Analysis of the Frequency of Human Body Parts in the Lyrics of Bob Dylan and Lady Gaga Reveals Over-Representation of the Heart and the Eyes

Background: Human body parts and organs are frequently used in the lyrics of popular songs, including those of Bob Dylan and Lady Gaga. The relative frequency of the use of the various body parts could reflect the perceived physical appearance and attractiveness of the respective parts of the human body. Methods: An analysis was made of the frequency of body parts in the song lyrics of Bob Dylan and Lady Gaga. Results: The data show that a homunculus based on Bob Dylan as well as Lady Gaga lyrics has extreme disproportionate big hearts, eyes, and hands. The heart is mostly "my heart", while the eyes are "your eyes". Conclusions: The frequent use of the heart could be caused by the fact that the heart ("my heart") also can represent various emotions and states of mind. The Bob Dylan homunculus additionally has a bigger head and feet, while the Lada Gaga homunculus has a bigger body and mouth and more hair.

A canção de si: a música como instrumento de intervenção na clínica do traumático / The song of self: music as an instrument of intervention in trauma clinic / Le chanson de soi: la musique comme instrument d'intervention dans la clinique du traumatisme / La canción de sí mismo: la música como instrumento de intervención en la práctica clínica del trauma

Seguindo a hipótese de que o choque provocado por um acontecimento violento tem o poder de exilar o sujeito do circuito da pulsão invocante, discutimos a contribuição que uma oficina de composição de canções tem a oferecer para a transformação desse impacto traumático em narrativa. A partir da constatação de que a subtaneidade desse inesperado produz um fenômeno típico — o silenciamento do sujeito —, apostamos que nosso dispositivo de intervenção possa vir a possibilitar aos sujeitos afetados por experiências de violência e de desenraizamento, o compartilhamento e a reintegração de suas partes exiladas no momento do traumatismo. Ao final, conclui-se que o papel de passador/espectador exercido pelos próprios participantes, pelas pessoas que circulam pela instituição, ou ainda pelo próprio mediador, faz com que se autentique a voz pulsante daqueles que ali cantam, transformando-os em verdadeiros produtores de prazer.

Following the hypothesis that the shock caused by a violent event may exile the subject from the invoking drive circuit, we discuss the contribution that a songwriting workshop has to offer to transform this traumatic impact into narrative. As we realize that the suddenness of this unexpected event produces a typical phenomenon - the muting of the subject -, we found that our intervention device may allow subjects affected by violent and uprooting experiences to share and reintegrate the parts they exiled during the traumatic event. We conclude that the role of passer-by/spectator played by participants, by the people who circulate in the institution, or still by the mediator himself, makes the pulsating voice of those who sing authentic, transforming them into true producers of pleasure.

En partant de l'hypothèse que le choc provoqué par un événement violent est capable d'exiler le sujet du circuit de la pulsion invocante, nous discutons la contribution qu'un atelier de composition de chansons peut apporter à la transformation de cet impact traumatique en récit. Étant donné que la soudaineté de cet inattendu produit un phénomène typique, le mutisme du sujet, nous misons sur le fait que notre dispositif d'intervention peut permettre aux sujets affectés par des expériences de violence et de déracinement de partager et de réintégrer de ses parties exilées au moment du traumatisme. Nous concluons que le rôle de passeur/spectateur exercé par les participants, par les personnes qui circulent dans l'institution, ou encore par le médiateur, rend authentique la voix palpitante de ceux qui y chantent, les transformant en véritables producteurs de plaisir.

Siguiendo la hipótesis de que la conmoción causada por un evento violento tiene el poder de exiliar al sujeto del circuito de la pulsión invocante, discutimos la contribución de un taller de composición musical a la transformación de este impacto traumático en narrativa. A partir de la constatación de que lo repentino de este suceso inesperado produce un fenómeno típico — el silenciamiento del sujeto —, consideramos que nuestro dispositivo de intervención puede llegar a permitir que los sujetos afectados por experiencias de violencia y desarraigo compartan y reintegren las partes exiliadas en el momento del trauma. Para finalizar, se concluye que el papel de transeúnte/espectador ejercido por los propios participantes, por las personas que circulan en la institución o incluso por el propio mediador, hace que la voz pulsante de quienes cantan allí sea auténtica, transformándolos en verdaderos productores de placer.

