ABSTRACT
Conocida es la influencia de la fibra dietaria sobre los efectos mecánicos a nivel gastrointestinal, la composición y modulación de la microbiota intestinal y su función en la actividad metabólica y nutricional en adultos. En niños y adolescentes estos efectos son menos conocidos, generando interesantes áreas de investigación y desarrollo científico que nos puedan entregar mayor conocimiento de sus repercusiones a nivel fisiológicos y fisiopatológicos. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo entregar información actualizada sobre las diferentes clasificaciones de fibra, sus principales funciones digestivas y metabólicas, así como las recomendaciones de ingesta diaria en pediatría.
Among adults, the influence of dietary fiber on mechanical effects at the gastrointestinal level, the composition and modulation of the intestinal microbiota and function in the metabolic and nutritional activity is known. However, in children and adolescents, these effects are less known, generating interesting areas of research and development that could provide additional knowledge at the physiological and pathophysiological level. The aim of this review was to provide updated information about the different classifications of fiber, the principal digestive and metabolic functions, as well as recommendations for daily intake for pediatric populations.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage , Dietary Fiber/classification , Gastrointestinal Tract/physiology , Gastrointestinal Tract/metabolism , Recommended Dietary Allowances , Whole GrainsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Bioactive compounds are substances present in low doses in foods mostly from the plant kingdom. Their consumption can influence physiological or cellular processes and has a beneficial effect on health. Fucoidans and beta-glucans are bioactive compounds that share the characteristic of being carbohydrates of the polysaccharide type, specifically of the soluble fiber kind. These compounds can be found in foods available in Chile and part of the Chilean diet; foods include, brown algae and some cereals. The concentration of these compounds in foods is variable, and depends on factors like season, cultivation, germination, and method of preparation and conservation. The current literature shows the potential beneficial effects of fucoidan and beta-glucans compounds in human health, which include: anticoagulant, immuno-modulator and antidiabetic and immunomodulating. The effects depend, among other factors, on their bioavailability and molecular weight. The objective of this review was to describe the potential beneficial effects of these bioactive compounds, analyze their characteristics and properties, and provide consumption recommendations that may lead to achieving the expected beneficial effects. To that end, relevant and recent scientific literature was analyzed.
RESUMEN Los compuestos bioactivos corresponden a aquellos elementos presentes en los alimentos, que influyen en procesos fisiológicos o celulares, cuyo consumo produce un efecto beneficioso para la salud, encontrándose en alimentos principalmente del reino vegetal y cuyas concentraciones en los alimentos son en mínimas dosis. Los fucoidanos y los beta-glucanos, son compuestos bioactivos que comparten la característica de ser un carbohidrato, de tipo polisacárido, específicamente fibra de tipo soluble, encontrándose presente en alimentos disponibles en nuestro país y que son parte de nuestra dieta, como las algas pardas y algunos cereales. La concentración de estos compuestos en los alimentos, es fluctuante y depende de factores como la estacionalidad, cultivo, germinación, método de preparación y conservación. En la bibliografía actual, se evidencian los potenciales efectos beneficiosos de fucanos y beta-glucanos para la salud humana como anticoagulante, antidiabético e inmunomodulador, la intensidad de estos efectos dependen de su biodisponibilidad y del peso molecular. El objetivo de esta revisión fué profundizar respecto a los potenciales efectos beneficiosos de estos compuestos bioactivos, analizar sus características, propiedades, además de relacionar una recomendación de consumo que permita alcanzar los efectos beneficiosos esperados. Para ello se analizó la bibliografía científica atingente, relevante y reciente.
Subject(s)
Humans , Polysaccharides/administration & dosage , Polysaccharides/chemistry , beta-Glucans/administration & dosage , beta-Glucans/chemistry , Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage , Phytochemicals/administration & dosage , Phytochemicals/chemistry , Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage , Immunologic Factors/chemistryABSTRACT
Avaliou-se o efeito da ingestão contínua de pectina em 720 frangos de corte sobre o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça e o consumo de água. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema de parcela subdividida, com níveis de pectina 0, 1, 3 e 5%, e idade primeira, segunda, terceira, quarta, quinta e sexta semanas, com seis repetições por tratamento. A viabilidade criatória não foi influenciada pela pectina na ração. O peso vivo, o consumo de ração e o ganho de peso diminuíram, e a conversão alimentar aumentou com a ingestão de pectina aos 35 e 42 dias. Não houve efeito da pectina sobre o consumo de ração (CR) e o consumo de água (CAg) na terceira semana. Na sexta semana, o CAg e a relação CAg:CR aumentaram com a ingestão de pectina. Aos 35e 42 dias, todos os parâmetros avaliados para rendimento de carcaça e corte diminuíram com o aumento da ingestão da fibra, sendo que apenas o rendimento de coxa+sobrecoxa não sofreu influência aos 42 dias. Os dados mostram que a ingestão contínua de até 1% de pectina na ração mantém o desempenho máximo das aves e que o consumo acima desse nível prejudica os parâmetros zootécnicos e aumenta o consumo de água na fase de maior crescimento.
