Cuantificación de metales en LECISAN®por espectrometría de emisión óptica con plasma acoplado inductivamente

Introducción: La contaminación resultante de la industrialización ha propiciado el aumento de la concentración de metales en diversos ambientes y su incorporación a materias primas y productos terminados, lo que repercute directamente en la salud humana. Objetivo: Cuantificar metales en la materia prima empleada en la fabricación de la tableta masticable LECISAN® y en la tableta, para establecer niveles de referencia de: aluminio, calcio, cadmio, cromo, cobre, hierro, magnesio, plomo, silicio, vanadio y zinc. Método: Se utilizó la espectrometría atómica de emisión óptica con plasma inductivamente acoplado (ICP OES) y se establecieron mediante métodos estadísticos los intervalos de confianza para la media de los valorescuantificados con una probabilidad del 95%. Resultados: Existen diferencias significativas entre las dos formas de presentación en cuanto a la cantidad de todos los metales, excepto aluminio (p<0,05). Los coeficientes de variación fueron bajos, el cromo obtuvo un valor cercano al 10% en la materia prima y el plomo resultó elevado (17,44 %). Los valores se encuentran dentro del rango reportado como permisibles según norma cubana (NC 493:2012) excepto para plomo y cobre. Se observaron mayores concentraciones de aquellos elementos con efectos favorables para la salud. Conclusiones: Los resultados encontrados deben ser considerados como referenciales para la evaluación del impacto que sobre la salud tendría el régimen de administración diaria del suplemento nutricionalLECISAN® yel análisis de factores relacionados con la presencia de metales en subproductos del refinado del aceite de soya para futura investigaciones.

Introduction: The pollution resulting from industrialization has led to an increase in the concentration of metals in various environments and their incorporation into raw materials and finished products, which has a direct impact on human health. Objective: To quantify metals in the raw material used in the manufacture of the LECISAN® chewable tablet and in the tablet, to establish reference levels of: aluminum, calcium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, lead, silicon, vanadium and zinc. Method: Atomic optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP OES) was used and confidence intervals for the mean of the quantified values were established using statistical methods with a probability of 95%. Results: There are significant differences between the two presentation forms in terms of the amount of all metals, except aluminum (p<0.05). The variation coefficients were low, chromium obtained a value close to 10% in the raw material and lead was high (17.44%). The values are within the range reported as permissible according to Cuban standards (NC 493:2012) except for lead and copper. Higher concentrations of those elements with favorable health effects were observed. Conclusions: The results found should be considered as references for the evaluation of the impact that the daily administration regimen of the LECISAN® nutritional supplement would have on health and the analysis of factors related to the presence of metals in by-products of soybean oil refining for future research.

Introdução: A poluição decorrente da industrialização tem levado ao aumento da concentração de metais em diversos ambientes e à sua incorporação em matérias-primas e produtos acabados, o que tem impacto direto na saúde humana. Objetivo: Quantificar metais na matéria-prima utilizada na fabricação do comprimido mastigável LECISAN® e no comprimido, estabelecer teores de referência de: alumínio, cálcio, cádmio, cromo, cobre, ferro, magnésio, chumbo, silício, vanádio e zinco. Método: Foi utilizada espectrometria de emissão óptica atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES) e os intervalos de confiança para a média dos valores quantificados foram estabelecidos por meio de métodos estatísticos com probabilidade de 95%. Resultados: Existem diferenças significativas entre as duas formas de apresentação quanto à quantidade de todos os metais, exceto alumínio (p<0,05). Os coeficientes de variação foram baixos, o cromo obteve valor próximo a 10% na matéria-prima e o chumbo foi alto (17,44%). Os valores estão dentro da faixa informada como permitida segundo as normas cubanas (NC 493:2012) exceto para chumbo e cobre. Foram observadas concentrações mais elevadas desses elementos com efeitos favoráveis à saúde. Conclusões: Os resultados encontrados devem ser considerados referências para a avaliação do impacto que o regime diário de administração do suplemento nutricional LECISAN® teria na saúde e a análise dos fatores relacionados à presença de metais em subprodutos do refino do óleo de soja para pesquisas futuras.

Analysis on Quality of Sojae Semen Praeparatum Based on Traditional Quality Evaluation / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveBased on the quality evaluation experience of "it is better to have a fragrant and strong aroma" summarized by materia medica of past dynasties， the chemical components of Sojae Semen Nigrum（SSN） and Sojae Semen Praeparatum（SSP） were systematically compared and analyzed， and the main fermentation products in different fermentation time were quantitatively analyzed， so as to clarify the transformation law of internal components in the processing process and provide scientific basis for the modern quality control of SSP. MethodUltra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS） was used for the structural identification of the chemical constituents of SSN and SSP， and with the aid of Progenesis QI v2.3 software， the negative ion mode was employed for principal component analysis（PCA） pattern recognition， and the data were analyzed with the aid of orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） for two-dimensional data to obtain S-plot， and components with |P|>0.1 were selected as the differential constituents. The contents of isoflavonoids in SSP during fermentation was determined by UPLC， and the samples were taken every 8 h in the pre-fermentation period and every 2 d in the post-fermentation period， and the dynamic changes of isoflavonoid contents in different fermentation stages were analyzed. The contents of amino acids and nucleosides in SSP and SSN from different fermentation stages were quantitatively analyzed by phenyl isothiocyanate（PITC） pre-column derivatization and high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） gradient elution， and the contribution of flavor substances to the "delicious" taste of SSP was discussed by taste intensity value（TAV）. ResultA total of 19 kinds of differential components were screened out， mainly soybean saponins and isoflavones， and their contents decreased significantly or even disappeared after fermentation. In the pre-fermentation process of SSP， glycoside bond hydrolysis mainly occurred， and isoflavone glycosides in SSN were degraded and converted into the corresponding aglycones， the content of flavor substances such as amino acids increased gradually. In the post-fermentation process， protein degradation mainly occurred， after 8 d of post-fermentation， the content of isoflavones was basically stable， while the total content of amino acids increased by 8-40 times on average. Different amino acids form the special flavor of SSP， such as the TAV of glutamate is always ahead of other flavor substances， and sweet substances such as alanine and valine have made relatively great contributions to SSP. ConclusionBased on the law of constituent transformation， combined with the traditional evaluation index of "fragrant and strong"， it is difficult to control the fermentation degree of SSP by the existing standards in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. It is suggested that description of the characteristics of SSP be refined and changed to "fragrant， delicious and slightly sweet"， and at the same time， the post-fermentation index compounds such as glutamic acid， alanine and valine should be added as the quality control indicators of SSP， so as to standardize the production process and improve the quality of SSP.