Historical Evolution and Modern Clinical Application of Qingxin Lianzi Yin / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Qingxin Lianzi Yin （QXLZY）， as an ancient classical formula for clearing the heart and nourishing the Yin， was composed of nine herbs （Scutellariae Radix， Ophiopogonis Radix， Lycii Cortex， Plantaginis Semen， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle， Nelumbinis Semen， Poria， Astragali Radix and Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma）， coming from Prescriptions of the Bureau of Taiping People's Welfare Pharmacy. It could clear away the heart-fire， promote the interaction of the heart and kidney， replenish Qi and Yin， and stop strangury-turbidity. It was used to treat gonorrhea of urination， seminal emission， restlessness， wasting-thirst and so on. At present， the usage and dosage of QXLZY and its addition and subtraction are different in clinical practice. Most of the studies just focus on its clinical efficacy， and there is few review literature reflecting its historical evolution. Based on this， this paper systematically clarified the historical evolution， composition， preparation， interpretation， function， and modern clinical application of QXLZY. This work has been explained the historical evolution of QXLZY， and found that it was wildly used in modern clinical， especially suitable for the treatment of chronic urinary system diseases. At the same time， QXLZY also had significant therapeutic effects on neurasthenia， stomatitis， diabetic nephropathy and other aspects. Through the comprehensive analysis of ancient and modern literature， this work explores the true connotation of QXLZY from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine theory， which can point out the direction of the clinical application and positioning of this famous classical formula after it comes into the market， and also can provide reference basis for its subsequent in-depth research and development.

Effectiveness Of Animation Song In Reducing The Behavioral Response Of Pain Among Toddler Receiving Dpt Booster 1st Dose Vaccination

Children are considered as the pride of a nation. The study was carried out to assess the effectiveness of animation song in st reducing the behavioral response of pain among toddler receiving DPT booster 1 dose vaccination in selected hospitals. In view of the objectives of the present study quantitative, quasi-experimental research approach (non -equivalent post-test only control group design) is considered. The study was conducted in immunization OPD in NSCB Jabalpur. Sample size is 60. 30 experiment group & 30 control group. Purposive sampling technique was used. FLACC scale was used. The mean difference of behavioral responses of pain in experiment and control group is 3.6 with standard deviation 1.3, standard deviation error 0.31 and calculated t value is 11.51 at degree of freedom 58, which is higher than the tabulated t value 2.00, at 0.05level of significance. Hence above finding concluded that animation song is effective in reducing the behavioral responses of pain

Variación en la actividad acústica de Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Anura: Centrolenidae) en un ambiente urbano con diferentes niveles de ruido antropogénico

26. Las señales acústicas producidas por animales pueden ser enmascaradas por el ruido del medio ambiente en que se encuentran, tanto de origen natural como antropogénico. Una especie que puede ver afectada su comunicación por el ruido medio ambiental es la rana de vidrio Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Centrolenidae), porque la distribución actual de esta especie en gran parte se encuentra en ambientes urbanos con altos niveles de ruido. En este trabajo analizamos si existe una relación entre la variación de los niveles de ruido antropogénico a través de la noche y la actividad vocal (cantidad de vocalizaciones por unidad de tiempo) de H. fleischmanni, a lo largo de un gradiente de ruido urbano. El trabajo lo realizamos en tres sitios dentro del Campus Universitario Rodrigo Facio, San José, Costa Rica durante el mes de junio de 2015. Para contabilizar la actividad vocal de la especie en cada sitio instalamos grabadores programables de 17:00 a las 6:00 por dos días consecutivos cada dos semanas. De forma simultánea, cuantificamos el ruido en dB cada hora a lo largo del periodo de grabación utilizando sonómetros. Comparamos la abundancia promedio de vocalizaciones por hora contra los niveles de ruido promedio por hora y sitio utilizando modelos lineales mixtos. Nuestros resultados demuestran que, tanto el ruido como la actividad vocal de H. fleischmanni variaron a lo largo de la noche. Sin embargo, encontramos que en el sitio más ruidoso el patrón de actividad de H. fleischmanni difiere de los dos sitios menos ruidosos.El sitio menos ruidoso fue el que presento una mayor actividad vocal a lo largo de todo el periodo de muestreo. A pesar de que no se encontró una relación directa entre el nivel de ruido antropogénico y la actividad acústica de H. fleischmanni, sí observamos un efecto de los niveles de ruido en los patrones de actividad de la especie.

