ABSTRACT
RESUMO As crianças foram um dos grupos sociais mais impactados durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Suas rotinas diárias, incluindo ambientes sociais, escolares e familiares foram profundamente modificadas e podem ter consequências inadvertidas no desenvolvimento e bem-estar das crianças. Embora as escolas estejam atualmente retornando às atividades semipresenciais/híbridas em nosso país, há várias preocupações sobre como a pandemia de covid-19 pode impactar o desenvolvimento infantil a curto e longo prazo. O desenvolvimento da linguagem e da fala geralmente ocorre durante a primeira infância em uma aquisição gradual de habilidades receptivas e expressivas. Assim, embora o fechamento de escolas, o distanciamento social e o uso generalizado de máscaras possam impactar negativamente o desenvolvimento da linguagem, seu efeito específico ainda não foi amplamente acessado. Há poucos dias, um estudo longitudinal de crianças nascidas durante o período pandêmico mostrou evidências preliminares de desempenho verbal reduzido em comparação com crianças nascidas antes da pandemia. Logo, há uma necessidade urgente de mais estudos abordando esse assunto para melhor compreender o impacto potencial da pandemia COVID-19 no desenvolvimento da linguagem e da fala na infância. Nesse contexto, o fonoaudiólogo certamente terá um papel central na prevenção e abordagem terapêutica do atraso de linguagem. Junto com pais e professores, eles devem estar atentos a essa possibilidade, principalmente em crianças pequenas.
ABSTRACT Children have been one of the most disrupted social groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their daily routines, including social, scholar, and family environments have been profoundly disturbed and may have unintencional consequences on children development and well-being. While schools are currently returning to semi/hybrid "in person" activities in our country, there are several concerns regarding how the covid-19 pandemic may impact children development in the short and long term. Language and speech development usually occurs during early childhood in a gradual acquisition of receptive and expressive skills. Therefore, even though school closures, social distancing, and the widespread use of masks may adversely impact language development, their specific effect has not yet been widely accessed. Just a few days ago, a preprint of a longitudinal study of children born during the pandemic period have showed preliminary evidence of reduced verbal performance compared to pre pandemic born children. Thus, there is an urgent need for more studies addressing this issue to better understand the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in childhood language and speech development. In this context, speech therapists will most certainly play a central role in the prevention and therapeutic approach of language delay. Along with parents and teachers, they must be attentive for this possibility specially in toddlers.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Quarantine , Physical Distancing , COVID-19/complications , Language Development Disorders , Speech , Child Development , Child Health , Speech, Language and Hearing SciencesABSTRACT
Este artigo apresenta um estudo metodológico de um procedimento experimental com duas tarefas de processamento categórico auditivo para fala. Na tarefa de identificação, o participante ouve sons que variam em duração de VOT e é solicitado a identificar a que palavra correspondem. Na tarefa de discriminação, o participante deve indicar se dois estímulos de VOT adjacentes são iguais ou diferentes. As estratégias de análises de dados para caracterizar o grau de categorização são apresentadas e são discutidas possibilidades de uso do procedimento em estudos.
This article presents a methodological study of an experimental procedure with two tasks of categorical auditory processing for speech. In the identification task, the participant hears sounds that vary in VOT duration and is asked to identify which word they correspond to. In the discrimination task, the participant must indicate whether two adjacent VOT stimuli are the same or different. The data analysis strategies to characterize the degree of categorization are presented and possibilities of using the procedure in studies are discussed.
Este artículo presenta un estudio metodológico de un procedimiento experimental con dos tareas de procesamiento auditivo categórico para el habla. En la tarea de identificación, el participante escucha sonidos que varían en la duración del VOT y se le pide que identifique a qué palabra corresponden. En la tarea de discriminación, el participante debe indicar si dos estímulos VOT adyacentes son iguales o diferentes. Se presentan las estrategias de análisis de datos para caracterizar el grado de categorización y se discuten las posibilidades de utilizar el procedimiento en los estudios.