LECISAN® y sus potencialidades terapéuticas para el abordaje farmacológico de la obesidad / LECISAN® and its therapeutic potentialities for the pharmacological approach to obesity

Introducción: La obesidad se ha identificado como un estado crónico de inflamación sistémica conocido como lipoinflamación. En los últimos tiempos ha cobrado relevancia el descubrimiento de moléculas clave que actúan como blancos terapéuticos, así como sus conexiones y mecanismos existentes. Por otra parte, es sabido lo difícil que es la obtención de nuevos fármacos naturales como alternativas o terapias complementarias en enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como la obesidad y las dislipemias. El LECISAN® destaca como candidato por sus potencialidades. Objetivos: Valorar los resultados de investigaciones preclínicas y clínicas que avalan el uso del LECISAN®. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y crítica de las evidencias de impacto de los efectos de la lecitina de soya. Se consultaron artículos publicados preferentemente en los últimos diez años en las bases de datos EBSCO, Google Scholar, Latindex, Redalyc, DOAJ, Dialnet, WorldCat, LILACS, SciELO y OATD. Conclusiones: El LECISAN® es un producto natural que rebasa el contexto de su empleo como suplemento nutricional, pero requiere nuevas investigaciones en el campo de la farmacología. Resultan contradictorios y poco concluyentes los resultados referentes a sus posibles efectos y usos(AU)

Introduction: Obesity has been identified as a chronic state of systemic inflammation known as lipoinflammation. In recent times, the discovery of key molecules acting as therapeutic targets, as well as their connections and existing mechanisms, has gained relevance. On the other hand, it is known how difficult it is to obtain new natural drugs as alternatives or complementary therapies in chronic noncommunicable diseases such as obesity and dyslipidemias. LECISAN® stands out as a candidate, for its potentialities. Objective: To assess the results of preclinical and clinical investigations that support the use of LECISAN®. Methods: A systematic and critical review of evidence about the impact of the effects of soy lecithin was carried out. Articles published preferably in the last ten years were consulted, from the EBSCO, Google Scholar, Latindex, Redalyc, DOAJ, Dialnet, WorldCat, LILACS, SciELO and OATD databases. Conclusions: LECISAN® is a natural product that goes beyond the context of its use as a nutritional supplement, but requires new research in the field of pharmacology. The results regarding its possible effects and uses are contradictory and inconclusive, based on hypotheses that relate an emulsifying action with the phospholipids present in the mixture, the antioxidant effects with isoflavones, the anti-inflammatory effects with the polyunsaturated fatty acids that regulate lipid metabolism, as well as the activation of the phospholipase A2 system with the consequent production of inflammatory cytosines(AU)

Anti-inflammatory effects of functional milk drink enriched with soya bean sprout protein in breastfeeding mothers

@#Introduction: Increased metabolism during pregnancy and breastfeeding results in increased oxidative stress among mothers. However, daily intake of foods containing antioxidants can improve antioxidant and inflammatory status. The objectives of this research were to formulate a soya bean sprout protein milk (SSPM) functional drink; to know its protein and isoflavone contents; and its effect on interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in plasma and breast milk (BM) of breastfeeding mothers. Methods: The study begun with the production of soya bean sprout protein extract (SSPE), followed by preparing five formulated SSPM, namely SSPE, low-calorie sweetener, fructose, skim milk, and salt. The formulated products were subjected to organoleptic test on a scale of 1 (extremely dislike) to 5 (extremely like). Fifty mothers aged 20-35 years who had a newborn up to six months old, in good health condition, and with informed consent were recruited. They were randomly divided into two groups: group I was fed SSPM for two months, 150 ml/day every morning, and group II was treated as placebo. Data were analysed with one-way analysis and paired sample t-test. Results: The preferred SSPM composed of 65.0% SSPE, 1.5% low-calorie sweetener, 6.0% fructose, 27.0% skim milk, 0.5% salt, and containing 13.77±0.001% protein and 229.9±0.001mg/g isoflavone content. Two months after intervention, there was a decrease in the level of IL-6 by 82.5% in the plasma (p=0.015) and 68.1% in BM (p<0.05). Body mass index (BMI) decreased from 22.77 to 20.64 kg/m2 (p=0.019). Conclusion: SSPM is a potential anti-inflammatory agent and has health benefits for breastfeeding mothers.

Role of semi-purified andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata extract as nano-phytovesicular carrier for enhancing oral absorption and hypoglycemic activity / 中草药·英文版

Objective: Andrographis paniculata is a well-known medicinal plant in Southeast Asia, India and China. The plant contains andrographolide (AN), a very important phytochemical used in various health problems. However, AN is low in oral absorption bioavailability of AN due to the rapid clearance and high protein binding capacity. Methods: The present study was aimed to develop a nano-phytovesicular formulation of semi-purified AN extracts from a naturally occurring phospholipid (soya phosphatidylcholine) in order to increase the oral absorption and antihyperglycemic activity in rats. Results: The nano-phyto vesicle of semi-purified AN extracts equivalent to 25 mg /kg AN significantly protected the hyperglycemic condition of rats. The in vitro and in vivo experiments results proved that the nano- phytovesicular system of plant extracts containing AN produced better oral absorption, bioavailability and improved antihyperglycemic activity compared with that of free AN at dose of 50 mg/kg. Conclusion: Hence, the prepared semi-purified extract nano-phytovesicular system is helpful in solving the problem of rapid clearance of AN.