23. Acoustic signals produced by animals can be masked by natural or anthropogenic environmental noise. A high proportion of the current distribution of the glass-frog Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Centrolenidae) overlaps with noisy urban habitats, and this may affect the species acoustic communication. In this work, we analyzed the relationship between changes in anthropogenic noise level throughout the night and the diel acoustic variation (vocalization per time) in H. fleischmanni, within three sites with different noise level. We conducted this study in three sites inside the Rodrigo Facio University Campus, San José, Costa Rica in June 2015. We used an automated recorder per site to record glass-frog vocalizations, from 17:00 to 6:00 h, during two consecutive days, every two weeks, for a month. Simultaneously, we measured the noise levels in dB each hour using a soundmeter. We used linear mixed models to compare the vocalization mean per hour against the noise levels per hour and site. Our results showed that noise levels and H. fleischmanni acoustic activity varied throughout the night. The H. fleischmanni acoustic activity at the noisier site was different from sites with lower noise levels. The highest acoustic activity was found in the less noisy site throughout the sampled period. Although we fail to found a direct relationship between noise level and H. fleischmanni acoustic activity, noise level variation affects vocal activity pattern in this species.

Shiitake Dermatitis due to Song-hwa Mushroom (Lentinula edodes var.) / 대한피부과학회지

No abstract available.

Adaptação e adversidade no cotidiano de trabalhadores sertanejos em canções de Luiz Gonzaga / Adaptation and adversity in daily life of hinterland workers at Luiz Gonzaga's songs / Adaptación y adversidad en la vida diaria de los trabajadores del Sertão brasileño en las canciones de Luiz Gonzaga

Luiz Gonzaga, em algumas de suas canções, canta a história de vida daqueles que partem em busca de um trabalho melhor, numa tentativa de amenizar a precariedade da vida. Em vista disso, esta pesquisa buscou identificar características da realidade de vida sertaneja, suas relações com o trabalho e mecanismos adaptativos narrados nas canções de Luiz Gonzaga. O corpus textual foi composto por 36 canções e as letras foram catalogadas e analisadas com o auxílio do programa IRAMUTEQ, que gerou quatro classes léxicas: Caracterização do trabalho sertanejo; Migração; Desejo de retorno à terra e Proteção divina. Percebeu-se que ele cantava os sertanejos e as estratégias de enfrentamento que eles desenvolvem na tentativa de se adaptarem positivamente às adversidades. Finalmente, acredita-se que conhecer o conteúdo das canções de Luiz Gonzaga ajudou a compreender representações do contexto sertanejo em memórias e elementos cotidianos da vida desse povo.

Luiz Gonzaga sang the life's history of those who leave his lands looking for a better work in order to try reducing their life's precarity. This research aimed to investigate characteristics of Brazilian hinterlands living reality, their relationships with work, and adaptive mechanisms from Luiz Gonzaga's songs. The textual corpus was composed of 36 songs and the song lyrics were fully transcribed and analyzed through IRAMUTEQ software. It was generated four lexical classes: Characterization of hinterlands man's work; Migrations; Desire to return, and God's protection. We observed that Luiz Gonzaga sang about those people and strategies that they develop facing adversities to achieve a positive level of adaptation. At the end, we concluded that knowing this artist and his song's help to understand representations of that social context, which also include memories and other elements that ease to know ordinary experiences related to the hinterlands man's life.