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Objective To investigate the perception of Mandarin's tones by children with speech development disorders so as to provide a theoretical basis for clinical rehabilitation.Methods Thirty children with speech development disorders (DPDs) aged 4 to 6 were matched with 30 healthy counterparts as a control group.Both groups underwent the tone perception experiment,which included tone identification and discrimination tasks.The speech stimuli were 11 computer-simulated voices expressing a continuum of sounds from Mandarin speech ranging from /bá/ to /bà/.The two groups were compared in their ability to identify and differentiate the tones.Results Both groups showed typicalS-shaped identification curves in a category pattern.The category boundaries of the control group were between stimulus steps 6 and 7,significantly different from those of the experimental group where the boundary fell between stimulus steps 5 and 6.On the distinguishing curve,both groups presented obvious peak values.The stimulus steps of the peaks and the crossing points of the identification curves were consistent.In addition,the average ahsolnte value (b1) of the identification curve and the peaks' degree of steepness (DP) of the DPD group's distinguishing curve were significantly lower than those of the control group.At the same time,the average boundary width (Wcb) was significantly higher than that of the control group.Conclusion Children with speech development disorders perceive Mandarin tones with categories different from those of normal children.They may have difficulty in perceiving tones,which might be an important factor leading to pronunciation errors.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The neuroregenerative drug Cerebrolysin has demonstrated efficacy in improving cognition in adults with stroke and Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of Cerebrolysin in the treatment of communication defects in infants with severe perinatal brain insult. METHODS: A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in which 158 infants (age 6-21 months) with communication defects due to severe perinatal brain insult were enrolled; 120 infants completed the study. The Cerebrolysin group (n=60) received twice-weekly Cerebrolysin injections of 0.1 mL/kg body weight for 5 weeks (total of ten injections). The placebo group (n=60) received the same amount and number of normal saline injections. RESULTS: The baseline Communication and Symbolic-Behavior-Scale-Developmental Profile scores were comparable between the two groups. After 3 months, the placebo group exhibited improvements in the social (p<0.01) and speech composite (p=0.02) scores, with 10% and 1.5% increases from baseline, respectively. The scores of the Cerebrolysin group changed from concern to no concern, with increases of 65.44%, 45.54%, 358.06%, and 96.00% from baseline in the social (p<0.001), speech (p<0.001), symbolic (p<0.001), and total (p<0.001) scores. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebrolysin dramatically improved infants' communication especially symbolic behavior which positively affected social interaction. These findings suggest that cerebrolysin may be an effective and feasible way equivalent to stem cell therapy.
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Adult , Humans , Infant , Alzheimer Disease , Body Weight , Brain , Cognition , Interpersonal Relations , Stem Cells , StrokeABSTRACT
Objective:To study the correlation between early postsurgery phonetic acquisition of speech stop and speech outcomes of young children.Methods:28 children with cleft palate were included in the study.An one-stage palatal repair procedure was per-formed by one surgeon for the children before the age of 1 8 months.Naming tests were used in the speech therapy room when the chil-dren were aged 23 months and 30 months.Stop consonant inventory number,percent correct consonants(PCC),percent correct man-ners(PCM)and percent correct places(PCP)were analyzed.Results:Number of stop consonant was significantly correlated with PCC,PCM and PCP at 24 and 30 months of age in the children.Coefficient of determination between stop consonant number and PCC was 0.535.Conclusion:Speech stop may be used as the “sensitive sound”for the analysis of speech development of the chinese children aged 2-3 years after cleft palate repair and as the individuation guideline to determine the best assessment and therapy time.
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PURPOSE: This study investigates Korean speech sound development, including articulatory error patterns, among the Japanese-Korean children whose mothers are Japanese immigrants to Korea. METHODS: The subjects were 28 Japanese-Korean children with normal development born to Japanese women immigrants who lived in Jeonbuk province, Korea. They were assessed through Computerized Speech Lab 4500. The control group consisted of 15 Korean children who lived in the same area. RESULTS: The values of the voice onset time of consonants /p(h)/, /t/, /t(h)/, and /k*/ among the children were prolonged. The children replaced the lenis sounds with aspirated or fortis sounds rather than replacing the fortis sounds with lenis or aspirated sounds, which are typical among Japanese immigrants. The children showed numerous articulatory errors for /c/ and /l/ sounds (similar to Koreans) rather than errors on /p/ sounds, which are more frequent among Japanese immigrants. The vowel formants of the children showed a significantly prolonged vowel /o/ as compared to that of Korean children (P<0.05). The Japanese immigrants and their children showed a similar substitution /n/ for // [Japanese immigrants (62.5%) vs Japanese-Korean children (14.3%)], which is rarely seen among Koreans. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that Korean speech sound development among Japanese-Korean children is influenced not only by the Korean language environment but also by their maternal language. Therefore, appropriate language education programs may be warranted not only or immigrant women but also for their children.
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Child , Female , Humans , Asian People , Emigrants and Immigrants , Korea , Mothers , Multilingualism , Phonetics , Pyridines , Thiazoles , VoiceABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study investigates Korean speech sound development, including articulatory error patterns, among the Japanese-Korean children whose mothers are Japanese immigrants to Korea. METHODS: The subjects were 28 Japanese-Korean children with normal development born to Japanese women immigrants who lived in Jeonbuk province, Korea. They were assessed through Computerized Speech Lab 4500. The control group consisted of 15 Korean children who lived in the same area. RESULTS: The values of the voice onset time of consonants /p(h)/, /t/, /t(h)/, and /k*/ among the children were prolonged. The children replaced the lenis sounds with aspirated or fortis sounds rather than replacing the fortis sounds with lenis or aspirated sounds, which are typical among Japanese immigrants. The children showed numerous articulatory errors for /c/ and /l/ sounds (similar to Koreans) rather than errors on /p/ sounds, which are more frequent among Japanese immigrants. The vowel formants of the children showed a significantly prolonged vowel /o/ as compared to that of Korean children (P<0.05). The Japanese immigrants and their children showed a similar substitution /n/ for // [Japanese immigrants (62.5%) vs Japanese-Korean children (14.3%)], which is rarely seen among Koreans. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that Korean speech sound development among Japanese-Korean children is influenced not only by the Korean language environment but also by their maternal language. Therefore, appropriate language education programs may be warranted not only or immigrant women but also for their children.
Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Asian People , Emigrants and Immigrants , Korea , Mothers , Multilingualism , Phonetics , Pyridines , Thiazoles , VoiceABSTRACT
O presente estudo teve por objetivos caracterizar o desempenho em compreensão em leitura e verificar as qualidades psicométricas da Prova de Compreensão em Leitura. Participaram desta pesquisa 511 alunos, com idade entre 9 e 14 anos (M = 9,80; DP = 8,4), sendo 53% do gênero masculino, cursando regularmente a quarta serie do ensino fundamental de escolas publicas e particulares do interior de São Paulo. A Prova de Compreensão em Leitura e composta por um trecho da historia na qual foi aplicada a Técnica de Cloze. Os resultados revelaram que 66% dos participantes tem dificuldade para compreender o que tem, e 22% podem ser considerados competentes. A Prova de Compreensão em Leitura apresentou evidencias de validade de critico quanto a idade e possibilita discriminar os leitores hábeis dos que apresentam dificuldades em leitura. Quanto a fidedignidade do instrumento, o coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach indicou precisão de 0,95.
The present study aims at characterizing reading comprehension performance and analyzing the psychometric qualities of the Reading Comprehension Test. 511 students took part in this research; their age ranged from 9 to 14 years of age (M = 9.80: SD = 8.4), 534 were male, and all of them was attending the fourth grade of funamental school, both public and private. The Reading Comprehension Test is comprised of a text in which Cloze Technique was applied. The results revealed that 68% of the participants have difficulties of under-standing what they read, and 22% could be considered competent. The Reading Comprehension Test showed evidences of age criteria validity, and it discriminates the competent readers from those who show difficulties in reading. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient indicated a precision of 0,95.
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Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Cognitive Science , Comprehension , Education, Primary and Secondary , Reading , Psychometrics/methods , Language TestsABSTRACT
O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi comparar a ocorrência de processes fonológicos em três provas fonológicas diferentes em crianças no período de aquisição fonológica. Participaram do estudo 88 sujeitos em desenvolvimento fonológico típico: GI - 41 crianças de 2,1 a 2,6 anos de idade e GII - 47 crianças de 2,7 a 3,0 anos de idade. Foram aplicadas três provas: imitação, nomeação e fala espontânea. Os resultados mostraram que, quanto a media de processes fonológicos, a fala espontânea foi a prova com menor media, seguida da nomeação e da imitação em ambos os grupos. A comparação entre as três provas aplicadas mostrou que em ambos os grupos existe diferença significante entre elas. A nomeação e estatisticamente igual a fala espontânea e a imitação, sendo essa estatisticamente diferente da fala espontânea. Conclui-se que a prova de nomeação apresentou desempenho estatisticamente semelhante tanto a prova de imitação come de fala espontânea, mostrando ser uma prova eficiente para a coleta de amostra de fala para analise fonológica.
The aim of this research was to compare the occurrence of phonological processes in three different tests in children during the phonological acquisition. Eighty eight (88) typical developing children composed two groups: GI - 41 children between 2,1 and 2,6 years old, and GII - 47 children between 2,7 and 3,0 years old. Three phonological tests were used: imitation, picture naming and continuous speech. The results showed that the continuous speech was the test with lower mean, followed by the picture naming and the imitation tests. The comparison between the three tests showed that in both groups there were significant differences between them. The picture naming test is statistically similar to the imitation and to the continuous speech tests, but imitation was different from the continuous speech test. It was concluded that the picture naming test showed a performance statistically similar to the imitation and to the continuous speech tests, showing its efficiency as a kind of speech screening for phonological analysis.
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Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child Development , Language Development , Speech , Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences/methods , LanguageABSTRACT
Objective To observe the speech development in monosyllables from Chinese children so as to establish references in the provision of rehabilitation to hearing impaired children.To study any causal relations of monosyllable production and the age factor,and the difference of these words.Methods 2 029 children of the ages from 3 year and 3 months to 6 year and 2 months were studied after they were divided into three age groups.Speech material consisted of 945 commonly used Chinese monosyllables.Each word was used for each test to 50 children or greater for each group.Results The percentage of correctly repeated words was within the rang of 0.76～1(median=0.97)in the young group,0.42～1(median=0.95)for the younger group and 0.40～1(median=0.94)for the youngest group.Statistically significant differences were found between each age(P