inseguros y peligrosos.
ABSTRACT This scoping review article seeks to describe the health and work conditions of waste pickers worldwide from the working conditions model of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, through a review of scientific articles published between the years 1999 to 2019. The bibliographic search was carried out manually in PubMed, Taylor and Francis, ScienceDirect, and SAGE. For the article screening process, the Mendeley bibliographic manager was used. The methodological quality was based on a rigorous and serious process respecting the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. 857 records were obtained, of which 88 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies analyzed had a qualitative approach, based on the application of questionnaires, interviews, surveys, and focus group discussions. The intra-work conditions of the waste picker population are mainly related to situations that affect their work environment, while the non-work conditions that most influence the work performance of waste pickers are associated with their economic and family situation, place of residence, and relationship with the environment. The individual conditions that most affect the health and work of waste pickers are associated with sex, age, and education. From the approach to the working conditions model, this literature review identified and explained the different risk agents and effects on the health of waste pickers around the world as a consequence of their exposure to unsafe and dangerous work environments.
Subject(s)
Health Status , Occupational Health , Waste Pickers , RiskABSTRACT
RESUMO Este artigo apresenta estudos de coagulação, floculação e flotação por ar dissolvido que foram conduzidos com o objetivo de promover a clarificação de águas de lavagens de filtros (ALF) em uma estação de tratamento de água (ETA) com base em experimentos de bancada e piloto. A efetividade da coagulação-floculação foi analisada pela flotabilidade dos agregados obtidos sob diferentes níveis de pH e dosagem de cloreto de polialumínio, enquanto ensaios de flotação foram investigados com base na eficiência de saturação em bancada e na taxa de recirculação. Os resultados indicaram que o pH e a concentração do coagulante representaram condições críticas na etapa de coagulação. A variação do pH da ALF condicionada com 8 mg.L-1 de Al+3 destacou a formação de espécies hidrolisáveis e a elevada atividade das cargas dos coloides indicou a ocorrência de mecanismos diferentes da neutralização de cargas na coagulação. A máxima clarificação da água ocorreu com dosagem de 12 mg.L-1 de Al+3, razão de recirculação de 10%, tempo de floculação de 15 min e pH 6,5. Em configuração otimizada, a técnica alcançou remoção de 88% de turbidez e 86% de sólidos totais, o que pode resultar em mais de 11 quilogramas de sólidos removidos do sistema de tratamento em cada ciclo de lavagem em comparação com a sedimentação, implicando aumento de 33% da carreira de filtração e, consequentemente, redução de custos e melhor desempenho da estação.
ABSTRACT This article presents studies on coagulation, flocculation and dissolved air flotation that were conducted with the aim of promoting the clarification of spent filter backwash water (SFBW) in a Water Treatment Plant (WTP) based on bench and pilot experiments. The effectiveness of coagulation-flocculation was analyzed according to the buoyancy of the aggregates obtained from different levels of pH and dosage of polyaluminium chloride, whereas flotation tests were investigated based on bench saturation efficiency and recirculation rate. According to the results, the pH and the concentration of the coagulant represented critical conditions in the coagulation. The pH variation of the SFBW conditioned with 8 mg.L-1 of Al + 3 highlighted the formation of hydrolyzable species, and the high activity of the colloid indicated the occurrence of different mechanisms for neutralization in the coagulation. The maximum clarification of the SFBW occurred with a dosage of 12 mg.L-1 of Al+3, recirculation rate of 10%, flocculation time of 15 min, and pH 6.5. In an optimized configuration, the technique achieved removal of 88% turbidity and 86% total solids, which can result in more than 11 kilograms of solids removed from the WTP in each backwashing cycle compared with sedimentation. This would imply an increase of 33% in the backwashing interval and, consequently, in the reduction of costs and in the better performance of the WTP.
