Jóvenes y educación superior en el Cono Sur de América

(analítico) Con la finalidad de conocer la experiencia de ser joven hoy en la educación superior en Argentina, Chile o Uruguay, se realiza un análisis temático a 54 artículos de los últimos tres años en WoS, Scopus y Scielo. Por intermedio de un trabajo inductivo y reflexivo, se identifican patrones comunes en las fuentes de análisis, que permiten identificar siete temas que dan cuenta de una transición: ampliación de cobertura, pero sin inclusión; facilidad al ingreso, pero con incertidumbre al egreso; cambios en los roles de género, pero manteniéndose el machismo; valoración de la salud, pero con conductas de riesgo; preocupación por los otros, pero con individualismo; valoración del movimiento estudiantil, pero con cambios en sus manifestaciones y tránsito de lo presencial a lo virtual, acelerado por covid-19.

(analytical) In order to know the experience of being young today in higher education in Argentina, Chile or Uruguay, a Thematic Analysis is carried out on 54 articles from the last three years in WoS, Scopus and Scielo. Through inductive and reflective work, common patterns are identified in the sources of analysis, which allow the identification of seven themes that account for a transition: expansion of coverage, but without inclusion; ease upon admission, but with uncertainty upon discharge; changes in gender roles, but maintaining machismo; health assessment, but with risk behaviors; concern for others, but with individualism; appreciation of the student movement, but with changes in its manifestations and transition from face-to-face to virtual, accelerated by COVID-19.

(analítico) Para conhecer a experiência de ser jovem hoje na educação superior na Argentina, Chile ou Uruguai, realiza-se uma Análise Temática de 54 artigos dos últimos três anos em WoS, Scopus e Scielo. Através de um trabalho indutivo e reflexivo, identificam-se padrões comuns nas fontes de análise, que permitem identificar sete temas que dão conta de uma transição: ampliação da cobertura, mas sem inclusão; facilidade na admissão, mas com incerteza na alta; mudanças nos papéis de gênero, mas mantendo o machismo; avaliação de saúde, mas com comportamentos de risco; preocupação com os outros, mas com individualismo; valorização do movimento estudantil, mas com mudanças em suas manifestações e transição do presencial para o virtual, acelerada pela Covid-19.

Abundance and associated factors of Amblyomma tigrinum (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting wild foxes in north-central Chile / Abundância e fatores associados do Amblyomma tigrinum (Acari: Ixodidae) infestando raposas silvestres no centro-norte do Chile

Abstract The tick Amblyomma tigrinum inhabits areas with diverse climatic conditions, with adult stages parasitizing wild canids, such as chilla (Lycalopex griseus) and culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus) foxes. We described the infestation loads in wild foxes captured at three sites (periurban, rural and wild) through an anthropization gradient in north-central Chile. We tested whether local-scale environmental and/or individual host factors can predict tick abundance by using negative binomial models. During 2018-2020 (spring and summer), we captured 116 foxes (44 chillas and 72 culpeos), and 102 of them were infested with ticks (87.9%, CI=80.6-93.2%). We collected 996 A. tigrinum adult ticks, estimating a total mean abundance of 8.6±0.8 ticks/host. Periurban and rural foxes harbored greater tick loads than foxes from the wild site (2.34 and 1.71 greater, respectively) while tick abundance in summer decreased by up to 57% compared to spring. Tempered, more humid climate conditions of the periurban site could favor the development and survival of adults A. tigrinum; and ticks may have adopted a quiescent stage or similar survival mechanisms to cope with summer temperature increases related to the ongoing megadrought. Further studies are warranted to understand the underlying factors determining the life cycle of A. tigrinum at larger spatiotemporal scales.

