ABSTRACT
Enterococcus faecium has appeared as an important opportunistic pathogen that can cause urinary tract infections,surgical site infections, bacteremia, and endocarditis. Therefore, it is imperative to develop alternative therapeuticmethods to treat enterococcal infections. Sophoraflavanone G (5,7,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-8-lavandulylflavanone, SPF-G)exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity based on the minimum inhibitory concentration values on two E. faeciumstrains (6.25 and 12.5 μg/ml at 24 and 48 hours of treatment, resp.) in the broth microdilution assay among thetested compounds and a remarkable bactericidal effect with a 12.5 μg/ml minimum bactericidal concentration value.Sophoraflavanone G (12.0 ± 2.3 mm inhibition zone for Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, Korea (KACC)11954 and 11.0 ± 3.0mm for Culture Collection of Antimicrobial Resistant Microbes, Korea (CCARM) 5506) alsoexhibited the highest susceptibility based on the agar diffusion assay. Membrane-permeabilizing agents with a lowdose of sophoraflavanone G synergistically activated anti-E. faecium activity through a 67% reduction of E. faeciumgrowth, and E. faecium-derived peptidoglycans (PGN) blocked the antibacterial activity. These results indicate thatsophoraflavanone G could bind to the bacterial cell wall and induce E. faecium cell wall damage. Transmissionelectron microscopy (TEM) images of E. faecium treated with sophoraflavanone G also exhibited cell lysis, followedby leakage of intracellular components, confirming that sophoraflavanone G has anti-E. faecium activity by bindingto the PGN and disrupting the cell wall. This study showed the possible usage of sophoraflavanone G as an effectivenatural anti-E. faecium compound
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of the total flavonoids from Sophora flavescens and establish a method for simultaneous determination of seven compounds. METHODS: The compounds were isolated by chromatography on silica gel and ODS column and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. The samples were analyzed on a Dikma C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) ; gradient elution was performed using mobile phase composed of methanol (A) and water (B); the detection was carried out using a photodiode array detector at 280 nm. RESULTS: Seven compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as kuratidine (1), sophoraflavanone G (2), kurarinone (3), isoanhydroicaritin (4), isoxanthohumol (5), formononetin (6), and trifolirhizin (7). The calibration curve was linear within 8.70-87.00, 44.25-442.50, 128.10-1 281.00, 9.40-94.00, 48.40-484.00, 14.20-142.00, and 25.70-257.00 μg·mL-1 for kuraridine, sophoraflavanone G, kurarinone, isoanhydroicaritin, isoxanthohumol, formononetin, and trifolirhizin, respectively (r > 0.999 0), and the extraction recoveries varied from 95% to 105%. CONCLUSION: The main chemical components contributing to antibacterial activity of total flavonoids may be sophoraflavanone G, kurarinone, and isoxanthohumol. The method is simple, rapid, accurate, and can be used simultaneously to determine the contents of the seven active ingredients.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial effect of oleanolic acid (OA), ursolic acid (UA), and sophoraflavanone G against Enterococcus faecalis and Propionibacterium acnes, which are the major causative bacteria of endodontic infections. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The data showed that the OA, UA, and sophoraflavanone G had antimicrobial effect on all the strains use in the study with 16-64 microg/ml, 8-64 microg/ml, and 1-8 microg/ml of MIC values, respectively. These results indicate that OA, UA, and sophoraflavanone G could be useful in the development of antiseptic solution for washing the root canal in endodontic treatments.
Subject(s)
Bacteria , Dental Pulp Cavity , Enterococcus faecalis , Oleanolic Acid , Propionibacterium acnesABSTRACT
In general, oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) have antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive bacteria but not Gram-negative bacteria whereas sophoraflavanone G has antimicrobial activity against both bacterial types. However, the antimicrobial effects of OA, UA, and sophoraflavanone G against periodontopathogens have not been studied to any great extent. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial effect of OA, UA, and sophoraflavanone G against 15 strains (5 species) of oral Gram-negative bacteria, which are the major causative bacteria of periodontal disease. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determinations. OA and UA showed antimicrobial effects against all of the Porphyromonas gingivalis strains tested and also Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611T. Interestingly, P. intermedia ATCC 49046 showed greater resistance to OA and UA than P. intermedia ATCC 25611T. In contrast, sophoraflavanone G had antimicrobial activity against all strains, with MIC and MBC values below 32 microg/ml, except Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. These results indicate that sophoraflavanone G may have potential for use in future oral hygiene products such as dentifrices and gargling solution to prevent periodontitis.