Viability of Hydrocarbon-degrading Bacterial Consortium Immobilized on Different Carriers

Aim: Viability of hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial consortium immobilized on different carriers was studied. Methodology: Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were isolated from crude oil contaminated sites in Gio and K-Dera, Rivers State, Nigeria using enrichment method. Proximate analyses were carried out on the best carrier materials. Immobilization was by direct adsorption of the isolates onto the carrier materials and viability was determined by plate count method. The carrier materials tested included soya bran, sugarcane bagasse, corn cob, brown saw dust, white saw dust, cassava peel and red mud (bentonite). Results: The bacterial isolates demonstrated varied degradation capacity. The best carrier material was saw dust (103.6% survival) and corn cob (103.6% survival) followed by soya bran (94.4% survival rate) and cassava peel (94.4% survival rate). The saw dust had moisture content, 5.92%; ash content, 7.49%; crude protein, 2.2%; volatile matter, 74.28; and fixed carbon, 12.34%; whereas, the percentage chemical composition observed for soya bran were 10.11, 4.08, 5.22, 42.61, 18.37 and 8.89 for moisture content, ash content, crude fibre, crude protein, crude fat and carbohydrate, respectively. There was significant difference (p=0.05) between viability rate observed with the different carrier materials. Conclusion: This study showed that the agro-wastes used in this study can effectively enhance the viability of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacterial. The result is significant as it shows the possibility of using these carrier materials for bioremediation of hydrocarbon contaminated media.

Recomendaciones sobre la utilización de las fórmulas infantiles con proteína aislada de soya en la alimentación del lactante. Documento de posición basado en la evidencia / Recommendations on the use of infant formulas with isolated soy protein in infant feeding. Evidence-Based Position Paper

Antecedentes: Las fórmulas a base de proteína de soya (FBPS) se han utilizado desde hace tiempo como una alternativa para lactantes con requerimientos nutricionales especiales. Sin embargo, las indicaciones médicas para su uso, su alergenicidad, seguridad y eficacia aún son controvertidas. Objetivo: Presentar recomendaciones del uso de FBPS basadas en la literatura existente. Métodos: Se realizó la consulta de revisiones sistemáticas y guías de práctica clínica, por medio de algoritmos de búsqueda validados, y sistemas como AGREE (Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation) II y PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Para la elaboración de las recomendaciones clínicas se analizaron y discutieron los tópicos de mayor importancia, por parte de los investigadores responsables y el grupo de expertos del desarrollo de un documento de posición. Se evaluó la calidad de la evidencia utilizando el sistema GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Resultados: Se encontraron distintos reportes con calidad de evidencia variable que sustentan la eficacia de las FBPS en el manejo de la alergia a la proteína de la leche de vaca y en la tolerancia digestiva del lactante, así como su baja alergia cruzada en comparación a la leche de vaca y otras fórmulas. También se encontraron otros estudios que indican la seguridad de las FBPS sobre distintos parámetros nutricionales, inmunitarios y de desarrollo. Existe además evidencia que demuestra que las FBPS tienen ventajas importantes en cuestión de costo-beneficio, palatabilidad y efectos sobre la microbiota intestinal, en comparación con otras fórmulas. Conclusiones: Aunque existe evidencia limitada para recomendar su utilización en los trastornos digestivos funcionales, las FBPS tienen un perfil de seguridad adecuado y continúan siendo una opción válida para la alimentación del lactante.

Abstract Background: Soy infant formulas (SIF) have long been used as an alternative for infants with special nutritional requirements. However, the medical indications for their use, their allergenicity, safety and efficacy are still controversial. Objective: To present recommendations for the use of SIF based on the existing literature. Methods: We consulted systematic reviews and clinical practice guides, through validated search algorithms, and systems such as Appraisal of Guidelines for REsearch and Evaluation (AGREE)II and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). For the elaboration of the clinical recommendations, the most important topics were analyzed and discussed by the responsible researchers and the group of experts in the development of a position paper. The quality of the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. Results: Several reports with variable quality of evidence were found. They support SIF’s efficacy in the management of cow’s milk allergy and infant’s digestive tolerance, as well as its low cross allergy compared to cow’s milk and other formulas. We also found other studies that indicate the safety of SIFs on different nutritional, immune and developmental parameters. There is also evidence that demonstrates that SIFs have important advantages in terms of cost-benefit, palatability and effects on the intestinal microbiota, compared to other formulas. Conclusions: Although evidence to recommend its use in functional digestive disorders is limited, SIFs have an adequate safety profile and are still a valid option for infant feeding.

Tableta masticable de lecitina de soya: de subproducto a producto farmacéutico / Chewable pill of soy phosphatidylcholine: from by-product to pharmaceutical product

En el Laboratorio Farmacéutico Oriente de Santiago de Cuba se acometió el desarrollo de una tableta masticable de lecitina de soya con fines de registro y ulterior producción, lo cual se realizó durante el bienio 2011-2013. Se utilizaron excipientes de calidad farmacéutica, los métodos analíticos de la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos, edición 35/Formulario Nacional, edición 30 del 2012, así como la tecnología de granulación húmeda y compresión directa. La lecitina fue caracterizada como materia prima farmacéutica y la tableta desarrollada cumplió con los atributos de calidad establecidos, por lo cual se registró con estabilidad comprobada de 2 años. Se suministró valor agregado a esta sustancia, con riesgo potencial de acumulación para el medio ambiente, como producto farmacéutico nuevo en Cuba