Resumo Amblyomma tigrinum habita em áreas com diversas condições climáticas, com estágios adultos, geralmente, parasitando canídeos silvestres, como chilla (Lycalopex griseus) e culpeo (Lycalopex culpaeus). Neste trabalho, são descritas as cargas de infestação de A. tigrinum em raposas silvestres, capturadas em três locais (periurbano, rural e silvestre) no centro-norte do Chile. Foi testado se os fatores ambientais e/ou individuais do hospedeiro, em escala local, podem prever a abundância de carrapatos, usando-se modelos binomiais negativos. Durante 2018-2020 (primavera e verão), foram capturadas 116 raposas (44 chillas e 72 culpeos), e 102 delas estavam infestadas por carrapatos (87,9%, IC=80,6-93,2%). Foram coletados 996 carrapatos adultos de A. tigrinum, estimando-se uma abundância média total de 8,6±0,8 carrapatos/hospedeiro. As raposas periurbanas e rurais abrigaram cargas de carrapatos maiores do que as raposas do local silvestre (2,34 e 1,71 maior, respectivamente), enquanto a abundância de carrapatos, no verão, diminuiu até 57% em comparação com a primavera. As condições climáticas temperadas e mais úmidas do sítio periurbano podem favorecer o desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência dos adultos de A. tigrinum; e os carrapatos podem ter adotado um estágio quiescente ou mecanismos de sobrevivência semelhantes, para lidar com os aumentos de temperatura no verão, relacionados à mega seca em andamento.

Significance of a neglected tropical disease: lessons from a paradigmatic case of 'success in translation'

In a previous publication, I stressed the fundamental importance of research for improving health using as an example the control of Chagas disease in the Americas.(1) For that purpose, I analysed the major scientific breakthroughs and public health events from the 1909 discovery of Chagas disease and its causative pathogen, Trypanosoma cruzi, by Carlos Chagas,(2) through the successful control of its transmission by insect vectors in large regions of the Southern Cone countries in the 90s.(3) In the twenty years since that publication, Brazil and Latin American countries had to cope with a number of serious public health threats, old and new: (i) recrudescence of well-known diseases, such as dengue and yellow fever; (ii) emergence of viral diseases that had been restricted to other continents (Zika, Chikungunya); (iii) new epidemics (H1N1) or (iv) pandemics (COVID-19). Are there still some lessons from that success story against a neglected disease of the 90s that would be relevant today in the context of these recent challenges?

La mano que vota. Visualidad y afectos en un símbolo transnacional del movimiento por el derecho al aborto en el Cono Sur / A mão que vota. Visualidade e afetos em um símbolo transnacional do movimento pelo direito ao aborto no Cone Sul / The voting hand. Visuality and affect in a transnational symbol of abortion rights movement in Latin America´s Southern Cone

Resumen Este artículo presenta un estudio sobre el primer símbolo transnacional del movimiento por el derecho al aborto en el Cono Sur: la "mano que vota" a favor del aborto legal. El emblema surge en Uruguay a comienzos de la década del 2000. Alrededor de 2010, el símbolo viró al color verde y fue adoptado por la Campaña Nacional por el Derecho al Aborto Legal, Seguro y Gratuito en Argentina. A partir de 2015, la mano que vota también acompañó el proceso que llevó a la legalización del aborto en tres causales en Chile. El análisis focaliza sobre rol de los símbolos y de los afectos en el activismo por el derecho al aborto. La mano que vota fue central para la construcción de identidad colectiva y sintonía política del movimiento. También este emblema logró imantar esperanzas asociadas con la democracia y un profundo sentido de la obstinación política. Los resultados se basan en el trabajo con diversos archivos y en conversaciones con informantes clave de Argentina, Chile y Uruguay.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre o primeiro símbolo transnacional do movimento pelo direito ao aborto no Cone Sul: a "mão que vota" a favor do aborto legal. O emblema surgiu no Uruguai no início dos anos 2000. Por volta de 2010, o símbolo ficou verde e foi adotado pela Campanha Nacional pelo Direito ao Aborto Legal, Seguro e Gratuito na Argentina. A partir de 2015, a mão que vota também acompanhou o processo que levou à legalização do aborto em três casos no Chile. A análise enfoca o papel dos símbolos e emoções no ativismo pelo direito ao aborto. A mão que vota foi fundamental para a construção da identidade coletiva e sintonia política do movimento. Este emblema também conseguiu magnetizar esperanças associadas à democracia e um profundo senso de obstinação política. Os resultados são baseados em investigação em vários arquivos e conversas com informantes-chave da Argentina, Chile e Uruguai.