Luiz Gonzaga canta la historia de vida de los que salen en busca de un trabajo mejor con el intento de aliviar la precariedad de su vida. Esta investigación buscó identificar las características de la realidad vivida por la población del Sertão brasileño, su relación con el trabajo y mecanismos de adaptación, de acuerdo con las canciones de Luiz Gonzaga. El corpus fue compuesto de 36 canciones y todas las letras fueron analizadas con el programa IRAMUTEQ. Cuatro clases léxicas fueron obtenidas: Caracterización del trabajo en el Sertão; Migración; El deseo de regresar a casa; y Protección Divina. Los resultados mostraron que Gonzaga cantaba estrategias de supervivencia desarrolladas en un intento de adaptarse positivamente a la adversidad. Por fin, conocer su producción y contenido de sus canciones ayudó a comprender representaciones del Sertão presentes en recuerdos y elementos cotidianos a cerca de la vida de su pueblo.

Knowledge Transmission of Medical Prescription (醫方) and the Role of the Literati Officials from the Song Dynasty: Focusing on Huadupainongneibusan (化毒排膿內補散) / 의사학

This paper attempts to examine the spread of medical prescription knowledge during the Song dynasty and the role played by the literati officials through a reconstruction of the transmission of Painongneibusan (排膿內補散), a prescription to treat abscesses. An examination of the origins of Painongneibusan shows that after being confirmed in the Qianjinyaofang (千金要方), it was passed down through Waitaimiyao (外臺秘要), Taipingshenghuifang (太平聖惠方), Shengjizonglu (聖濟總錄), and Taipinghuiminhejijufang (太平惠民和劑局方). In particular, in the records from Taipinghuiminhejijufang, which was revised and enlarged during the Shaoxing period (1131–1162) unlike transmissions that were almost identical to those from previous periods, we can find a clear increase in the knowledge regarding medicinal effects, medicinal ingredients, administration methods, precautions and so on. However, if we examine the same prescription record included in Hongshijiyanfang(洪氏集驗方) published by Hong Jun in 1170, we can see that the contents are almost exactly the same as those in Taipinghuiminhejijufang and that Hongshijiyanfang had even more content. Through this study, we can deduce that the prescription recorded in these two books were from the same original text. In addition, we can conclude that the original text is likely to be sourced from the knowledge of folk medicine. According to the records, Hu Quan received this prescription from an “outsider,” and Hu Quan gave this to Hong Kuo, who wrote an introduction and published it as a stone carving in Huizhou. After this, knowledge about this prescription became known far and wide. While Chen Yan criticized the abuse of this prescription, Hong Jun still included it in Hongshijiyanfang, and Hong Mai included it in Yijianzhi (夷堅志), leading to it becoming even more widespread. Due to this spread of the prescription, the transmission of the description that is connected from “Outsider – Ho Quan – Three Hong Brothers” continued to appear in many medical anthologies by literati officials. Whenever this prescription was mentioned, they referred to Three Hong Brothers, and it went as far as to cause the practice to sometimes be called “Hongshineibusan (洪氏內補散).” Chen Ziming continued the criticism of Chen Yan in Waikejingyao (外科精要); while the prescription made famous by Hong Kuo had the same contents as prescription in Taipinghuiminhejijufang, the fact that criticism was only directed at Hong Kuo is a proof of his influence in the spread of related knowledge. In conclusion, this happened during an active time of accumulation, exchange, and competition in the knowledge of prescription, as can be observed in various sources from the Song Period. There were various communications and exchanges between officials, locals, and literati officials, and tensions could also sometimes be found. We can say that the role of the literati officials was to collect, record, publish, and spread the knowledge of medicine taken from various sources. In addition, in relation to the spread of the knowledge of medicine, the influence of the literati officials exceeded Taipinghuiminhejijufang, which was the official text at that time.

Adaptación acústica del canto de Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae) a diferentes niveles de ruido antrópico, en el área metropolitana de Belém, Pará, Brasil / Acoustic adaptation in Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae) songs to different levels of anthropogenic noise, in the metropolitan area of Belem, Para, Brazil