The development of a chewable pill of soy phosphatidylcholilne was undertaken in Oriente Pharmaceutical Laboratory from Santiago de Cuba with registration ends and subsequent production, that was carried out during the biennium 2011-2013. Excipients of pharmaceutical quality, the analytic methods of the United States Pharmacopoeia, edition 35/National Form, 2012 30th edition, as well as the technology of humid granulation and direct compression were used. Phosphatidylcholine was characterized as pharmaceutical raw material and the developed pill fulfilled the established quality attributes, reason why it was registered with 2 years proven stability. Added value was given to this substance, with potential risk of accumulation for the environment, as new pharmaceutical product in Cuba

Composición química e indicadores de calidad del frijol de soya (Glycine max) integral procesado con vapor para la alimentación de aves y cerdos / Chemical composition and quality indicators of full-fat soybean steam processed for poultry and swine feeding

Este estudio se realizó para determinar la composición química e indicadores de calidad del frijol de soya (Glycine max) integral (FSI) procesado con vapor en un autoclave bajo condiciones estándares de trabajo a 2,30 bar de presión a 103°C/30 min. Se tomaron seis muestras después del procesamiento de cada uno de tres lotes de soya provenientes de Estados Unidos. Se obtuvo la media por lote y general para cada variable con el error estándar (± EE). Las medias generales de materia seca, proteína, grasa, fibra, ceniza, Ca y P (g/100 g) y energía bruta (kcal/kg) fueron 91,40±0,40; 36,82±0,18; 20,88±0,49; 6,69±0,21; 4,80±0,05; 0,30±0,06; 0,53±0,006 y 5732±44,14, respectivamente. Hubo variaciones entre lotes para materia seca, P (P<0,01), fibra, ceniza y energía bruta (P≤0,05). Se observó predominio de lisina, arginina y leucina cuyas medias generales fueron 2,26±0,01; 2,70±0,01 y 2,81±0,01, respectivamente. Los ácidos grasos predominantes fueron oleico y linoleico con medias generales (g/100g) de 21,65±0,12 y 51,07±0,13, respectivamente. Se observaron variaciones (P≤0,01) entre lotes en la acidez y en los índices de saponificación, yodo y acidez. Las medias generales para inhibidores de tripsina, solubilidad de la proteína en KOH, actividad de ureasa y lisina reactiva fueron 3,04 ± 0,36 mg/g de muestra; 80,29 ± 1,09%; 0,05 ± 0,01% y 1,87±0,06%, respectivamente. Aunque hubo variaciones entre lotes para algunos componentes e indicadores de calidad, el FSI procesado con vapor es una fuente proteica de buena calidad, con buen contenido de lisina, grasa, energía bruta y ácidos grasos esenciales para la alimentación de aves y cerdos(AU)

This study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and quality indicators of full-fat soybean (Glycine max) (FFSB) steam processed in an autoclave under standard contitions of work of 2.30 bar of pressure and 103°C/30 min. Six samples were taken after the processing of each of three soybean batches from the United States. The average was obtained by batch and overall for each variable with the standard error of the mean (± SEM). The total averages of dry matter, protein, fat, fiber, ash, Ca and P (g/100g) and gross energy (kcal/kg) were 91.40±0.40, 36.82 ± 0.18; 20.88±0.49, 6.69 ± 0.21, 4.80±0,05, 0.30±0.06, 0.53±0.006, and 5732±44.14, respectively. There were variations among batches for dry matter, P (P<0.01), fiber, ash and gross energy (P≤0.05). There was a predominance of lysine, arginine and leucine (g/100 g) with average of 2.26±0.01, 2.70±0.01 and 2.81±0.01, respectively. The predominant fatty acids (g/100 g) were oleic and linoleic with general averages of 21.65 ± 0.12 and 51.07 ± 0.13, respectively. There were variations (P≤0.01) among batches in acidity and saponification, iodine and acidity index. The average for trypsin inhibitors, protein solubility in KOH, urease activity and reactive lysine were 3.04 ± 0.36 mg/g of sample; 80.29 ± 1.09%, 0.05 ± 0.01% y 1.87±0.06%, respectively. Although there were variations among batches for some components and quaility indicators, the FFSB steam processed is a protein source of good quality with good content of lysine, fat, gross energy and essential fatty acids for feeding poultry and swine(AU)

Aspectos farmacológicos de la lecitina de soya y sus posibles aplicaciones médicas / Pharmacological aspects of soy phosphatidylcholine and its possible medical uses

La lecitina de soya, producto natural empleado como suplemento nutricional, presenta múltiples acciones biológicas demostradas, por lo cual resulta muy beneficiosa para tratar a pacientes con distintas afecciones. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior se realizó la presente investigación donde se exponen algunos aspectos de interés, con vistas a difundir aún más lo relacionado con esta temática

The soy phosphatidylcholine, natural product used as nutritional supplement, presents multiple demonstrated biological actions, reason why it is very beneficial to treat patients with different disorders. Taking into account the above-mentioned the present investigation was carried out where some aspects of interest are exposed, aimed at diffusing even more everything related to this thematic

Total salinity stress on physico-chemical characterization of lecithin isolated from soya bean oil seeds grown in the coastal region of south, India.

Phospholipid is very essential in the balanced diet. The vegetarian people in the coastal area are habitant of using edible oil seeds as daily food grains. Salinity of water during cultivation decreases the accumulation of oil content (12-15%) in seeds. Present experiment was focused on total salinity and ionic stress on physiochemical characterization of extracted lecithin from soya bean oil under saline and non-saline cultivations. The experiment proves that the percentage of phospholipids in oil and lecithin is decreased by 1.02% and 8.08%, respectively under saline cultivation. The phospholipids of the lecithin were qualitatively identified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance of liquid chromatography (HPLC). The Rf values for phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl-serine (PS), phosphatidyl-inositol (PI) and phosphatidyl-choline (PC) of samples were well related to the standard. HPLC spectrum is well resolved and the retention time (RT) is correlated the standard with high precision. Quantisation of phospholipids shows a variation in the average percentage of PC, PI, PS and PE as 17.925, 9.125, 5.9, 15.1 for saline cultivation and 22.25, 12.025, 8.525, 18.975 for non-saline cultivation. Average decrease in the percentage in saline cultivation is due to the total salinity and ionic (Na+Cl-) stress of water.