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ABSTRACT Improper design and management of the cover layer of a sanitary landfill has been proven to produce harmful environmental impacts on the environment. One alternative at hand is to develop scenarios based on simulation of physical and computational models to represent the expected field water balance of a landfill coverage layer. This paper investigates the design of a sanitary landfill final cover in the municipality of Seropédica, which is located at the state of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. More specifically, the compact soil coverage, which is widely used for landfill final cover of municipal solid waste, is evaluated in contrast to vegetation cover by grass, vegetation cover by brachiaria and capillary barrier. To accomplish such task, hydrometeorological forcing conditions, namely daily rainfall and temperature, were retrieved from the Anchieta weather station, which is situated nearby the study area. The Hydrus 1D and 2/3 D computational codes were employed to develop a set of scenarios to follow the contamination plume evolution within the landfill along the time frame of 20 years with some degree of reliability. It should be noted that the performed evaluation indicates the possibility to control the leachate release and consequently to avoid contaminating the environment, notably to prevent soil and water resources pollution. Vegetation cover by grass and brachiaria showed important control mechanisms with respect to the movement of the contaminant plume. In addition, it should be noticed that the best results for the landfill final cover were achieved for the capillary barrier, while poor performance results were obtained for the commonly employed compact soil.
RESUMO O projeto e a gestão inadequados da camada de cobertura de um aterro sanitário produzem impactos ambientais prejudiciais ao meio ambiente. Uma alternativa disponível é desenvolver cenários baseados na simulação de modelos físicos e computacionais para representar o balanço hídrico que se espera que ocorra em uma camada de cobertura do aterro por meio de um experimento de campo. O presente trabalho investiga o projeto de cobertura final de um aterro sanitário no município de Seropédica, localizado no estado do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil. Mais especificamente, a cobertura compacta do solo, que é amplamente utilizada para a cobertura final de aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos, é avaliada em contraste com a cobertura vegetal por gramíneas, cobertura vegetal por braquiária e barreira capilar. Para realização dessa tarefa, forçantes hidrometeorológicas, nomeadamente precipitação e temperatura na escala diária, foram obtidas da estação meteorológica de Anchieta, situada nas proximidades da área de estudo. Os códigos computacionais Hydrus 1D e 2/3 D foram empregados para desenvolver um conjunto de cenários para acompanhar a evolução da pluma de contaminação no interior do aterro ao longo do período de 20 anos com algum grau de confiabilidade. Ressalta-se que a avaliação realizada indica a possibilidade de controlar a liberação de chorume e, consequentemente, de evitar a contaminação do meio ambiente, notadamente para prevenir a poluição do solo e dos recursos hídricos. A cobertura vegetal por gramíneas e braquiárias apresentou importantes mecanismos de controle com relação ao movimento da pluma contaminante. Além disso, deve-se notar que os melhores resultados para a cobertura final do aterro foram alcançados para a barreira capilar, enquanto que os resultados de baixo desempenho foram obtidos para o solo compacto comumente empregado.
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ABSTRACT Wood is a renewable material considered eco-friendly and used for various purposes. While wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) does not deteriorate, its final disposal may entail risks due to the concentration and toxicity of the components. The removal of CCA from wood can be achieved in different ways. This study focuses on the reduction of the concentrations of Cu, Cr, and As chemical species by the electro-removal technique, aiming to obtain biomass with low deleterious potential that would allow multiple uses or safe disposal in landfills. The analytical results showed reductions of 79.5, 87.4, and 81.3% in the mean concentrations of Cu, Cr, and As, respectively. It is worth mentioning the occurrence of the fungus Xylaria sp. after treatment 6 (60 min, 5 g, and 25 V), further suggesting that the method was effective. Samples of these fungi were identified from isolates by culture in medium, DNA extraction, and sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region.
RESUMO A madeira é um material renovável, considerado ecologicamente correto e utilizado para diversos fins. Embora a madeira tratada com arseniato de cobre cromado (CCA) não se deteriore facilmente, seu descarte final pode acarretar riscos devido à concentração e toxicidade dos componentes. A remoção do CCA da madeira pode ser realizada de diferentes maneiras. Este estudo teve como foco a redução das concentrações de espécies químicas Cu, Cr e As pela técnica de eletro-remoção, visando obter uma biomassa com baixo potencial deletério que permitiria múltiplos usos ou disposição final segura em aterros sanitários. Os resultados analíticos mostraram reduções de 79,5; 87,4 e 81,3% nas concentrações médias de Cu, Cr e As, respectivamente. Vale ressaltar a ocorrência do fungo Xylaria sp. após o tratamento 6 (60 min, 5 g e 25 V), sugerindo ainda que o método foi eficaz. Amostras desses fungos foram identificadas dos isolados por meio de cultura em meio, extração de DNA e sequenciamento da região do espaçador transcrito interno (ITS).