ResumenEl ruido antropogénico en entornos urbanos supone un importante reto para aquellas especies que dependen de la transmisión de señales acústicas para comunicarse. Para evitar ser enmascaradas por el ruido de fondo, algunas especies de aves son capaces de realizar ajustes vocálicos en sus cantos. Los estudios sobre ajustes vocálicos para aves tropicales son aún escasos y resultan de interés ya que tanto la estructura urbana como la propia vegetación asociadas a los hábitats urbanos difieren de forma notable respecto a las ciudades de climas templados. En este estudio se pretende describir posibles cambios en los parámetros de canto del zorzal sabiá (Turdus leucomelas) en un entorno urbano, el área metropolitana de Belém (Brasil). Para ello, se grabaron los cantos de la especie entre septiembre y noviembre 2008 y se midió el ruido ambiental en tres diferentes ambientes acústicos (urbano, periurbano y rural) a lo largo de un gradiente urbano. Se seleccionaron los cantos de 12 individuos por cada ambiente (un total de 36). Las posibles diferencias entre los parámetros del canto se analizaron mediante ANOVAs. Para evaluar el impacto acústico sobre el canto, sólo se tuvo en cuenta el espectro del ruido ambiental dentro del rango de vocalización de la especie. En general, las aves de hábitats urbanos presentaron cantos con frecuencias máximas más elevadas y con una mayor diversidad de notas que sus congéneres de zonas periurbanas y rurales. Las diferencias fueron más acusadas en relación a las zonas rurales. No se encontraron diferencias en cuanto a las frecuencias mínimas, la concentración de la energía, o la duración media de las notas. Estos resultados difieren de otros estudios y quizás podrían indicar variaciones en la forma en la que las aves intentan desenvolverse en hábitats con un elevado ruido ambiental. Debe profundizarse sobre el papel de estas modificaciones en la mejora efectiva de la comunicación intra-específica para la especie en dichos ambientes.

AbstractAnthropogenic noise in urban environments is a major challenge for those species that depend on the transmission of acoustic signals to communicate. To avoid being masked by background noise, some bird species are able to make adjustments in their songs. Studies on vocal adjustment for tropical birds are still scarce and are of interest since both the urban structure and the vegetation associated with urban habitats differ significantly with respect to the cities of temperate climates. In this research we studied the changes in the song parameters of the pale-breasted thrush (Turdus leucomelas) in an urban environment of the metropolitan area of Belém (Brazil). To this end, bird songs were recorded and ambient noise was measured between September and November 2008, in three different acoustic environments (urban, suburban and rural) along an urban gradient. The songs of 12 individuals per area were selected (a total of 36). Possible differences between song parameters were analyzed by ANOVAs. To assess the noise impact on bird song, we only considered the spectrum of environmental noise within the range of vocalizations of the species. In general, birds of urban habitats presented songs with higher maximum frequencies and with a wider range of notes, than their counterparts in suburban and rural areas. The differences were more pronounced in relation to rural areas. No differences in the minimum frequencies, the concentration of energy, or the average duration of the notes were found. These results differ from other studies and could possibly indicate variations in the way birds try to succeed in habitats with high ambient noise. It is necessary further exploration on the role of these changes in the effective improvement of intra-specific communication for the species in such environments.

Canção como recurso de trabalho para psicólogos: um levantamento de artigos publicados / Song as a psychologist's work resource: a review of published articles

É crescente a utilização da música como um instrumento para auxiliar intervenções no processo saúde-doença, por proporcionar interferências no comportamento humano de forma geral. Este trabalho analisou artigos, publicados nas bases de dados SciELO e BVS, acerca do uso de canções, por parte de psicólogos brasileiros, em intervenções frente a algum público-alvo específico. A partir dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram recuperados nove trabalhos, na íntegra, para discussão. Os resultados das pesquisas revelaram escassez de publicações sobre o tema específico no terreno da Psicologia. Também foi verificado que canções, atreladas a outras formas de expressão (dança, teatro, rodas de discussão, etc.), podem propiciar identificações, catarse, evocação de memórias, compartilhamento de experiências e histórias de vida e influenciar comportamentos, favorecendo processos de resiliência e reabilitação psicossocial. Aponta-se para a necessidade de maiores estudos na área

There is a growing use of music as a tool to aid interventions in the health-disease process, since it interferes in human behavior in general. This study analyzed articles published on the databases SciELO and VHL (Virtual Health Library), related to the use of songs, by Brazilian psychologists, in interventions to some specific target audience. Nine publications were full retrieved for discussion according to the inclusion exclusion criteria. Research results revealed scarceness of publications on this particular topic in the field of Psychology. It was also found that songs linked to other forms of expression (dance, drama, discussion groups, etc.), can provide identification, catharsis, evoking memories, sharing experiences and life stories and influence behavior, favoring resilience processes and psychosocial rehabilitation. The results points the need of further investigations in the area