Composición de ácidos grasos en algunos alimentos fritos y aceites de fritura y factores relacionados, en un sector universitario de Medellín-Colombia / Composition of fatty acids in some fried food and frying oil and related factors in a college area of the city of Medellín-Colombia

Antecedentes: las condiciones de fritura afectan la proporción de ácidos grasos de alimentos fritos. Objetivo: determinar el efecto de las condiciones de fritura sobre la composición de ácidos grasos saturados, monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados y trans en alimentos fritos y aceites de fritura. Materiales y métodos: se recolectaron 22 muestras de alimentos y sus aceites de fritura en cuatro restaurantes, cuatro cafeterías y tres puestos callejeros, de afluencia universitaria en Medellín- Colombia. Se determinó la composición de ácidos grasos mediante cromatografía de gases, luego de la fritura. La composición del aceite se relacionó con condiciones de fritura. Resultados: siete establecimientos usaban aceite de palma, dos de soya y dos mezcla de aceites vegetales. En papas fritas, el aceite de palma aumentó el contenido de saturados y disminuyó el de poliinsaturados (p<0,05). El aceite de soya presentó mayor contenido de poliinsaturados y trans y menor contenido de saturados (p=0,05) para todos los casos. En los aceites se asociaron saturados con sólidos presentes (p=0,03) y trans con horas/uso/día (p=0,02) y presencia de sólidos (p=0,04). Las condiciones de fritura fueron deficientes. Conclusión: la distribución de ácidos grasos en papas fritas depende del aceite usado. Las deficientes condiciones de fritura afectan la cantidad de ácidos grasos saturados y trans del aceite.

Background: Frying conditions affect fatty acids proportion in fried foods. Objective: To determine the effect of frying conditions on fatty acid composition: saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fatty acid in fried food and frying oils. Materials and methods: 22 food samples and their frying oils were collected in 4 restaurants, 4 coffee shops, and 3 street stalls placed at universities in Medellín, Colombia. Fatty acids composition was determined by gas chromatography after the frying. Oil composition was associated with frying conditions. Results: Palm oil was used in 7 places, soya oil in 2 and a mixture of vegetable oils was used in another 2 places. In fried potatoes, palm oil increased saturated fatty acid content and reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid content (p<0,05). Soya oil had a greater polyunsaturated and trans fatty acid content, and a lower saturated content (p=0,05), in all cases. In oils, saturated fatty acid were associated with present solids (p=0,03) and TFA were associated with hours/usage/day (p=0,02) and presences of solids (p=0,04). Frying conditions were inappropriate. Conclusion: Fatty acid distribution in fried potatoes depends of oil used for frying. Poor frying conditions affect saturated and trans fatty acid content in oil.

Efecto de la temperatura de almacenamiento sobre la viabilidad de bacterias simbióticas fijadoras de nitrógeno utilizadas en la elaboración de inoculantes biológicos para arveja (Pisum sativum) y soya (Glycine max) / Effect of storage temperature on the viability of symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria used in the preparation of biological inoculants for crop pea (Pisum sativum) and soybean (Glycine max)

El nitrógeno es un elemento requerido en grandes cantidades por los cultivos, sin embargo, en el suelo es uno de los elementos más limitantes ya que se encuentra en formas poco disponibles para las plantas y debe ser incorporado a través de la fertilización química o por medio de la fijación biológica llevada a cabo por microorganismos. Las bacterias simbióticas fijadoras de nitrógeno han sido ampliamente utilizadas para la elaboración de inoculantes, constituyéndose en una alternativa viable para mejorar el rendimiento de los cultivos a través de un mejor suministro de este elemento. Estos inoculantes para que puedan ser comercializados deben cumplir con ciertos requisitos de calidad que garanticen el buen funcionamiento del producto. En este estudio se evalúo la viabilidad de las cepas ICA L9 e ICA J96 en inoculantes almacenados a temperaturas de 4±2, 18±3 y 28±2 °C durante 180 días y la actividad biológica en plantas de arveja y soya. Las cepas utilizadas pertenecen al Banco de Germoplasma de Microorganismos de Corpoica; para los ensayos biológicos se emplearon semillas de arveja variedad "Santa Isabel" y soya variedad "Corpoica Superior 6". Al evaluar la viabilidad de los inoculantes almacenados a 4±2 °C, 18±3 °C y 28±2 °C, se evidenció que la temperatura no afectó la supervivencia y la concentración de rizobios después de 180 días de almacenamiento permitiendo observar un número de unidades formadoras de colonias por gramo superior a 108, valor que garantiza la calidad del inoculante. En cuanto a la actividad biológica, se observó que las cepas inoculadas fueron infectivas y efectivas para la fijación biológica del nitrógeno, compa­rado con los testigos absolutos.

Nitrogen is an element required in large amounts by most crops, however, in soil is one of the most limiting and located in ways not available to the plant and must be incorporated through chemical fertilization or by biological fixation conducted by microorganisms. Fixing symbiotic bacteria nitrogen has been widely used for the production of inoculants, becoming a viable alternative to improve crop yields through a better supply of this element. These inoculants to be marketed must meet certain requirements quality to ensure the smooth operation of the product. This study assessed the viability of the strains ICA L9 and ICA J96 inoculants stored at temperatures 4±2, 18±3 y 28±2°C for 180 days and the biological activity in pea and soybean plants. The strains used belong to the collection of work Germplasm Bank CORPOICA Microorganisms; for biological assays were used pea seeds variety "Santa Isabel" and soybean variety "Superior Corpoica 6". In assessing the viability of inoculants stored at 4±2°C, 18±3°C y 28±2°C, evidenced that the temperature did not affect the survival and the concentration of rhizobia after 180 days of storage allowing to observe a number of colony forming units per gram than 10s, value that guarantees the quality of the inoculant. Concerning the biological activity, it was observed that the strains were inoculated infective and effective biological nitrogen fixation, absolute compared to controls.

