Idealism and Realism in Tughlaq

“Both Tughlaq and his enemies initially appear to be idealists; yet in the pursuit of the ideal, they perpetrate its opposite. The whole play is structured on these opposites: the ideal and the real: the divine aspiration and the deft intrigue.” These opposites constitute the main charm of the structure of Tughlaq. P. Bayapa Reddy highlights the specialized technique, which Karnad employed in Tughlaq to uphold the theatrical appeal of the play for the spectators:“

Spectator medicine at an international mega sports event: Rugby World Cup 2019 in Japan

BACKGROUND@#The Rugby World Cup (RWC) is one of the biggest international mega sports events in the world. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the volume, nature, and severity of spectator medical care in the stadiums of 12 venues across Japan during RWC 2019.@*METHOD@#This was a retrospective review of medical records from spectator medical rooms of 45 official matches of RWC 2019 between September 20 and November 2, 2019. All patients in the stadium who visited the spectator medical room and were transferred to a hospital were included. The wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) value at the kick-off time of each match, the number of visits to the spectator medical room, and the number of transfers to a hospital were reviewed and analyzed. The patient presentation rate (PPR) was calculated per 10,000 attendees. Severity categories were defined as mild or severe. Mild cases were considered non-life threatening requiring minimal medical intervention, and severe cases required transport to a hospital.@*RESULT@#The total number of visits to the spectator medical room was 449 with a PPR of 2.63. Most cases (91.5%) were mild in severity. The PPR was significantly higher for the matches held with a WBGT over 25 °C than for the matches under 21 °C (PPR 4.27 vs 2.04, p = 0.04). Thirty-eight cases were transferred to a hospital by ambulance; the PPR was 0.22. The most common reasons for transfer to the hospital were heat illness and fracture/dislocation, at a rate of 15.8% each. The incidence rate of cardiopulmonary arrest per 10,000 attendees was 0.0059 during RWC 2019.@*CONCLUSION@#Preparation and provision of appropriate medical service for spectators is a key factor for mass-gathering events. During RWC 2019, the majority (91.5%) of patients who sought medical attention did so for minor complaints, which were easily assessed and managed. On the other hand, a higher WBGT situation contributes significantly to an increased PPR ( 25, 2.04 versus 4.27, p = 0.04). Careful medical preparation, management, and development of public education programs for higher WBGT situations will be required in the future for similar international mega sports events.

A experiência do espectador: recepção, audiência ou emancipação? / The spectator's experience: reception, audience or emancipation? / La experiencia del espectador: recepción, audiencia o la emancipación?

O artigo propõe uma discussão teórica sobre o estatuto da experiência do espectador no cinema, baseando-se no conceito de emancipação intelectual formulado por Jacques Rancière (2008). Partindo dos estudos sobre recepção, realiza uma crítica ao problema relativo à passividade do público, enfatizando a perspectiva do espectador emancipado. Ao destacar que a discussão sobre a experiência se limita, no âmbito desses estudos, à análise do comportamento do público, inferida a partir de índices de audiência, o texto atenta para o fato de não se considerar a dimensão processual e corporificada (Varela, Thompson, & Rosch, 1991), sendo o comportamento algo da ordem dos efeitos do que da experiência em si mesma. Conclui ainda que os estudos sobre recepção não dão conta do problema da experiência do expectador de modo satisfatório. Neste sentido, a emancipação surge como possibilidade de afirmação de uma concepção corporificada da experiência, que deverá ser objeto de investigação em estudos empíricos futuros

The article proposes a discussion on the statute of the spectator's experience in cinema, based on the concept of intellectual emancipation formulated by Jacques Rancière (2008). From of the reception studies, was made a critique of problem of the public passivity, emphasizing the perspective of the emancipated spectator. To emphasize that the discussion about the experience is limited, in the context of these studies, to an public behavior analysis, inferred from audience ratings, the text draws attention to the fact that their procedural and embodied dimension (Varela, Thompson , & Rosch, 1991) is not considered, being the behavior, something of the order of effects, than of the experience itself. It also concludes that the studies on reception are not enough to address the problem of experience of viewer satisfactorily. Consequently, the emancipation arises as a possibility for research a conception of embodied experience, which should be the subject of research in future empirical studies

