First occurrence in mangroves of South America of the exotic species Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham. from the Indo-Malayan region / Primeiro registro nos manguezais da América do Sul da espécie exótica Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham da região Indo-Malaia

Abstract This is the 1st record of the Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham., in the mangroves of South America - Cubatão-Baixada Santista, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The record was made in an area located 2 km apart from the port of Santos. Its arrival was probably made through the ballast water. S. apetala as well an exotic it is also an aggressive mangrove species. All 85 individuals identified were georeferenced. In May 2023 they were flowering and in August they already had ripe fruits/propagules. The presence of exotic species in mangroves is worrying, they can cause profound ecological and economic impacts and negatively influence the restoration of native ecosystems. The presence of S. apetala in the mangroves of Cubatão region could bring about a radical change in the biological structure of the mangrove ecosystem, in addition to being a new point of dispersal to others areas.

Resumo Este é o primeiro registro da ocorrência de Sonneratia apetala Buch.-Ham., na América do Sul, Cubatão-Baixada Santista, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. O registro ocorreu em área situada a 2 km do porto de Santos. Sua presença, se fez, provavelmente, por meio da água de lastro dos navios. A S. apetala é uma espécie exótica agressiva nos manguezais dessa região. Todos os 85 exemplares identificados foram georeferenciados. Em maio de 2023 estavam floridas e em agosto já tinha frutos/propágulos maduros. A presença de espécies exóticas nos manguezais é preocupante, pois são capazes de gerar impactos ecológicos e econômicos e influenciar, negativamente, na restauração desse ecossistema no estuário de Cubatão. A presença da S.apetala, no manguezal da região de Cubatão pode povocar uma mudança radical na estrutura biológica do ecossistema manguezal, além de ser um novo ponto de dispersão para outras áreas.

Antimicrobial activity of kojic acid from endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Sonneratia apetala, a mangrove plant of the Sundarbans

Objective:To isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the active principle(s) from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioides) isolated from Sonneratia apetala.Methods:Water agar technique was used to isolate the fungus, and both microscopic and molecular techniques were used for identification of the strain. Potato dextrose broth was used to grow the fungus in large-scale. Reversed-phase preparative HPLC analysis was performed to isolate the major active compound, kojic acid. The EtOAc extract and kojic acid were screened for their antimicrobial activity against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria as well as a fungal strain using the resazurin 96-well microtitre plate antimicrobial assay.Results:The fungus C. gloeosporioides was isolated from the leaves of Sonneratia apetala. Initial identification of the fugal isolate was carried out using spore characteristics observed under the microscope. Subsequently, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequencing was employed for species-level identification of the fungus C. gloeosporioides. Five litres of liquid culture of the fungus produced approximately 610 mg of a mixture of secondary metabolites. Kojic acid (1) was isolated as the main secondary metabolite present in the fungal extract, and the structure was confirmed by 1D, 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. The EtOAc extract and compound 1 exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. Whilst the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from the EtOAc extract ranged between 2.4× 10Conclusions:The results revealed that the endophytic fungus C. gloeosporioides could be a good source of commercially important kojic acid, which exhibited antimicrobial properties.

Antimicrobial activity of kojic acid from endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from Sonneratia apetala, a mangrove plant of the Sundarbans

Objective: To isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the active principle(s) from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of endophytic fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (C. gloeosporioides) isolated from Sonneratia apetala. Methods: Water agar technique was used to isolate the fungus, and both microscopic and molecular techniques were used for identification of the strain. Potato dextrose broth was used to grow the fungus in large-scale. Reversed-phase preparative HPLC analysis was performed to isolate the major active compound, kojic acid. The EtOAc extract and kojic acid were screened for their antimicrobial activity against two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria as well as a fungal strain using the resazurin 96-well microtitre plate antimicrobial assay. Results: The fungus C. gloeosporioides was isolated from the leaves of Sonneratia apetala. Initial identification of the fugal isolate was carried out using spore characteristics observed under the microscope. Subsequently, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequencing was employed for species-level identification of the fungus C. gloeosporioides. Five litres of liquid culture of the fungus produced approximately 610 mg of a mixture of secondary metabolites. Kojic acid (1) was isolated as the main secondary metabolite present in the fungal extract, and the structure was confirmed by 1D, 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. The EtOAc extract and compound 1 exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms. Whilst the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from the EtOAc extract ranged between 2.4× 10