Lionfish abundance, size structure and spatial distribution along the Venezuelan coast (Pterois volitans, Pteroinae: Scorpaenidae) / Abundancia, estructura de tamaños y distribución espacial a lo largo de la costa venezolana del pez león (Pterois volitans, Pteroinae: Scorpaenidae)

The recent invasion of lionfish (Pterois volitans) in the Atlantic is considered a new threat to benthic and fish communities in the Caribbean region. This species was first reported in Venezuela in 2009 at various sites. Increasing reports in the past five years suggest lionfish has expanded its range of distribution and habitats. Nevertheless, this information is mostly anecdotal and extensive surveys aimed to determine its abundance, size structure and other ecological aspects encompassing wider spatial scales are necessary to understand the actual role of this species on sub-tidal marine communities in Venezuela. We determined its density and population size structure through visual census along the Venezuelan coast. Visual censuses were made following strip transects at a depth between 5 and 20m and in daylight time, at 19 sites in five localities. Average density ranged between 7 to 55 individuals per hectare among sites. Most individuals were adults and most were found in caves, coexisting with other lionfish or with different species, while others were actively preying. The fish Pterois volitans seems to be well-established along the Venezuelan coast in densities that in some sites appear to be higher than in their Pacific native range but lower than in some invaded localities of the Atlantic.

La reciente invasión del pez león (Pterois volitans) en el Atlántico se considera una nueva amenaza para bentónicos y peces de las comunidades en la región del Caribe. Esta especie fue informada por primera vez en varios sitios de Venezuela en 2009. El aumento de informes en los últimos cinco años sugiere que ha ampliado su distribución y hábitats. Sin embargo, esta información es principalmente anecdótica por lo que son necesarios estudios dirigidos a determinar su abundancia, estructura de tallas y otros aspectos ecológicos que abarquen más escalas espaciales para entender el papel real de esta especie en comunidades marinas en Venezuela. Determinamos la densidad y estructura del tamaño poblacional del pez león a través de censos visuales en la costa venezolana. Realizamos censos visuales siguiendo transectos lineales a una profundidad entre 5 y 20m durante el día, en 19 sitios de cinco localidades. La densidad media varia entre 7 y 55 individuos por hectárea entre sitios. La mayoría de los individuos eran adultos que se encontraban en cuevas, coexistiendo con otro peces león o con diferentes especies; mientras que otros estaban forrajeando activamente. El pez Pterois volitans esta bien establecido a lo largo de la costa venezolana y sus densidades en algunos sitios parecen exceder lo informado para su distribución nativa en el Pacífico pero son densidades menores que las informadas en localidades del Atlántico.

Imposex en Voluta musica (Caenogastropoda: Volutidae) en el Noreste de la Península de Araya, Venezuela / Imposex in Voluta musica (Caenogastropoda: Volutidae) from Northeastern Península de Araya, Venezuela

Voluta musica is a dioecious marine gastropod endemic of the South Caribbean. Tributyltin (TBT) and copper (Cu) are potential inducers of imposex, an endocrine disorder by which females develop a penis and/or vas deferens. The goal of this work was to determine the imposex incidence in V. musica populations from Northeastern Península de Araya. For this, we selected three sites (Isla Caribe, Isla Lobos and Bajo Cuspe) and made monthly samplings of 15 snails in each site, during one year, and determined: (1) sizes; (2) sex and imposex incidence and (3) the Relative Penis Length Index (RPLI). We also performed histological analysis of the gonads, and measured TBT and Cu concentrations in sediments from the studied localities. Our results showed that the total number of sampled females affected by imposex was 24.5% at Isla Caribe, 12% at Isla Lobos, and none at Bajo Cuspe. In sediments, Cu was detected mostly in Isla Lobos. The female gonads with imposex did not show any development of male cells in any of the sampled sites. The higher percentage of females with imposex matched with the higher boat traffic locality, and higher TBT level (Isla Caribe). No esterilization was evident in this work, nevertheless, the presence of TBT and Cu in the sediments and females with imposex were considered as a potential threat to V. musica populations in this region. In Venezuela there is no control over this particular issue, possibly because of the lack of information and research in this topic, but certainly, this information will be useful in biodiversity conservation policies.