Efeitos de letras de músicas em comportamentos pró-sociais / Effects of song lyrics on pro-social behavior / Efectos de letras de canciones en conductas pro-sociales

Diversos estudos na Psicologia demonstraram os efeitos de filmes e video games violentos no comportamento agressivo. No entanto essa influência foi pouco explorada em estudos para comportamentos pró-sociais. O objetivo foi verificar o efeito de letra de música pró-social, considerando o papel moderador de variáveis pessoais e mediador dos afetos com base no modelo geral da aprendizagem. Participaram deste estudo 63 universitários, e foram utilizados instrumentos de preferência musical, autoestima, agradabilidade e pró-sociabilidade. Apresentava-se primeiro a letra de música em aparelho de som, e os sujeitos acompanhavam a letra de música traduzida; ao final da música, os participantes recebiam o questionário. Uma manova mostrou que os participantes expostos à música pró-social apresentaram mais comportamentos pró-sociais do que os expostos à música neutra, porém essa diferença não foi estatisticamente significativa. Entretanto foram verificados efeitos indiretos da letra de música pró-social em comportamentos prósociais, tendo os afetos positivos como variável mediadora

Several studies in psychology have shown the effects of violent films and violent videogames on aggressive behavior. However, the importance of media influence on pro-social behavior deserves further empirical studies. This study considered the effect of pro-social song lyrics, considering the moderating role of personal variables and mediator of affect, according to the General Learning Model. The study was comprised of 63 college students; included a scale of music preference, self-esteem, agreeableness, and sociability. The participants were exposed to the music with the lyric and later the participant received the questionnaire. A MANOVA indicated that the participants exposed to the pro-social music scored higher on the measure of pro-social behavior than the participants exposed to the neutral music, but this difference was not statistically significant. However, indirect effects of the pro-social song lyrics could be shown in pro-social behavior with the positive effects as a mediating variable

Diversos estudios en psicología demostraron los efectos de películas y video games violentos en el comportamiento agresivo. Sin embargo, esa influencia fue poco explorada en estudios para comportamientos pro-sociales. El objetivo fue verificar el efecto de letra de música pro-social, considerando el papel moderador de variables personales y mediador de los afectos con base en el modelo general del aprendizaje. Participaron de este estudio 63 universitarios y fueron utilizados instrumentos de preferencia musical, autoestima, amabilidad y pro-sociabilidad. Se presentaba primero la letra de música en aparato de sonido y los sujetos acompañaban la letra de música traducida; al final de la música los participantes recibían el cuestionario. Una anova mostró que los participantes expuestos a la música pro-social presentaron más comportamientos pro-sociales que los expuestos a la música neutra, no obstante, esa diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. Aunque, fueron verificados efectos indirectos de la letra de música prosocial en comportamientos pro-sociales, teniendo los afectos positivos como variable mediadora

Pro.SONG Kang's Clinical Experience in Treating Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective] To sum up Pro.SONG Kang's clinical experience in treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.[Methods] By following the teacher,summarize the theory and method of the teacher's treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.[Result] Pro.SONG Kang according to studying collateral disease theory,thinks that "pulmonary collateral blockage" and "deficiency of collateral"are the basic pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,will belong to the" Feibi "," Feiwei ",often with purgation-tonifying to treat the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,specific treatment of dissipating phlegm and removing blood stasis,invigorating lung and spleen,nourishing yin and tonifying kidney,aims at the main symptoms,composing prescriptions reasonably,and combining with western medicine treatment according to the illness,and achieves great therapeutic effect in clinic.[Conclusion] Pro.SONG Kang's treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has significant curative effect,the clinical experience and prescription drug is worthy of further research and study.

Medical Cases of CHAI Song-yan's Experience in Treating Infertility of Premature Ovarian Failure / 中国中医药信息杂志

National TCM Master Professor CHAI Song-yan has specialized in gynecology for about 65 years, and has accumulated clinical experience, unique thinking of syndrome differentiation and medication for premature ovarian failure. Combined with his medical cases of treatment of premature ovarian failure infertility, this article analyzed Professor CHAI's understanding of the disease and her thinking of medication and prescription.