El artículo propone una discusión sobre el estatuto de la experiencia del espectador del cine, basando en el concepto de la emancipación intelectual formulado por Jacques Rancière (2008). A partir de los estudios de recepción, él hace una crítica al problema de la pasividad del público, enfatizando la perspectiva del espectador emancipado. Destacando que la discusión acerca del experiencia es limitada, en este tipo de estudios, en el análisis de comportamiento del público inferidas a partir de los índices de audiencia, el texto llama la atención sobre la falta de consideración de su dimensión procesal y corporal (Varela, Thompson, & Rosch, 1991), teniendo en cuenta el comportamiento como algo del orden de los efectos en lugar de la propia experiencia. También concluye que los estudios sobre la recepción no son suficientes por abordar el problema de la experiencia del espectador satisfactoriamente. En consecuencia, la emancipación aparece como una posibilidad para la investigación de una experiencia encarnada, que será objeto de investigación en futuros estudios empíricos

The Epidemiology of Spectator Injury and Illness in the Korean Professional Baseball League: 2 Consecutive Seasons (2011-2012) at the Jamsil Stadium / 대한스포츠의학회지

The aim of this study was to verify the epidemiology of spectator injury and illness in the baseball stadium during the games and the role of the on-site physician in hospital referral of spectators. We retrospectively reviewed the 'Documents of the medical aids' from 2011 to 2012 at Jamsil stadium. We have provided medical consultation to spectators as on-site physicians since 2012. The incidence of spectator injury and illness was 0.009% (1.68 spectators/game). During the study period, a total 448 spectators visited the first aid station, of which 324 cases (72%) were injuries and 124 cases (28%) were illness. The most common cause of injury was direct foul ball attacks (58.6%). According to the location of injuries, upper extremity injuries were most common, however, severe injury cases that were immediately referred to the hospital by ambulance were more commonly facial and oral injuries (p=0.000). Severe injuries occurred more frequently in games on weekends than weekdays (p=0.000).Headache was the most common illness followed by gastrointestinal problems. Hospital referrals were more frequent in the 2012 season when we were designated on-site physicians, as compared to the 2011 season (p=0.035).

Estatuto de Defesa do Torcedor: um diálogo com o futebol pelotense / Estatuto de Defensa del Hincha: un diálogo conel fútbol Pelotense / Spectator's Statute of Defense: a Dialogue with the Pelotense Soccer

Este estudo objetiva analisar a situação dos estádiosde futebol profissional de Pelotas, tendo como referênciao Estatuto de Defesa do Torcedor (EDT), com atençãoespecial para as condições de higiene, segurança, ingressose transporte. Como metodologia, além da análisedocumental do EDT realizamos visitas aos estádios em trêsmomentos com registros fotográficos e entrevistamos umdirigente de cada clube: Grêmio Esportivo Brasil, EsporteClube Pelotas e Grêmio Atlético Farroupilha. Constatamosque a atenção dedicada pela mídia e pelos órgãosfiscalizadores à implementação do EDT está sendo menordo que ocorreu no momento da sua publicação.

This study has as objective analyses thesituation of the stadiums of professional soccer ofPelotas, using as reference the Spectator’s Statuteof Defense (SSD), with special attention to theconditions of hygiene, safety, entrances andtransport. As methodology, besides documentalanalysis of the SSD we realized visits to thestadiums in three moments where we tookphotographic registrations, as well as interviewswith one manager of each club: Grêmio EsportivoBrasil, Esporte Clube Pelotas e Grêmio AtléticoFarroupilha. We verified that the attention dedicatedfor press communication and controllers organs toimplementation of SSD is being less than occurs atthe moment of your publication.

Este estudo objetiva analisar lasituación de los estadios de fútbol de la ciudad dePelotas, tomando como referencia el Estatuto deDefensa del Hincha (EDH), con atención especialpara las condiciones de higiene, seguridad, ingresoy transporte. Como metodología, además delanalisis documental del EDH realisamos visitas alos estadios en tres momentos con registrosfotográticos y entrevistamos un dirigente de cadaclub: Gremio Desportivo Brasil, Esporte ClubPelotas y Gremio Atlético Farroupilha. Constatamosque la atención dedicada en la media y por losorganos fiscalizadores a la implementación delEDH es menor de la que ocurrió en el momento dela publicación.