Abstract This article presents a study on the first transnational symbol of the movement for abortion rights in Latin America's Southern Cone: the "voting hand" for legal abortion. The emblem emerged in Uruguay at the beginning of the 2000s. Around 2010, the symbol turned green and was adopted by the National Campaign for the Right to Legal, Safe and Free Abortion in Argentina. As of 2015, the voting hand also accompanied the process that led to the legalization of abortion on three cases in Chile. The analysis focuses on the role of symbols and affects in the activism for abortion rights. The voting hand was central for the construction of a collective identity and political sintony in the movement. This emblem also magnetized hopes associated with democracy and a deep sense of political willfulness. Results are based in documentary research in various archives and in conversations with key informants from Argentina, Chile and Uruguay.

Congresos de Anatomía del Cono Sur: 21 años de Historia / Congresses of Anatomy of the Southern Cone: 21 Years of History

Realizamos una reseña histórica de los Congresos de Anatomía del Cono Sur. A inicios del año 1999, se estableció un acuerdo entre la "Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía" y la "Asociación Rioplatense de Anatomía" para realizar -de manera conjunta- los congresos científicos de ambas sociedades. Unos meses después, también a propuesta de los Dres. Mariano del Sol y Ricardo Losardo, se solicitó que se realizara una nueva entidad a la cual denominaron inicialmente "Congreso de Anatomistas del Cono Sur", cuya finalidad sería reunir no solamente a los anatomistas argentinos, uruguayos y chilenos, sino también incorporar a los morfólogos de otros países de América del Sur, entre los cuales estaban los brasileños y los paraguayos. De esta manera, se inició la realización conjunta de los tres congresos (Chileno, Rioplatense y del Cono Sur) con una masiva participación de los morfólogos de numerosos países de nuestro continente. Los "Congresos de Anatomía del Cono Sur" (llamados así desde el II Congreso realizado en Chile) se han realizado normalmente cada año, muchas veces de manera conjunta con los Congresos Argentinos, Chilenos, Brasileños y Panamericanos de Anatomía, entre otros eventos. Al cumplirse 21 años del inicio de esta fructífera y beneficiosa unión científica quisimos plasmar en este artículo los orígenes de estos Congresos de Anatomía del Cono Sur, como también los motivos que llevaron a su creación. Asimismo, se enumeraron los encuentros realizados en los primeros 21 años (1999-2019), señalando sus fechas, sedes y presidentes.

We make a historical review of the Congresses of Anatomy of the Southern Cone. At the beginning of the year 1999, an agreement was established between the «Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía¼ and the «Asociación Rioplatense se Anatomía¼ to jointly conduct the scientific congresses of both societies. A few months later, also at the proposal of Drs. Mariano del Sol and Ricardo Losardo, a new entity was requested to be called initially "Congress of Anatomists of the Southern Cone", whose purpose would be to gather not only Argentine, Uruguayan and Chilean anatomists, but also incorporate morphologists from other countries in South America, including Brazilians and Paraguayans. In this way, the joint realization of the three congresses (Chilean, Rioplatense and the Southern Cone) began with a massive participation of the morphologists of numerous countries of our continent. The "Congresses of Anatomy of the Southern Cone" (so called since the II Congress held in Chile) have normally been held every year, often jointly with the Argentine, Chilean, Brazilian and Pan American Congresses of Anatomy, among other events. Upon the 21st anniversary of the beginning of this fruitful and beneficial scientific union we wanted to capture in this article the origins of these Congresses of Anatomy of the Southern Cone, as well as the reasons that led to its creation. Likewise, the meetings held in the first 21 years (1999-2019) were listed, indicating their dates, headquarters and presidents.

Southern Cone Initiative for the elimination of domestic populations of Triatoma infestans and the interruption of transfusion Chagas disease: historical aspects, present situation, and perspectives

Created in 1991 by the governments of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, the Southern Cone Initiative (SCI) has been extremely important for Chagas disease control in this region. Its basic objective was to reach the interruption of this disease, chiefly by means of the elimination of the principal vector Triatoma infestans and by the selection of safe donors in the regional blood banks. After a summarized historic of SCI, the text shows the advance of technical and operative activities, emphasizing some factors for the initiative success, as well as some difficulties and constraints. The future of SCI will depend of the continuity of the actions and of political priority. Scientific community has been highly responsible for this initiative and its maintenance. At the side of this, national and international efforts must be involved and reinforced to assure the accomplishment of the final targets of SCI. Very specially, the Pan American Health Organization has cooperated with the Initiative in all its moments and activities,being the most important catalytic and technical factor for SCI success.