Medical Cases of CHAI Song-yan's Experience in Treating Infertility of Premature Ovarian Failure / 中国中医药信息杂志

National TCM Master Professor CHAI Song-yan has specialized in gynecology for about 65 years, and has accumulated clinical experience, unique thinking of syndrome differentiation and medication for premature ovarian failure. Combined with his medical cases of treatment of premature ovarian failure infertility, this article analyzed Professor CHAI's understanding of the disease and her thinking of medication and prescription.

Selection and Management of Medical Official during the Yuan Dynasty / 의사학

Although the healthcare system of the Yuan Dynasty followed that of the Song Dynasty, there are certain differences between these two dynasties in terms of practices. Including appointing ‘Yihus’ in ‘Zhusehuji’ and setting up ‘Guanyitijusi’ to oversee Yihus, the Yuan Dynasty developed an effective management system for their physicians and, soon after the coronation of Khubilai, built ‘Yixue (Medical school)’ all over its territories in order to establish an organized and substantial medical training system. Moreover, the Yuan Dynasty not only revived the civil service examination system system between 1314 and 1320 as well as the medical examination system, but also increased the quota for qualification to twice that of Confucian examination in Song. These changes resulted in producing many brilliant people at the time. In the second half of the reign of Emperor Chengzong it was decided that the incompetence of the government healthcare organizations and the abundance of charlatans could not be neglected any longer. Existing policies and systems was limited in educating and training proper physicians, and this problem was not restricted to the field of medicine. The need for new systems that could reform the social order led to the restoration of the civil service examination system. The civil service examination system for Confucianism and for medicine began in 1314 and 1316, respectively. The purpose of the medical examination system was to select medical officials. The medical examination system which started in 1316 had a significant impact on the medicine of the Yuan dynasty for many reasons. Firstly, the qualification to apply to the medical examination did not remain constricted to ‘Yixue’ but opened to all ‘Zhusehuji’; and secondly, the examination system did not have a restriction on the number of applicants was not restricted. The most important aspect of the examination system was that the number of test takers that passed the first test was one hundred and the number of passers of the second test were thirty, which were not low compared to the number of passers of the Confucianism examination. As such, the impact of the medical examination on the Yuan society was substantial. The Confucian examination selected 300 persons to pass the first test. The second test had 100 test takers which was equally divided among the four social classes at 25 percent each. The medical system selected 100 persons in the first test and 30 in the second. What is important is that unlike the Confucian examination system, the medical system was not divided into four classes. Hypothetically, the 30 qualified persons could all be South Chinese. In terms of the number of passers, it was much more promising for the South Chinese to flourish through the medical test than through Confucian examination test. Such facts support the claim that the Yuan Dynasty emphasized the field of medicine compared to the Song Dynasty. Although the Song Dynasty implemented the civil service examination system early on, the medical system was not implemented until 1115, which started with the founding of ‘Yixue’ across the country and assigning student capacity. During the Song Dynasty, the number of students in the medical system was 15 percent of that in the Confucianism system, and compared to that in Yuan, it raised to 30 percent, which is twofold. The indications of the Yuan Dynasty valuing medicine and making an effort to educate and train medical experts can be seen in the ‘Yihu system’, ‘Guanyitijusi’, Yixuetijusi’, and medical school as well as the ratio of the medical system capacity.

Analysis on Treating Ankylosing Spondylitis’Therapeutic Experience By Song Xinwei / 浙江中医药大学学报

Objective] To analyze Song Xinwei’s academic ideas and clinical experience in treating ankylosing spondylitis. [Method] By following professor Song Xinwei’s clinic and recording related medical cases. It analyzes and summarizes his academic ideas and clinical experience on treating ankylosing spondylitis from etiology, pathogenesis, therapy and prescription, tested with medical cases. [Result] Professor Song Xinwei believes that the important pathogenesis of the disease is caused by underlying pathogenic factors and phlegm obstruction and blood stasis.Therefore, don’t forget to expel pathogenic factors during treatment. Consisting invigorating blood circulation, removing blood stasis and activating collaterals from the beginning to the end. Also, tonifying can disperse excess. Mostly, treatment rules are based on these therories. Professor Song Xinwei is good at using different principles and complex formula which makes significant effect in the clinic. [Conclusion] Professor Song Xinwei’s idea and clinical experience in treating ankylosing spondylitis provide a new treatment idea which makes significant clinical effect and is worthy promotion.