Voluta musica es un gasterópodo dioico endémico del Caribe sur. El TBT y el Cu, son potenciales causantes del imposex, fenómeno donde las hembras desarrollan un pene y/o vaso deferente. El objetivo fue determinar la incidencia de imposex en V. musica en el noreste de la Península de Araya. Se seleccionaron tres localidades y se captura-ron mensualmente 15 individuos durante un año para determinar: (1) talla de los individuos; (2) sexo y presencia de imposex; (3) índice Largo Relativo del Pene (RPLI). Se realizó histología de la gónada de los individuos. Se determinó TBT y Cu en el sedimento de cada localidad. En Isla Caribe, el 24.5% de las hembras presentó imposex, y se halló 3.9ngSn/g de TBT; en Isla Lobos, el 12% de las hembras desarrollaron imposex; en Bajo del Cuspe no se observó imposex. Se halló Cu en mayor concentración en Isla Lobos. Las gónadas femeninas con imposex no demos-traron masculinización. El mayor porcentaje de imposex coincide con la localidad de mayor tráfico de embarcacio-nes y con mayor nivel de TBT (Isla Caribe). No se eviden-ció esterilización, sin embargo la presencia de TBT, Cu e imposex son potenciales amenazas para las poblaciones de V. musica en la región. Hasta ahora, en Venezuela no se está tomando ninguna medida de control sobre este tema en particular, posiblemente por la escasez de información y orientación de las investigaciones hacia este tema, pero que sin duda se debería tomar en cuenta en las políticas para la conservación de la biodiversidad.

Comparación de la abundancia, estructura de tallas y fecundidad de Voluta musica (Caenogastropoda: Volutidae) en tres sitios de la costa norte de la Península de Araya, Venezuela / Abundance, size structure and fecundity of Voluta musica (Caenogastropoda: Volutidae) in three sites of the north coast of Araya Peninsula, Venezuela

Abundance, size structure and fecundity of Voluta musica (Caenogastropoda: Volutidae) in three sites of the north coast of Araya Peninsula, Venezuela. Considering the intensive artisanal fishing activity and the consequent carrion discard found at Isla Caribe, in relation to other two sites with no intensive artisanal fishing activity, we expect different effects on some features of V. musica life history (larger egg capsules, larger organisms, higher abundance of adult organisms). In this paper we compare some population parameters of Voluta musica at three localities in the north coast of the Araya Peninsula in Venezuela under different fishing exploitation regimes. The samples were taken monthly during 2008 and 2009 at Isla Caribe, Isla Lobos and Bajo Cuspe. At each site, samples were taken within three areas of 40m². The abundance of V. musica ranged between 5 ind/120m² to 30 ind/120m² with significant differences between sites (F=7.77; p<0,01). Organisms from Isla Caribe were larger in size (p=0,045), than those in the other two sites. There is a significant differences in the number of egg capsules between sites and between months, and there is clear evidence that Isla Caribe has the largest abundance of egg capsules (p<0,01) suggesting that the extra feeding source (carrion) found at Isla Caribe could have a positive effect on the reproductive potential of the V. musica population at this site.