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Las actividades humanas producen un fuerte impacto en la degradación del ambiente. Por tanto, es necesario considerar que, si bien es cierto que en general, los residuos que genera no son tóxicos, su volumen es considerable, produciendo contaminación visual y la rápida colmatación de los vertederos. Objetivo: la presente propuesta de estudio tiene como objetivo validar un instrumento de investigación con el fin de obtener los datos necesarios para diseño de un plan de manejo ambiental y la búsqueda de estrategias para clasificar, reducir, y reutilizar los desechos. Y que autoevalúe el sistema de gestión ambiental, teniendo en cuenta aquellos aspectos relacionados con la normatividad de medio ambiente. Materiales y métodos: El instrumento fue sometido a consideración por juicio de expertos en el tema en el que intervinieron 3 PhDs y 2 especialistas del tema y determinó el grado pertinencia, la validez y la confiabilidad, aplicando el método Delphi que permite encontrar el coeficiente de competencia en forma y contenido. Resultados: Se evidencia que tanto los PhD y los especialistas indican que el instrumento está en la categoría de excelente, por tanto, se puede afirmar que es un instrumento pertinente, válido y confiable para ser aplicado en una prueba piloto. Conclusión: El instrumento presenta validez y confiabilidad aceptable para medir el manejo de las estrategias de conservación ambiental con el fin de reducir, reciclar y reutilizar los desechos sólidos(AU)
Human activities produce a strong impact on the degradation of the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to consider that, although it is true that in general, the waste generated is not toxic, its volume is considerable, producing visual pollution and the landfills rapid clogging. Objective: The purpose of this study proposal is to validate a research instrument in order to obtain the necessary data for the design of an environmental management plan and the search for strategies to classify, reduce and reuse waste. In addition, to self-evaluate the environmental management system, taking into account those aspects related to environmental regulations. Materials and methods: The instrument was submitted to the judgment of experts in the subject, in which three PhDs and two specialists in the subject participated and determined the degree of relevance, validity and reliability, applying the Delphi method that allows finding the coefficient of competence in form and content. The results: It is evident that both the PhDs and the specialists indicate that the instrument is in the excellent category; therefore, it can be affirmed that it is a pertinent, valid and reliable instrument to be applied in a pilot test. Conclusion: The instrument presents acceptable validity and reliability to measure the management of environmental conservation strategies to reduce, recycle and reuse solid waste(AU)
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Humans , Solid Waste/analysis , Surveys and Questionnaires , Validation Study , Recycling , Environment , Environment and Public Health , Environmental PollutionABSTRACT
RESUMO Os resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) contêm aproximadamente 50% de fração orgânica (FO), que, por meio de processos de biodegradação em aterros sanitários, resultam em lixiviados e biogás. A degradação anaeróbia ocorre impulsionada por processos microbianos realizados por um consórcio complexo de micro-organismos, responsáveis pelas diferentes fases. Por outro lado, observa-se que as nanopartículas (NP), especialmente as de prata (NPsAg), vêm sendo cada vez mais utilizadas em novos produtos. Assim, os RSU podem apresentar materiais nanoparticulados, que, depositados em aterros sanitários, se comportam de maneira ainda pouco conhecida, podendo influenciar os processos de biodegradação. Os objetivos do presente trabalho são analisar e verificar o potencial metanogênico de resíduos sólidos orgânicos com e sem a interferência de diferentes concentrações e tipos de NPsAg. Para isso, foram realizados ensaios do potencial biometanogênico com as concentrações de 5, 15, 45, 50, 150 e 450 mg NPsAg.kg−1 RSU e comparados com a amostra padrão (branco). Diferentes tipos de nanopartículas foram utilizados: sólido (em pó), solução em base aquosa e em base alcoólica com álcool polivinílico (PVA). Os resultados mostram que, em concentrações altas (150 e 450 mg NPsAg.kg−1), as NPsAg tendem a diminuir a atividade dos micro-organismos metanogênicos. Finalmente, a modelagem dos resultados mostrou que o modelo logístico se ajusta bem aos dados experimentais. A regressão linear entre os parâmetros desse modelo e a concentração de NPsAg demonstram o decréscimo dos parâmetros com o aumento na concentração desses compostos.