The historical and cultural conditions of Xi Yuan Ji Lu,Song Ci--To commemorate the830th anniversaryof the birth of Song Ci / 中国法医学杂志

This article from the angle of history, culture, geography, legal,and personal conditions to discuss the generating condition of Song Ci and his Xi Yuan Ji Lu. Early development of forensic examination in our country was the historical conditions of Song Ci and his Xi Yuan Ji Lu. Zhu Xi Neo Confucianism inlfuence was the cultural conditions of Song Ci and his Xi Yuan Ji Lu. The development of political culture in the Southern Song Dynasty was the geographical conditions of Song Ci and his Xi Yuan Ji Lu. The inspection system of the Southern Song Dynasty was the Legal condition of Song Ci and his Xi Yuan Ji Lu. Make the Individual columns to systematic comprehensive was the result of Song Ci individual effort and summary .Therefor, Song Ci and his Xi Yuan Ji Lu appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty,which was the result of historical necessity and cultural heritage to a certain stage , even more the crystallization of Chinese culture and the cultural heritage of Forensic Medicine.

Experience ofpreventing bronchial asthma by blistering therapy of dog-day moxibustion / 中国针灸

Professorowns unique experience of preventing bronchial asthma by the blistering therapy of dog-day moxibustion. He believes that the method has the action of festering moxibustion without its adverse reaction, the pathogenesis of asthma is the impairment of the dispersing and descending of the lung. When the lung,the spleen and the kidney are deficient,pathogenic factors,such as phlegm,damp and the cold,twist in the lung and the air passage is blocked, then asthma happens. Blistering therapy with little but fierce medicines acquires the features of specific but overall acupoints and more big blister. Meanwhile,with the emphasis on communication and nursing service,the therapy is apparently effective and worth widely using.

Transmission and development of foreign medicinal materials in the Tang and Song Dynasties / 中国中药杂志

Many foreign medicinal materials that were imported to China via the Silk Road and maritime trade have enriched Chinese medicine. Imported foreign medicines reached a high point by the Tang and Song Dynasties, particularly in the case of aromatic medicines, which supplemented domestic Chinese aromatics and were widely employed in official dispensaries in the Song Dynasty. This study investigated historical records related to imported Chinese medicines in the Tang and Song periods, focusing on their varieties, quantity, use, and localization trends. Foreign medicines were assimilated as Chinese medical theory was applied to interpret their effects, and aromatics such as frankincense that were extremely expensive in the Tang Dynasty became accessible to common people by the Song Dynasty. By the Song Dynasty, some foreign medicines began to be domestically cultivated and the boundary between foreign and traditional Chinese medicines became blurred; foreign medicines gradually transformed into Chinese medicines. The importation of foreign medicines during the Tang and Song Dynasties was a historical turning point that contributed greatly to the development of traditional Chinese medicine.

's theory on mast cells and meridian-acupoint and its research prospect / 中国针灸

The historical origin of researches regarding acupuncture and mast cells (MCs) is reviewed, and the hypothesis that dermal MCs might be correlated with the acupuncture phenomena proposed byin 1977 is introduced. This hypothesis, for the first time, suggests MCs could be the cellular basis of meridian sensation and arrival of() of acupoints. With independent tests of several research institutes, currently sufficient evidences prove the scientific values of's theory as well as its potential values for the basic research and clinical practice of acupuncture. It is reported recently that MCs might receive signals from central nerve system and acupoint stimulation, showing cross-talk effects, therefore, MCs can be sensitized at acupoints. In this paper, with a review of 40-year research evidence, 15 biological characteristics regarding mast cells and acupuncture phenomena are identified, in the meanwhile, 10 key questions and research direction, including the distribution of MCs in skin and its general relationship with meridian-acupoint, etc. are proposed.