ABSTRACT
Trials were carried out in Paraúna, Goiás, Brazil, to evaluate the impact of whitefly on soybean yield. The experimental design was a randomized block, with four treatments and four replications (10m x 20m). The treatments were different levels of infestation, managed by applying insecticide at different timing; the control was kept free of insects by weekly insecticide spraying. The number of insects per leaflet was evaluated weekly, and at harvest the yield (kg ha-1) and the weight of 100 seeds (g) were recorded. The soybean was tolerant to whitefly, since only the treatment where nymphs per leaflet reached 136.31±26.60 (treatment without the use of insecticides) was sufficiently severe to cause yield loss. This loss was likely associated with the sooty mold, caused by the fungus Capnodium sp. that develops in the sugary secretion produced by the whitefly on the surface of plant leaves. Therefore, insecticides should only be sprayed when a whitefly infestation is sufficiently severe to trigger the growth of sooty mold. The relationship between insect number per leaf and the growth of sooty mold still needs to be determined for different soybean cultivars, as well as for different environmental conditions.
Experimentos foram conduzidos em Paraúna, Goiás, Brasil, avaliando o impacto da mosca-branca na produção de soja. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições (10m x 20m). Os tratamentos foram diferentes níveis de infestação, obtidos pela aplicação de inseticidas em diferentes momentos; a testemunha foi mantida livre do ataque da praga, aplicando-se inseticida semanalmente. O número de insetos por folíolo foi avaliado semanalmente e, na colheita, foi avaliada a produtividade (kg ha-1) e o peso de 100 sementes (g). A soja foi tolerante à mosca-branca, visto que apenas o tratamento em que as ninfas por folíolo atingiram a média de 136,31±26,60 (tratamento sem aplicação de inseticidas) foi severo o suficiente para causar perdas de produtividade. Essa perda foi provavelmente associada à formação de fumagina, causada pelo fungo Capnodium sp., que se desenvolve nas secreções açucaradas produzidas pela mosca-branca na superfície das folhas. Portanto, inseticidas precisam apenas ser aplicados quando a infestação de mosca-branca for severa o suficiente para propiciar a formação de fumagina. Entretanto, a relação entre o número de insetos por folíolo e a formação de fumagina ainda precisa ser determinada para diferentes cultivares, assim como para diferentes condições ambientais.
ABSTRACT
The silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B has become a serious problem for soybean cultivation because it can significantly reduce soybean productivity. The use of soybean cultivars resistant to whitefly attack is an important strategy in an integrated pest management (IPM) program. This study evaluated the preference for oviposition and colonization by B. tabaci biotype B on different soybean genotypes. In the free-choice test, the genotypes studied were 'IAC 17' and 'IAC 19' as the standards for resistance and 'IAC Holambra Stwart' as the standard for susceptibility, as well as BABR01-0492, BABR01-0173, BABR01-1259, BABR01-1576, BABR99-4021HC, BABR99-4021HP, 'Barreiras', 'Conquista', 'Corisco', 'BRS Gralha', PI274454, PI227687, and PI171451. In the no-choice test, the four best genotypes selected in the free-choice test, in addition to the susceptible and resistant standards were evaluated. Our data indicated 'Barreiras' as the most resistant genotype against B. tabaci biotype B. 'BRS Gralha', which was the least attractive to whitefly adults in the free-choice test, did not show resistance to insect attack when they were confined in cages in the no-choice test. Despite the high number of eggs observed, BABR01-1576 and BABR99-4021HC showed a reduced number of nymphs, indicating antibiosis. The genotypes with a high level of resistance can be used as a tool against B. tabaci in IPM or as a source of resistance in plant-breeding programs.
Subject(s)
Animals , Hemiptera , Glycine max/genetics , Glycine max/parasitology , Genotype , Hemiptera/classification , Hemiptera/physiology , Immunity, Innate , Glycine max/immunologyABSTRACT
Damage on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] caused by Euschistus heros (Fabricius) parasitized by Hexacladia smithii Ashmead was studied in greenhouse. Soybean plants, cultivar BR-37, were covered with nylon screen net and artificially infested with two bugs/plant, for a 15-day period, from the stage corresponding to the end of pod development (R4) up to filled seeds (R5-R6). Plants infested by non-parasitized bugs were compared with plants infested by bugs parasitized by H. smithii and with non-infested plants (control), with 20 replicates per treatment. The yield (g/plant), total number of pods and number of failed pods per plant did not differ between plants attacked by non-parasitized as well as by parasitized bugs, but they both differed from the control. Similarly, the qualitative analysis of seeds (good, medium and bad) and the tetrazolium test (punctured seeds, damaged seeds and vigor) demonstrated the same effect. However, the germination potentiality of the seeds attacked by parasitized bugs was higher than those seeds attacked by non-parasitized ones, indicating that a lower damage was caused by parasitized bugs.
O dano causado à soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] por Euschistus heros (Fabricius) parasitado por Hexacladia smithii Ashmead, foi estudado em casa-de-vegetação. Utilizaram-se plantas de soja da cultivar BR-37, cobertas com tela de filó, infestadas com dois percevejos/planta por um período de 15 dias, do final do desenvolvimento de vagens (R4) até o estádio de enchimento de grãos (R5-R6). Plantas infestadas com percevejos parasitados por H. smithii foram comparadas a plantas infestadas com percevejos sadios e a plantas livres do ataque de insetos (testemunha), com 20 repetições por tratamento. Pelos resultados obtidos, o rendimento (g/planta), o número total de vagens e o número de vagens chochas por planta foram semelhantes entre as plantas atacadas por percevejos sadios e parasitados por H. smithii, diferindo ambas da testemunha. Da mesma forma, a análise qualitativa dos grãos, através do teste visual (sementes boas, médias e ruins) e do tetrazólio (sementes picadas, sementes inviabilizadas e vigor), demonstrou que percevejos sadios e parasitados causaram danos estatisticamente iguais entre si e diferentes da testemunha. Entretanto, o potencial germinativo das sementes atacadas por percevejos parasitados foi maior do que o das sementes sugadas por percevejos sadios, demonstrando que ocorre menor dano quando os percevejos estão parasitados.