The effect of the continuous intake of pectin was evaluated for 720 broilers regarding performance, carcass yield and water consumption. The design was completely randomized in a split plot design, with pectin levels of 0, 1, 3 and 5% and age 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th week, with six replicates. The viability was not influenced by dietary pectin. Body weight, feed intake and weight gain decreased and feed intake increased with pectin at 35 and 42 days. No effect of pectin on feed intake (FI) and water consumption (W) in the third week. On the sixth week regarding W and FI: W increased with the intake of pectin. At 35 and 42 days all parameters for carcass and cut decreased with increasing intake of fiber, and only the thigh + drumstick yield was not affected at 42 days. The data show that the continuous intake of up to 1% pectin in the diet maintains the best performance in birds and consumption above that level affects the performance parameters and increases the consumption of water in the higher growth phase.
Subject(s)
Animals , Poultry/growth & development , Dietary Fiber/metabolism , Animal Feed/analysis , Food Additives , Pectins/analysisABSTRACT
O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as alterações sobre parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos após a suplementação crônica de farelo de aveia em corredores de rua na faixa etária de 18 a 52 anos. Os corredores foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo placebo (GP) e grupo experimental (GE) - respectivamente n = 7 e n = 12. Durante oito semanas o GP recebeu 20g de talco e o GE 30g de farelo de aveia. Foram avaliados a massa corporal, o percentual de gordura, a circunferência abdominal (CA), o índice de massa corporal (IMC), os leucócitos, os linfócitos e as imunoglobulinas A, G e A salivar. O grupo GE teve diminuída a massa corporal (IMC) e a CA, o que não ocorreu no GP após oito semanas. Nesse grupo também houve redução nas imunoglobulinas A e G no GE e redução na imunoglobulina G, se comparado com o GP. A suplementação de farelo de aveia demonstrou resultado positivo sobre os parâmetros antropométricos, mas com pequenas modificações bioquímicas.
The aim of this study was to investigate the alterations on anthropometric and biochemical parameters before and after chronic supplementation with oat bran in outdoor runners aged between 18 and 52 years. The runners were divided into two groups: placebo group (GP) and experimental group (GE), n = 7 and n = 12, respectively. The analyzed variables were: body mass, body fat percentage, abdominal circumference (AC), body mass index (BMI), leukocytes, lymphocytes as well as immunoglobulin A, G and A salivary. During 8 weeks GP received 20g of talc and GE 30g of oat brain. The oat bran group reduced body mass, BMI and AC, which was not observed for GP after 8 weeks. There was a decrease in immunoglobulins A and G for GE, and a decrease in immunoglobulin G if compared to GP. Oat brain supplementation induced positive results on anthropometric parameters, with minor alterations on the biochemical variables.
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to estimate the contents of dietary insoluble and soluble fiber in school meal. Samples of the school meals were collected from May to June in 2008. Three elementary schools and three middle schools around Masan area were selected for analysis. Dietary soluble and insoluble fibers in the school meals were analyzed directly by the AOAC method. From the initial experiment phase, we used cellulose and pectin as a standard of dietary fiber, and average recovery rate of insoluble fiber and soluble fiber was calculated. The recovery rate was observed, the cellulose 109.7+/-11.7% (range 90~150%) and pectin 77.8+/-10.8% (range 64.7~96.7%), respectively. The amounts of insoluble fiber and soluble fiber were analyzed in the total of 66 dishes, which included 7 kinds of cooked rice (bab) made with some cereal products and vegetables, 19 kinds of soup (guk) made with meats or vegetables, 11 kinds of kimchi, 21 kinds of entrees or side dishes, and 8 special dishes. Conclusively the school meal, per serving size, would provide above 75% KDRI of total dietary fibers through mainly soups and special menu, with the exception to fruits. In addition, it might be expected that children could consume more soluble fiber from the meals with the special dishes than from the regular ones.
Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Cellulose , Edible Grain , Dietary Fiber , Fruit , Meals , Meat , Nitroimidazoles , Pectins , Sulfonamides , VegetablesABSTRACT
A suplementação dietética de fibras solúveis e L-glutamina tem mostrado efeitos benéficos na diarreia crônica refratária relacionada à aids. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o efeito dessa suplementação em paciente com diarreia refratária associada à síndrome consumptiva do HIV/aids. A terapia nutricional enteral acrescida de L-glutamina e fibra solúvel mostrou-se eficaz no controle da diarreia, provavelmente por auxiliar no reparo da mucosa colônica,favorecendo a rápida recuperação intestinal. O resultado positivo alcançado sugere um novo protocolo coadjuvante no tratamento da diarreia crônica refratária nesses indivíduos.
Dietary supplementation of soluble fiber and L-glutamine has shown beneficial effects in refractory chronical diarrhea associated with aids. The aim of thisstudy was to report the effect of supplementation in patients with refractory diarrhea associated with wasting of HIV/aids. Enteral nutritional therapy associated with L-glutamine and soluble fiber has been effective in controlling diarrhea, probably because of its assistance in the repair of the colonic mucosa, favoring the rapid intestinal recovery. The positive result achieved suggests a new protocol support in the treatment of refractory chronical diarrhea in these individuals.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Dietary Fiber , HIV , Enteral Nutrition , Diarrhea/therapy , Glutamine/therapeutic useABSTRACT
An assay with 36 swine initially weighting 83.7±5.1kg body weight (BW) was carried out to evaluate the effects of the use of different dietary citrus pulp levels, 0, 10 percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent, upon digestive organs weights, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of animals subjected to qualitative feed restriction program, and slaughtered at 130kg BW. Linear response (P<0.05) on the weight of stomach, colon, and liver were observed. Negative linear responses (P<0.05) on final BW and carcass yield relative to citrus pulp addition to the diet were observed. Although a negative linear effect (P<0.05) of increasing dietary levels of citrus pulp had been observed on ham weight, yield of this by product was not affected (P>0.05). Higher levels of citrus pulp neither decreased backfat thickness nor increased amount of lean meat, indicative that qualitative feed restriction was not efficient. Positive linear effect (P<0.05) on pH measured 24 hours after slaughter and negative linear effect (P<0.05) on color characteristics as function of citrus pulp dietary levels were verified. Citrus pulp addition in qualitative feed restriction program may not be effective. As no deleterious effects upon meat qualities were observed, citrus pulp can be used as an alternative feedstuff for finishing swine.
Foi realizado um ensaio utilizando 36 suínos machos castrados, com peso inicial de 83,7±5,1kg, para avaliar o efeito da inclusão de polpa cítrica, 0, 10, 20 e 30 por cento, em um programa de restrição alimentar qualitativa para suínos abatidos aos 130kg de peso, sobre o peso dos órgãos do sistema digestório e sobre características da carcaça e da qualidade da carne. A inclusão de polpa cítrica proporcionou aumento linear (P<0,05) nos pesos do estômago, cólon e fígado, e efeito quadrático (P<0,05) no peso do ceco. Foi observada redução linear (P<0,05) no peso, no rendimento da carcaça e no peso do pernil, porém não houve efeito (P>0,05) sobre o rendimento do pernil. Maior inclusão de polpa cítrica não foi suficiente para reduzir a espessura do toucinho e aumentar a quantidade de carne magra na carcaça, mostrando que a restrição alimentar qualitativa não foi eficiente. Foi observado aumento linear (P<0,05) do pH da carcaça resfriada e linear negativo (P<0,05) sobre as variáveis indicativas de cor da carne em função da inclusão da polpa cítrica nas dietas. A adição de polpa cítrica em programas de restrição alimentar qualitativa não foi eficiente. Por não promover nenhum efeito deletério sobre as características da carne, a polpa cítrica pode ser utilizada como ingrediente alternativo para suínos em terminação.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Meat/analysis , Citrus/adverse effects , Diet , Animal Feed , Swine/growth & developmentABSTRACT
The aim of this work was to study the effect of inclusion of citrus pulp in the diet of finishing pigs. In the first trial, 16 Topigs barrows with 80.5±4.7 kg of initial BW were used to evaluate the digestibility of citrus pulp. Having 18.85 percent of neutral detergent fiber and 41.18 percent of neutral detergent soluble fiber, citrus pulp showed as a feasible alternative ingredient to be added in the diets of feed restricted finishing pigs. Second trial tested the use of 0, 10, 20, 30 percent of citrus pulp in the diets of 36-feed-restricted barrows with initial BW of 83.7±5.1 kg. A quadratic trend (P<0.05) as function of citrus pulp levels was observed for daily weight gain and number of experimental days to reach 130kg BW, being the best estimated inclusion levels of citrus pulp 10.79 and 10.97 percent, respectively. For urea and triacylglycerol serological parameters, no effects of citrus pulp were observed (P>0.05), but a quadratic trend existed on cholesterol serological content.