Asociación entre el crecimiento bacteriano de la flora intestinal y la presión arterial de hombres adultos mayores hipertensos después de cinco semanas de consumo de soya (Glicine máx) / Association between bacterial growth in the intestinal flora, and blood pressure of hypertensive elderly men after five weeks of consumption of soja (Glicine máx)

Objetivo: Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el crecimiento bacteriano de la flora intestinal y la presión arterial de hombres adultos mayores hipertensos después de cinco semanas de consumo de soya (Glicine máx). Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental para evaluar la asociación entre cambios en la presión arterial y el crecimiento bacteriano en 24 hombres hipertensos con edades entre 61 y 82 años residentes en el barrio Las Malvinas (suroccidente de Barranquilla), quienes adicionaron a su dieta habitual "leche de soya" de grano entero sin lactosa (18 gramos de proteína de soya por día) durante 6 semanas. En el análisis microbiológico de las heces se determinaron los géneros y la cantidad de bacterias mediante técnicas tradicionales. Se midió la presión arterial al inicio y final del tratamiento. Resultados: Los recuentos de bacterias aeróbicas al inicio fueron 10 5 a 10(9) y al final 10(6)a 10(9) UFC/gramo de muestra; en bacterias anaeróbicas se encontraron los recuentos más altos: 10 5 a 10 9 antes y 10 6 a 1010 UFC/g al final. Después del tratamiento con soya la presión sistólica disminuyó en 37.5 % de los participantes, la diastólica en 16.67 %, la media en 45.83 % y la de pulso en 45.83 %; sin embargo, no hubo significancia estadística en ningún caso. El coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre presión arterial y crecimiento bacteriano fue - 0.14. Conclusiones: Se observó una asociación débil e inversa entre el incremento de la microbiota intestinal y la disminución de la presión arterial.

Objective: To determine the association between bacterial growth of intestinal flora and arterial pressure of hypertensive elderly men after five weeks of consumption of Soybean (Glycine max). Materials and methods: Quasi-experimental design to evaluate the association between changes in blood pressure and bacterial growth in 24 hypertensive men aged between 61 and 82 years living in Las Malvinas (southwest of Barranquilla), who added to the usual diet "Soy milk study whole" grain lactose (18 g. soy protein per day) for 6 weeks. In the microbiological analysis of stool gender and amount of bacteria were determined by traditional techniques. Blood pressure at the beginning and end of treatment was measured. Results: The counts of aerobic the start bacteria was 10 5 to 10 9, and the end 10(6) to 10 9 CFU / gram of sample, in anaerobic bacteria are the highest counts found: 10 5 to 10 9 before and 10 6 to 1010 CFU /g at the end. After treatment with soy systolic pressure decreased by 37.5 % of participants, diastolic in 16.67 %, 45.83 % on average and 45.83 % in pulse, but there was no statistical significance in any case. The Pearson correlation coefficient between arterial pressure and bacterial growth was - 0.14. Conclusions: Aweak inverse association between increased intestinal microbiota and decrease in arterial pressure was observed.

Efecto de la combinación de dieta hiperlipídica y la privación de estrógeno sobre la integridad ósea bucal de ratas / Effect of association high fat diet: hypoestrogenism on bone integrity: of oral rats

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la deficiencia de estrógenos asociada con dieta hiperlipídica sobre la integridad de la mandíbula de ratas. Para este experimento se selecionaron Ratas Wistar fueron divididas en 4 grupos: Control (C4%), Control hiperlipídica19% (C19%), ovariectomizadas 4% (OVX4%) y Ovariectomizada 19% (OVX19%). El experimento empezó con la castración (90 días), seguida de dieta hiperlipídica durante 30 días. Al fin, la sangre fue recogida para el análisis de los niveles séricos de calcio, fósforo, fosfatasa alcalina y estradiol. El fósforo disminuyó cuando hay aumento de la fosfatasa alcalina en todos los grupos en comparación con el C4%. En las vértebras L4, los pesos inmersos y húmedos aumentarán con la castración y la dieta hiperlipídica, mientras que el porcentaje de materia orgánica y minerales disminuyeron. En las mandíbulas, los pesos inmersos, húmedos y la densidad ósea aumentaran con la castración, pero disminuyeron con la combinación de castración / dieta. En las cenizas de las mandíbulas, el porcentaje de magnesio aumentó significativamente en todos los grupos. En las pruebas biomecánicas de las vértebras L4 y fémur no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Sin embargo, los grupos alimentados con dieta hiperlipídica tuvieron una menor resistencia a la tensión aplicada en la mandíbula. Dentro de las limitaciones del estudio, se puede notar que en estas ratas, la deficiencia de esteroides sexuales asociada con la dieta hiperlipídica influye negativamente sobre la integridad del hueso mandibular...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of estrogen deficiency associated with a high fat diet on bone integrity of the jaw of rats. The pregnant rats were evaluated by vaginal cytology were 90 days old, divided into four groups: Control (C4%), Control hiperlipídica19% (C19%), ovariectomized 4% (OVX4%) and Ovariectomized19% (OVX19%). The experiment began with castration (90 days), followed by feeding with a high fat diet for 30 days. At the end, blood was collected. Jaws, vertebrae L4 and femur were removed and prepared for analysis. There were no differences in food intake, the body length or in bone measurements. Serum calcium decreased in the castrated groups. The level of phosphorus decreased and alkaline phosphatase increased in all groups. Some differences were observed among physical parameters. L4 vertebrae, immersed and wet weights increased with castration and the high fat diet, while the percentage of organic material and mineral decreased. In the jaws, immersed and wet weights and bone density increased with castration, but decreased with the combination spaying/fat diet. Bone volume and percentage of water decreased with intake of high fat diet. In the ashes of the jaws percentages of magnesium were increased in all groups, without changes in calcium and phosphorus. Groups fed with high-fat diets had lower resistance to the applied voltage in the jaw. It was demonstrated in these rats that, the deficiency of sex steroids associated with a high fat diet negatively influences mandibular bone integrity...