ABSTRACT Municipal solid waste (MSW) contains approximately 50% of organic fraction (OF), which through landfill biodegradation processes results in leachate and biogas. Anaerobic degradation occurs driven by microbial processes, with a complex consortium of microorganisms, responsible for different phases. On the other hand, it is observed that nanoparticles (NPs), specially silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), have been appearing in a large range of new products. The MSW, for example, can present nanoparticulate materials, which, deposited in landfills, behave in a way still little known in science, and that can influence the biodegradation processes. The objective of this work is to analyze and verify the biochemical methanogenic potential of organic solid waste with and without the interference of different concentrations and types of AgNPs. For that purpose, tests of biochemical methane potential (BMP) with the concentrations of 5, 15 and 45, 50, 150 and 450 AgNPs mg.kg−1 were carried out and verified through a standard sample (white). Different types of nanoparticles were used: solid (powder), and two solutions, aqueous and alcoholic (polyvinyl alcohol — PVA). The results showed the interference of AgNPs in the highest concentrations used, considerably decreasing the biological process measured through the activity of microorganisms in the production of methane gas, which occurred in the range between 150 and 450 mg.kg−1 of AgNPs. Finally, the statistical studies and the mathematical modeling of the results showed that the logistic model adjusted well to the experimental data. The linear regression of the model parameters with the concentration of AgNPs demonstrates the decrease in the values of the parameters with the increase in the concentration of these compounds.
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RESUMO A incineração é uma tecnologia de tratamento térmico de resíduos sólidos cujo principal objetivo é a redução do volume e da massa dos resíduos a serem depositados em aterros. Os incineradores construídos nas últimas décadas trazem a possibilidade de recuperação energética dos resíduos, na forma de vapor e/ou energia elétrica, entretanto essa tecnologia ainda gera questionamentos sobre possíveis impactos ambientais relacionados às suas emissões. A incineração é regulada na Europa por legislação específica que, entre outras questões, obriga a divulgação de dados de monitoramento ambiental de incineradores. No presente trabalho, são analisados dados de emissões atmosféricas de incineradores associados à Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants (CEWEP), por meio de buscas nos websites dos respectivos incineradores, em artigos científicos e relatórios técnicos. Foram examinados dados de monitoramento de todos os poluentes de medição contínua e periódica definidos na legislação da UE, em séries temporais de 2010 a 2017. Todos os valores médios anuais de emissões nos incineradores analisados estiveram abaixo dos limites definidos pela diretiva europeia, com pequena variação ao longo dos anos observados. A comparação dos padrões de emissão europeus com os brasileiros mostra a necessidade de mudança na legislação local referente à incineração para que, caso essa tecnologia seja implementada no Brasil, ela possa operar respeitando limites seguros, com garantia de minimização de impactos ao ambiente e às populações do entorno.
Abstract Incineration is a solid waste treatment technology whose main purpose is to reduce the volume and mass of the waste to be disposed of in landfills. The incinerators built in the last decades bring the possibility of energy recovery from waste, in the form of steam and/or electric energy. However, this technology still raises questions about possible environmental impacts related to its emissions. Incineration is regulated in Europe through specific legislation which, among other issues, requires the disclosure of environmental monitoring data for incinerators. In the present work, atmospheric emissions data from incinerators associated with the Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants (CEWEP) are analyzed by searching the websites of the respective incinerators, scientific articles and technical reports. Monitoring data on all continuous and periodic measured pollutants defined in the legislation in time series from 2010 to 2017 were analyzed. All annual average emission values of the incinerators analyzed were below the limits defined by the European Union's Directive, with little variation over the observed years. The comparison of European with Brazilian emission standards shows the need for a change in local legislation on incineration so that, if this technology is implemented in Brazil, it will operate within safe limits, with a guarantee of minimizing impacts on the environment and surrounding populations.
