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ABSTRACT: Dietary fiber plays an important physiological role, which is directly linked to its physicochemical properties, water-holding, oil-binding, and cation-exchange capacities. These properties can be altered by employing enzymatic, mechanical, and physical processes. Enzymatic and chemical processes require solvents and special conditions that make it unfeasible to use. Thus, the use of physical methods, such as micronization and extrusion, make promising options to change the physicochemical properties of dietary fiber. In this way, this review aimed to approach relevant information about the use of physical processes, specifically micronization and extrusion, for this purpose. Furthermore, conceptual aspects, such as definition, classification, and properties of dietary fiber and mainly characteristics about the micronization and extrusion processes, are reported. Micronization and extrusion are based on the decrease of the particle size to a micro scale and on the combination of high temperature, mechanical shearing and pressure, respectively. Applying these methods, modifications on the food matrix occurred by increasing the surface area and disruption of the glycosidic bonds. Consequently, there is a change in physicochemical properties of dietary fiber, which predict the physiological effect associated with dietary fiber consumption, such as decrease in blood cholesterol and glucose levels and improvement of intestinal transit. Moreover, these changes increase the bio accessibility of bioactive compounds present in the food matrix and improve the antioxidant capacity of products.
RESUMO: A fibra alimentar desempenha importante papel fisiológico, o qual está diretamente ligado às suas propriedades físico-químicas de capacidade de retenção de água, ligação ao óleo e a cátions. Estas propriedades podem ser alteradas empregando-se métodos enzimáticos, químicos e físicos. Métodos enzimáticos e químicos requerem solventes e condições específicas que inviabilizam sua utilização. Assim, o emprego dos métodos físicos, tais como micronização e extrusão, tornam-se alternativas promissoras para alterar as propriedades físico-químicas da fibra alimentar. Desta forma, este trabalho visa abordar informações relevantes sobre o uso dos processos físicos, especificamente micronização e extrusão para essa finalidade. Além disso, aspectos conceituais como definição, classificação e propriedades da fibra alimentar e as principais características dos processos de micronização e extrusão são relatados. Micronização e extrusão baseiam-se na diminuição do tamanho de partícula para microescala e na combinação de alta temperatura, pressão e força de cisalhamento, respectivamente. Aplicando-se estes métodos, modificações na matriz alimentícia ocorrem pelo aumento da área superficial e rompimento das ligações glicosídicas da matriz alimentar. Consequentemente, são observadas alterações nas propriedades físico-químicas da fibra alimentar, as quais predizem o efeito fisiológico associado ao seu consumo, como diminuição dos níveis de colesterol e glicose sanguíneos e a melhora do trânsito intestinal. Ademais, essas alterações aumentam a bioacessibilidade dos compostos bioativos presentes na matéria-prima alimentícia e melhoram a capacidade antioxidante dos produtos obtidos.
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Objective To investigate the clinical usefulness and safety of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) combined with probiotics in treating elderly patients with antibiotic associated diarrhea(AAD).Methods A total of 88 hospitalized elderly patients (≥65 years old) treated with antibiotics during August 2014 to August 2016 were included in this study. Patients were divided into control group(26 cases),probiotics group(30 cases)and combined group(32 cases).The control group was given maltodextrin as placebo intervention, the probiotics group was given the same dose of probiotics only, and the combined group was given SDF and probiotics treatment. The treatment was observed for 14 d. The incidence and the recurrence rate of ADD, the results of fecal culture and the incidence of adverse reactions were monitored in the three groups. Results The incidence of ADD was obviously lower in the combined group and the probiotics group than that of control group(6.25% vs.26.92%,6.67% vs.26.92%,P<0.05).The disease duration of diarrhea was shorter in the combined group than that of probiotic group[(3.53 ± 0.62)d vs.(4.39 ± 1.01)d,P<0.05],but no difference was found when compared with that of control group [(3.55 ± 0.65) d]. After 7-day intervention, Enterococcus counts was significantly deceased in probiotic group(P<0.05).There were no significant changes in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts in probiotic group after 14-day intervention. In the combined group, after 7-day intervention, Enterococcus counts decreased (P<0.05), and then started increasing until the 14-day(P<0.05).Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium counts increased with the time passed (P<0.05).The incidence rates of total adverse reactions were 6.25%,10.00% and 23.07% for combined group,probiotics group and control group,and with no significant differences between them.Conclusion The probiotics combined with SDF has a good clinical effect on preventing the occurrence of antibiotic associated diarrhea and shortening the course of diarrhea in the elderly.It has high safety and it can regulate the intestinal flore with high safety.
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Intestinal motility disorders,one of the common complications of critically ill patients,can be caused by a variety of diseases.It was reported that intestinal motility disorders could be improved by modulating the micro-ecological environment in the distal digestive cavity and by reducing the bacterial toxins,and thereby it provides a new reference strategy for the treatment of intestinal motility disorders.Dictary fiber has physiological functions such as accelerating colonic transition,regulating the intestinal microflora and protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier.Clinically,dietary fiber is used as an adjuvant therapy of intestinal motility disorders widely in critical illness,inflammatory bowel disease and diabetes.In order to explore the relationship between the application of dietary fiber and the improvement of intestinal motility disorders,we retrieved the Chinese and English databases and summarized sone recent literatures for providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of intestinal motility disorders.
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Three varieties of cassava bread were analyzed by proximal analysis and biochemical methods. The content of protein, fat, carbohydrate, ash, crude fiber and dietary fiber (DF) differed significantly between each sample (p< 0.05). The cassava variety "Puerto Ayacucho" showed a higher content of insoluble DF (4.7%), soluble DF (1.6%), total DF (6.3%) and pectin (0.61%)) in comparison with the varieties of "Rio Chico" and "Caripito". Soluble DF retains significant amounts of water in the digestive tract, and this fact, combined with its reported effect of lowering human serum cholesterol its low moisture plus a high carbohydrate content confirm the suitability of this bread as an important nutritional food.