Teniendo en cuenta la intensa actividad pesquera artesanal y subsecuente fuente adicional de alimento como carroña en Isla Caribe, se esperaría un efecto sobre algunos parámetros poblacionales de V. musica como: mayor número de ovicápsulas, individuos de tallas mayores y densidades de caracoles adultos mayores. Con el presente trabajo se desea conocer la abundancia, estructura de talla y fecundidad de Voluta musica en tres sitios de la costa norte de la Península de Araya en las que existen actividades de pesca diferenciales. Se realizaron muestreos mensuales entre 2008 y 2009 en Isla Caribe, Isla Lobos y Bajo Cuspe, en cada uno con 3 áreas de 40m². La abundancia varió de 5ind/120m² a 30ind/120m², con diferencias significativas entre los sitios (F= .77; p<0,01), siendo igual para Bajo Cuspe e Isla Caribe (p=0,39) pero distinta y menor en Isla Lobos, (p=0,008; 0,0149). Los individuos de Isla Caribe demostraron ser más grandes (p=0,045). Existen diferencias significativas entre sitios y entre meses en el número de ovicápsulas (p<0,01), siendo Isla Caribe el sitio con mayor abundancia de ovicápsulas (p<0,01). Esto sugiere que el alimento suplementario en forma de carroña podría incrementar el potencial reproductivo de la población en Isla Caribe.

Inventory of ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) from the National Park La Restinga, Isla Margarita, Venezuela / Inventário de ascídias (Tunicata, Ascidiacea) do Parque Nacional La Restinga, Isla Margarita, Venezuela

Although ascidians form a conspicuous part of sessile assemblages in the Caribbean, no specialized inventories have been developed in Venezuela, except for a list of 15 species reported from Margarita Island (1984). Here we present the results of a taxonomic workshop held in the Universidad de Oriente, Boca del Rio, Margarita Island during April 20-25 of 2009, sponsored by the NaGISA-Caribbean Sea program. La Restinga National park was surveyed and we found 29 species belonging to 19 genera and 10 families. The most abundant colonial species were Clavelina oblonga, Aplidium accarense, Polyclinum constellatum, Distaplia bermudensis, Symplegma rubra, S. brakenhielmi, Botrylloides nigrum and Ecteinascidia turbinata. Among the solitary ascidians Phallusia nigra, Ascidia curvata, Microcosmus exasperatus, Styela canopus, Styela sp.1 and Styela sp. 2 were the most abundant. The ascidian diversity in this lagoon is one of the highest for similar habitats in the Caribbean and seven species are new registers for Venezuela (Ascidia curvata, Ecteinascidia styeloides, Aplidium accarense, Distaplia stylifera, Trididemnum orbiculatum, Symplegma rubra, and S. brakenhielmi). One point of concern for the conservation of la Restinga National Park is the presence of possible introduced species, and some management procedures are suggested.

Apesar das ascídias formarem uma parte conspícua das comunidades incrustantes no Caribe, nenhum inventário especializado foi realizado na Venezuela, com exceção de uma lista de 15 espécies registradas na Ilha Margarita (1984). Aqui apresentamos os resultados de um workshop de taxonomia realizado na Universidad de Oriente, Boca del Rio, Margarita Island em 20-25 de abril de 2009, como parte do programa NaGISA-Caribbean Sea program. O Parque Nacional La Restinga foi estudado e encontradas 29 espécies pertencendo a 19 gêneros e 10 famílias. As espécies coloniais mais abundantes foram Clavelina oblonga, Aplidium accarense, Polyclinum constellatum, Distaplia bermudensis, Symplegma rubra, S. brakenhielmi, Botrylloides nigrum e Ecteinascidia turbinata. Entre as espécies solitárias, Phallusia nigra, Ascidia curvata, Microcosmus exasperatus, Styela canopus, Styela sp.1 e Styela sp. 2 foram as mais abundantes. A diversidade de ascídias nesta laguna é uma das maiores neste tipo de habitat no Caribe e sete espécies representam novos registros para a Venezuela (Ascidia curvata, Ecteinascidia styeloides, Aplidium accarense, Distaplia stylifera, Trididemnum orbiculatum, Symplegma rubra, e S. brakenhielmi). Uma questão de preocupação para a conservação do Parque Nacional La Restinga é a presença de possíveis espécies exóticas, portanto algumas medidas de manejo são sugeridas.