Development and Evaluation of Weaning Foods Using Locally Available Nutritious Fruits in Bangladesh

Bangladesh has one of the highest rates of malnutrition in the world although the country is endowed with agricultural produce that could be properly utilised to prepare adequate food for children. Considering this, three weaning foods were formulated using locally available cereals and nutritious fruits such as wheat, soya flour, jackfruit and mango. Methods: Standard procedures of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) and American Public Health Association (APHA) were used to determine the chemical composition and microbiological analysis. Organoleptic qualities were analysed by twenty adult panelists of the Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh, using a 9-hedonic scale against a cereal based commercial brand as standard for proximate and sensory properties. Results: The moisture content of the developed weaning foods ranged from 2.78-3.59%, crude protein content 14.74-16.55%, fat 11.04-12.70%, ash 1.38-1.68%, crude fibre 1.04-1.52%, carbohydrate 65.83-71.09% and energy content from 445.80-465.48 kcal/100g of the foods. The formulated weaning foods A, B and C were significantly different (p<0.05) in moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate and energy contents from the commercial brand, D. According to rat bioassay method, the prepared weaning foods C and B had the highest Protein Efficiency Ratio and Feed Efficiency Ratio than the commercial brand, D. Total bacterial counts were nil for all weaning foods. Sensory analysis revealed acceptability of all the weaning foods and preference for weaning food C that compared favorably with the standard in all the quality attributes. Conclusion: The formulated weaning foods are inexpensive and nutritious, and its ingredients are locally available. These foods have the potential for improving malnutrition problems facing children in Bangladesh.

An Automated Dual-gradient Liquid Chromatography-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Four Kinds of Plants Hormones in Different Parts of Soya Beans and Its Application to a Real Analysis / 分析化学

There are some common analysis challenges in the hormone detection in agriculture science, including matrix interference, complicated sample preparation, poor reproducibility, trace analyte content. An automated on-line SPE and innovative fast polarity switch analysis method employing dual-gradient liquid chromatography ( DGLC ) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry ( DGLC-MS/MS ) was established and validated for the simultaneous determination of gibberellic acid ( GA3 ) , indole acetic acid ( IAA ) , zeatin ( ZT) and abscisic acid ( ABA) in the soybean plant ( leaf, grain and pod) . The method was applied in the actual sample detection successfully. In order to acquire higher sensitivity, recovery, stability and precision, some conditions including SPE column, analytical column, mobile phase, additive etc were optimized according to the selection and retain of hormone. Beans were cryogenically grinded by liquid nitrogen, extracted by 80% methanol, certrifugatel and dilluted with water, and then injected directly. Samples were transported and gradient eluted on the analytical column Acclaim PA2 by 0 . 1% formic acid in water and methanol, after retaining and separation on the SPE column Hypersep Retain AX. All analytes were detected in selection reaction monitoring ( SRM) mode in both positive and negative channels. The quantification was based on linear regression. The linear ranges of GA3, IAA and ZT were 0. 1-50 μg/L with the LOQ of 0. 0002 μg/g, and the linear of ABA was 0. 5-50 μg/L with the LOQ of 0. 0010μg/g. The recoveries of four kinds of plants hormones were 76 . 1%-93 . 5%, and RSDs were 0 . 82%-6 . 02% at low ( 0 . 8 μg/L ) , medium (4. 0μg/L) and high (40μg/L). The results noted that the content of ABA in seeds was apparently higher than others. This method could be used for the rapid and accurate detection of hormone in different parts of soya beans.

Consecuencias del seudofisiculturismo en adolescentes / Conséquences du pseudo-culturisme chez les adolescents / Consequences of seuophysiculturism in adolescents

En la actualidad en Cuba algunos adolescentes y jóvenes, en su afán de aumentar rápido el tamaño de sus músculos se están inyectando aceite de soya de uso doméstico, lo cual les ha conducido a graves lesiones que incluso han puesto en peligro sus vidas. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una nueva afección, mostrar las características de las lesiones y divulgar los resultados con fines educativos y de prevención. Se presentaron 3 casos sobre los efectos nocivos de la inyección de aceite de uso doméstico en músculos, en pacientes ingresados en el Hospital Pediátrico Eliseo ¨Noel¨ Caamaño de Matanzas de diciembre 2010 a mayo 2011. Sus características clínicas son gran aumento de volumen en músculos inyectados, el calor, rubor, intenso dolor e impotencia funcional con toma del estado general. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue incisión, desbridamiento y drenaje, que mostró abundante aceite, pus, sangre y fibras musculares necrosadas; proceder que se debe realizar múltiples veces. Las lesiones no ocurren de inmediato sino con intervalos variables, no al unísono sino desorganizadamente, con gran dificultad para su cicatrización. Se utilizó además tratamiento antibiótico de amplio espectro y cámara hiperbárica. Se concluye que la utilización de aceite de uso doméstico trae graves consecuencias a la salud, como la sepsis y necrosis severa de los músculos, hepatitis C, septicemia y peligro para la vida de quienes lo usan(AU)