Tres variedades de casabe de yuca fueron analizados mediante el análisis proximal y métodos bioquímicos. El contenido de proteínas, grasas, hidratos de carbono, ceniza, fibra cruda y fibra dietética (FD) difieren significativamente entre cada muestra (p <0,05). La variedad de casabe "Puerto Ayacucho" mostró un mayor contenido de FD insoluble (4,7%), FD soluble (1,6%), FD total (6,3%) y pectina (0,61%)) en comparación con las variedades de "Rió Chico" y "Caripito ". FD soluble retiene grandes cantidades de agua en el tracto digestivo, y este hecho, combinado con su efecto ya reportado de bajar el colesterol del suero humano, así como el casabe de contener un bajo contenido de humedad aunado a un alto contenido de hidratos de carbono; confirma la idoneidad del mismo, como un importante alimento nutricional.
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Humans , Dietary Fiber , Manihot , Pectins , Nutritive Value , VenezuelaABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the impacts of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) on gastric emptying,postprandial blood glucose and insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Methods Totally 30 T2DM patients and 10 healthy subjects (control group) were randomized to receive SDF-free liquid (500 ml,2092 kJ) and isocalorie SDF liquid (at β-glucan 7.5 g,500 ml,2092 kJ) on two separate days based on a Cross-over order.Gastric emptying was monitored by ultrasomography at intervals of 30 min for 2 hours.Fasting and postprandial blood samples were collected at intervals of 30-60 min for 180 min to determine blood glucose and insulin.Results The proximal gastric emptying was delayed in SDF both in T2DM group (P =0.001)and control group (P =0.037).SDF significantly decreased the area under the curve of postprandial glucose (P =0.001) and insulin (P =0.001) in T2DM group.Postprandial glucose (r=-0.547,P =0.047) and insulin (r =-0.444,P =0.030) had negative correlation with distal emptying of SDF in T2DM patients.The distal gastric emptying was delayed significantly in T2DM patients with HbAlc≥6.5％ (n =13,P =0.021)by SDF.Conclusions SDF can improve the postprandial glucose level,which may be related with the delayed gastric emptying.T2DM patients with higher average blood glucose has remarkably delayed gastric emptying after the administration of SDF.
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The preparation method of a soluble dietary fiber from oak wood (Quercus mongolica) and the effect of the soluble dietary fiber on physiological function in rat fed high cholesterol diets was investigated. The best condition for steam explosion method was 25 kgf/cm3 pressure for 6 min. The exploded samples were delignified by the filtration treatment with 1% NaOH for several times, which is the best condition. The enzymatic hydrolysis of Cellusoft cellulase was more effective than Onozuka R-10 cellulase. The manufactured soluble dietary fiber was assayed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and it was dissolved in water. Average molecular weight distribution of manufactured soluble dietary fiber was about 348-1,200 and it was assumed the oligomer form fraction. In order to compare the manufactured soluble dietary fiber with commercial soluble dietary fiber (pectin) on the physiological function, Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100+/-10 g were randomly assigned to one normal diet and five high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol diet groups were classified to fiber free diet (FF group), 5% pectin (5P group), 10% pectin (l0P group), 5% manufactured soluble dietary fiber (5M group) and 10% manufactured soluble dietary fiber (10M group). Body weight gains in all soluble dietary fiber groups were lower than FF group. Food intakes were increased in all soluble dietary fiber groups than that of FF group. Food efficiency ratio (FER) was significantly decreased in all soluble dietary fiber groups than that of the FF group, and it was especially was highest in 10% supplemented soluble dietary fiber group. The weight of liver of the soluble dietary fiber supplemented groups were lower than those of the FF group, but weights of cecum and small intestine of all supplemented soluble dietary fiber groups were significantly increased, compared with that of FF group. The weights and water contents in feces were significantly increased by the soluble dietary fiber. The activity of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in soluble dietary fiber groups were significantly decreased than those of FF group. The hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity in all soluble dietary fiber supplemented groups were higher than that of FF group. The physiological effects of the manufactured soluble dietary fiber are the same as the commercial soluble dietary fiber (pectin). The preparation method of the soluble dietary fiber from the oak chips suited to its purpose.
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Aspartate Aminotransferases , Body Weight , Cecum , Cellulase , Cholesterol , Chromatography, Gel , Diet , Dietary Fiber , Explosions , Feces , Filtration , Glutathione Transferase , Hydrolysis , Intestine, Small , Liver , Molecular Weight , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Steam , Water , Weights and Measures , WoodABSTRACT
Objective To test the effect of Undaria pinnatifida soluble dietary fiber on endothelial function in hyperlipidemic rats. Method Forty rats were divided into 4 groups(n=10) :control group,hyperlipidemic model group,low dose dietary fiber-treated group(5%) ,high dose dietary fiber-treated group(10%) . After treatment for 8 w. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in isolated aortic rings,the content of plasma malondialdohyde(MDA) ,nitric oxide(NO) and endothelin-1(ET-1) were determined. The protein expression of endothelial NO synthase(eNOS) was measured by Western blotting. Results Undaria pinnatifida soluble dietary fiber treatment significantly decreased MDA and ET-1 level. It also significantly improved endothelial function and plasma NO level concomitantly with unregulation of the expression of eNOS protein. Conclusion In hyperlipidemic rats Undaria pinnatifida soluble dietary fiber could improve vascular endotheliual function,which might be explained by its action to decreasing plasma ET-1 level and increased NO production.