No primeiro ensaio foram utilizados 16 suínos machos castrados da linhagem Topigs, com peso inicial de 80,5±4,7 kg, para a avaliação biológica da polpa cítrica. Por apresentar 18,85 por cento de fibra em detergente neutro e 41,18 por cento de fibra solúvel em detergente neutro, a polpa cítrica mostrou-se como um ingrediente viável a ser utilizado em programas de restrição alimentar qualitativa. No segundo ensaio foram utilizados 36 suínos machos castrados, com peso inicial de 83,7±5,1 kg, recebendo rações com níveis de 0, 10, 20 e 30 por cento de polpa cítrica. Os animais foram abatidos com peso próximo de 130 kg, sendo avaliados quanto ao desempenho e parâmetros séricos. Houve resposta quadrática (P<0,05) para ganho diário de peso e número de dias para atingir o peso de 130 kg, em função dos níveis de polpa cítrica na dieta, sendo observados melhores resultados com níveis de inclusão de 10,79 e 10,97 por cento, respectivamente. Para os parâmetros séricos avaliados, não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) dos níveis de polpa cítrica sobre a uréia e triacilgliceróis, porém houve resposta quadrática (P<0,05) para o colesterol em função dos níveis de polpa cítrica.
ABSTRACT
psyllium (Plantago psyllium) é um vegetal comumente utilizado como adjuvante no tratamento de afecções que resultam em constipação. Com o objetivo de melhor compreender os efeitos dessa fibra em cães, foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro avaliou, em cães sadios, inclusões de 0 por cento, 2 por cento e 4 por cento de semente integral moída de psyllium à dieta (com base na matéria natural). Para tanto, foram empregados oito cães da raça Beagles adultos, os quais receberam as dietas experimentais por oito dias. Verificou-se aumento linear da umidade das fezes com a adição de teores crescentes de psyllium (R²=0,54 e P=0,0012), sem alteração do escore fecal e número de defecações por dia. O segundo experimento incluiu avaliação da opinião de 24 proprietários cujos cães receberam suplementação de 2 por cento de psyllium como parte do tratamento de afecções que causaram constipação. Dos proprietários incluídos, 19 (79,2 por cento) relataram melhora da defecação de seus cães durante a administração da fibra. Quinze (62,5 por cento) observaram que as fezes dos animais, antes ressecadas ou endurecidas, tornaram-se normais ou pastosas. Os resultados comprovaram para cães os efeitos laxativos do psyllium já descritos na medicina humana, indicando seu uso no tratamento de suporte de enfermidades que levam à constipação.
psyllium (Plantago psyllium) is a fiber generally used as a supplement in the treatment of diseases that led to constipation. To understanding of the effects of this fiber in dogs, two experiments were conducted. The first evaluated in healthy dogs a diet supplementation with 0 percent, 2 percent and 4 percent of ground whole psyllium seeds (as-fed basis). Eight adult Beagle dogs were used. They received the experimental diets for eight days. A linear increase of faecal moisture was verified with the addition of psyllium (R²=0.54 and P=0.0012), with no alteration on faecal score or number of defecations per day. The second experiment included 24 dogs with constipation. The dogs received a diet supplemented with 2 percent of psyllium as part of the treatment, and the owners were invited to answer a questionnaire. Nineteen (79.2 percent) owners reported that their dog had an easier defecation process during supplementation. Fifteen (62.5 percent) reported that the animals´ faeces, which were dry or hard at the start, became normal or pasty after psyllium consumption. The results confirmed a laxative effect of psyllium in dogs, which was already reported in human medicine, supporting the use of this fiber in the clinical management of diseases that cause constipation in dog.