At present, some teenagers and young people in Cuba, in their desire to quickly increase the size of their muscles, are injecting soybean oil for domestic use, which has led them to serious injuries and even risk to their lives. The aim of this work is to present this new condition, to show the characteristics of the lesions and spread the results for education and prevention. We presented three cases on the adverse effects of oil injection into muscles in patients who were admitted to the Paediatric Hospital Eliseo ¨Noel¨ Caamaño of Matanzas from December 2010 to May 2011. Their clinical features were a high increase in volume of the injected muscles, heat, redness, intense pain and functional impotence with general malaise. The surgical treatment consisted on the incision, debridement and drainage which showed abundant oil, pus, blood and necrotic muscle fibres, procedure that had to be performed many times. The lesions did not occur immediately, but with varying intervals and not in unison but in a disorganized form with great difficulty in healing. Treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotic was also used as well as hyperbaric chamber. We conclude that the use of domestic oil provokes serious consequences to health such as sepsis and serious muscle necrosis, Hepatitis C, septicaemia and danger to the lives of those who use it(AU)

Afin de développer rapidement leur masse musculaire, les adolescents et jeunes gens à Cuba ont l'habitude de s'injecter par voie intramusculaire de l'huile de soya à usage domestique, résultant en graves lésions et mettant même leurs vies en péril. Le but de ce travail est de présenter cette nouvelle affection, de montrer les caractéristiques des lésions, et de diffuser les résultats à des fins éducative et préventive. Les cas des trois jeunes patients hospitalisés à l'hôpital pédiatrique Eliseo Noel Camaño, à Matanzas, depuis décembre 2010 jusqu'à mais 2011, montrant les effets néfastes de l'injection intramusculaire de l'huile à usage domestique, sont présentés. Les caractéristiques cliniques comprennent une grande augmentation du volume des muscles injectés, chaleur, douleur intense, rougeur, impotence fonctionnelle, et malaise générale. Le traitement chirurgical a consisté en incision, débridement et drainage, montrant une quantité excessive d'huile, pus, sang et fibres musculaires nécrosées; cette opération a été répétée plusieurs fois. Les lésions ne se produisent pas d'immédiat, mais en intervalles variables et de façon désorganisée, rendant la cicatrisation difficile. Les patients ont été aussi traités par des antibiotiques à large spectre et par oxygénothérapie hyperbare. On conclu que l'emploi de l'huile à usage domestique a des conséquences nuisibles pour la santé telles que l'infection et la nécrose sévère des muscles, hépatite C, septicémie et danger pour la vie de ceux qui l'utilisent(AU)

Valoración de dietas para alevines de Colossoma macropomum utilizando como fuentes proteicas harinas: de lombriz (Eisenia foetida), soya (Glycine max) y caraotas (Phaseolus vulgaris) / Evaluation of diets for Colossoma macropomum alevins, using earthworm (Eiseniafoetida) flour, soybean (Glycine max) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) as proteins sources

The current study was carried out with the purpose of evaluating two alternative diets in the feeding of Colossoma macropomum alevins using earthworm flour (Eisenia foetida), soybean (Glycine max) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) as the protein source and as fishmeal substitute and was compared with a control diet. The diets were formulated with a crude protein with a theoretical 32% protein. The body composition of C. macropomum fed the different diets showed that protein was between 47,3%% and 48,6% and the lipid content was found between 21,2% and24,3% not showing significant differences between diets (p>0,05). According to the results obtained there is a reason to think that a total substitution of fishmeal by earthworm meal, soybean and beans would be successful in feeding C. macropomum alevins.

El presente estudio se realizó con el objetivo de valorar dos dietas alternativas en la alimentación de alevines de cachama negra (Colossoma macropomum), utilizando como fuentes proteicas harinas de lombriz (Eisenia foetida), soya (Glycine max) y caraotas (Phaseolus vulgaris) como sustituto de la harina de pescado, comparándolo con una dieta testigo. Las dietas se formularon con un porcentaje teórico de proteína bruta de 32%. En cuanto a la composición corporal de las cachamas alimentadas con las dietas, el % de proteína se determinó entre 47,3 y 48,6 y % de lípidos entre 21,2 y 24,3; sin presentar diferencias significativas (p>0,05). De acuerdo a los resultados se puede concluir que una sustitución total de la harina de pescado por harina de soya- lombriz, y de soya-caraota conduciría a buenos resultados para la alimentación de alevines de cachama negra.

Diagnosis and Management of Grain-Induced Asthma

Grain-induced asthma is a frequent occupational allergic disease mainly caused by inhalation of cereal flour or powder. The main professions affected are bakers, confectioners, pastry factory workers, millers, farmers, and cereal handlers. This disorder is usually due to an IgE-mediated allergic response to inhalation of cereal flour proteins. The major causative allergens of grain-related asthma are proteins derived from wheat, rye and barley flour, although baking additives, such as fungal alpha-amylase are also important. This review deals with the current diagnosis and treatment of grain-induced asthma, emphasizing the role of cereal allergens as molecular tools to enhance diagnosis and management of this disorder. Asthma-like symptoms caused by endotoxin exposure among grain workers are beyond the scope of this review. Progress is being made in the characterization of grain and bakery allergens, particularly cereal-derived allergens, as well as in the standardization of allergy tests. Salt-soluble proteins (albumins plus globulins), particularly members of the alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitor family, thioredoxins, peroxidase, lipid transfer protein and other soluble enzymes show the strongest IgE reactivities in wheat flour. In addition, prolamins (not extractable by salt solutions) have also been claimed as potential allergens. However, the large variability of IgE-binding patterns of cereal proteins among patients with grain-induced asthma, together with the great differences in the concentrations of potential allergens observed in commercial cereal extracts used for diagnosis, highlight the necessity to standardize and improve the diagnostic tools. Removal from exposure to the offending agents is the cornerstone of the management of grain-induced asthma. The availability of purified allergens should be very helpful for a more refined diagnosis, and new immunomodulatory treatments, including allergen immunotherapy and biological drugs, should aid in the management of patients with this disorder.