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Introducción: En la prestación del servicio público de aseo, los trabajadores se encuentran expuestos a múltiples factores de riesgo que pueden afectar su integridad personal, debido a la ocurrencia de accidentes o enfermedades laborales. Dentro de las actividades que agrupa este servicio se encuentran la disposición, recolección, almacena-miento, transporte y disposición final de residuos; así como el barrido, limpieza de vías, corte de césped o poda de árboles. Objetivo: Describir los factores de riesgo laborales asociados con la recolección de residuos sólidos urbanos dentro de la prestación del servicio público de aseo tanto en el ámbito internacional como en el nacional. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica descriptiva con un enfoque narrativo, usando palabras clave validadas en tesauros, en idioma inglés y español (entre ellas factores de riesgo, ergonomía, residuos sólidos, segregadores de residuos sólidos), y se seleccionaron artículos en un intervalo de tiempo de quince años, para un total de 50 referencias seleccionadas. Resultados: Los factores de riesgo más estudiados están relacionados con los ambientales, los psicosociales, los biológicos, los mecánicos y los ergonómicos, y dentro de este último el trastorno musculoesquelético es el factor más detectado en los artículos consultados. Conclusiones: Dentro de los factores de riesgo más prevalentes están los riesgos ergonómicos y el riesgo biológi-co, teniendo en cuenta las posturas que realizan para la ejecución de las actividades y el contacto directo con los desechos.
Introduction: In the provision of the public cleaning service worldwide, workers are continuously exposed to multiple risk factors that can affect their personal integrity, through the appearance of ac-cidents or occupational diseases, within the activities that the provision groups together. This service includes the disposal, collection, storage, transportation and final disposal of waste, as well as swee-ping, cleaning roads, cutting grass, pruning trees. Objective: To describe the occupational risk factors associated with the collection of urban solid waste within the provision of the public cleaning service both internationally and nationally. Methodology: A descriptive bibliographic review was carried out with a narrative approach using keywords validated in thesauri, in English and Spanish, including risk factors, ergonomics, solid waste, solid waste segregators, articles were selected in a time interval of 15 years, extracting the informa-tion from 50 selected references. Results: The most studied risk factors are related to environmental, psychosocial, biological, mecha-nical and ergonomic risks, where in the latter the musculoskeletal disorder is the most predominant factor detected in the articles consulted. Conclusions: Among the most prevalent risk factors are ergonomic risks and biological risk, taking into account the postures they perform for the execution of activities and direct contact with waste
Introdução: Na prestação de serviços de saneamento público, os trabalhadores são expostos a múlti-plos fatores de risco que podem afetar sua integridade pessoal, devido á ocorrência de acidentes ou doenças profissionais. Entre as atividades incluídas neste serviço estão à eliminação, recolha, armaze-namento, transporte e eliminação final de resíduos, bem como varrer, limpeza de estradas, corte de grama ou poda de árvores. Objetivo: Descrever os fatores de rico ocupacional associados a recolha de resíduos sólidos urbanos na prestação de serviços de saneamento público, tanto a nível internacional como nacional. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica descritiva com uma abordagem narrativa, utili-zando palavras-chave validadas em thesaurus, em inglês e espanhol (entre elas fatores de risco, ergo-nomia, resíduos sólidos, segregadores de resíduos sólidos), e foram selecionados artigos ao longo de um período de quinze anos, para um total de 50 referências selecionadas. Resultados: Os fatores de risco mais estudados estão relacionados com fatores de risco ambientais, psicossociais, biológicos, mecânicos e ergonômicos, e dentre estes últimos às perturbações múscu-lo-esqueléticas são o fator mais detectado nos artigos consultados. Conclusões: Entre os fatores de risco mais prevalecentes estão os ricos ergonômicos e o risco bio-lógico, tendo em conta as posturas utilizadas na execução das atividades e o contato direto com os resíduos.