ABSTRACT
No Brasil, observa-se, atualmente, um aumento progressivo de obesidade, doenças cardiovasculares, câncer, diabetes, dislipidemia, entre outros, influenciando no perfil de morbimortalidade das populações. A nutrição precisa se adequar a esses desafios por meio do desenvolvimento de novos conceitos com o intuito de assegurar o bem-estar, a saúde e o risco mínimo do desenvolvimento de doenças. Os alimentos funcionais são conceitos novos e estimulantes, pois além de fornecerem a nutrição básica, promovem a saúde por meio de mecanismos não previstos pela nutrição convencional. Os frutooligossacarídeos (ou oligofrutose) e a inulina são açúcares não convencionais e têm tido grande impacto na indústria de alimentos devido às suas características funcionais. São oligossacarídeos resistentes encontrados naturalmente nos alimentos ou, ainda, produzidos industrialmente a partir da sacarose, sendo classificados como alimentos funcionais, alimentos prebióticos e fibras alimentares solúveis. Evidências científicas demonstram que os frutooligossacarídeos e a inulina possuem compostos bioativos capazes de atuar no organismo, produzindo efeitos metabólicos e/ou fisiológicos e/ou benéficos à saúde humana. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar, mediante uma revisão crítica de artigos publicados nas bases de dados MedLine, Lilacs, NCBI, Capes, Scielo, Google scholar e Cochrane, os efeitos da suplementação dietética com frutooligossacarídeos e inulina no organismo humano e, consequentemente, o impacto dessa terapia sobre a saúde dos indivíduos.
Currently, it is observed, a gradual increase in obesity, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, dislypidemia, among others, influencing morbidity and mortality profiles of the population in Brazil. Nutrition has to adjust itself to these challenges by developing new concepts aiming at assuring well-being, health and minimum risk to develop diseases. Functional foods are new and stimulating concepts, since additionally to supplying basic nutrition, they promote health through mechanisms not foreseen in conventional nutrition. Fructooligosaccharides (or oligofructose)and inulin are not conventional sugars and they have had great impact in food industry due their functional features. They are oligosaccharides resistant found naturally in foods or, still, produced industrially from saccharose,being classified as functional foods, prebiotics foods and soluble fibers. Scientific evidences demonstrate that fructooligosaccharides and inulin possess bioactive composites capable of acting in the organism, producing metabolic and/or physiological and/or beneficial effects to human health. The objective of this study was to investigate, by critical review of articles published in the MedLine, Lilacs, NCBI, Capes, Scielo, Google scholar and Cochrane databases, the effects of dietary supplement with fructooligosaccharides and inulin in human organism and, consequently, the impact of this therapy on the health of individuals.
Subject(s)
Dietary Supplements , Inulin , Functional Food , PrebioticsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Although a diet that is rich in fiber is widely recommended to prevent and treat constipation, the efficacy of fiber supplements with yogurt has not been studied sufficiently. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a yogurt enriched water-soluble fiber on the various symptoms of constipation in female adults with functional constipation. RESULTS: We did a double-blind and case-controlled study between two groups (placebo vs. fiber group), which were randomly allocated out of 42 subjects with functional constipation by using Rome II criteria. Bowel habits, daily nutritional intakes and physical activities were determined by using a questionnaire, and the segmental colonic transit time was evaluated three times: before treatment, after 4 weeks of treatment, and at the end of the study (2 weeks after treatment). RESULTS: After 4 weeks of treatment, all defecation symptoms tested, except manual evacuation, showed significant improvements in the fiber group; fiber-enriched yogurt increased the number of bowel movements (P=0.002), reduced the presence of hard stools (P=0.001), improved the frequency of straining (P=0.048), the sense of incomplete evacuation (P= 0.013), and the sense of anorectal obstruction (P= 0.032). The total colonic transit time was shortened after intake of fiber-enriched yogurt (P=0.023). Satisfactory relief was significantly higher in the fiber group (P= 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Functional constipation may be improved with water-soluble fiber supplements in yogurt without serious side effects.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Case-Control Studies , Colon , Constipation , Defecation , Diet , Motor Activity , Surveys and Questionnaires , YogurtABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary soluble fibers added to nasogastric tube-fed formulas and to compare the difference of the degree of diarrhea according to the amount of dietary soluble fibers in stroke or traumatic brain injury patients for comprehensive rehabilitative management. METHOD: Fifty-two stroke or traumatic brain injury patients fed by nasogastric tube due to dysphagia were included. They received fiber-free formulas for the first 30 days and then they were randomly assigned to three groups, including the control (fiber-free) group, moderate fiber (3.5 gm fiber/L) group and high fiber (7 gm fiber/L) group. Each group received their respective formulas for the next 30 days. We compared diarrhea score and frequency. RESULTS: In the control group, the degree of diarrhea was not changed with time. In the moderate and high fiber groups, daily diarrhea score and monthly diarrhea frequency were low compared to the control group (p<0.05). Also, the incidence of pseudomembraneous colitis was low in fiber groups. CONCLUSION: We concluded that adding dietary soluble fibers to nasogastric tube-fed formulas may be helpful to reduce the diarrhea and the development of pseudomembraneous colitis. The proper fiber amount will be determined through the following more case studies.