Política educativa y asignación del tiempo para la práctica fonoaudiológica: experiencia de fonoaudiólogos/as con más de 20 años de ejercicio laboral en contextos educativos / Educational policy and time assignment for speech therapy practice from the experience of speech therapists with over 20 years' professional practice in educational contexts

El trabajo de fonoaudiólogos (as) en contextos educativos es esencial para estudiantes que presentan necesidades educativas especiales. Sin embargo, poco se sabe respecto a cómo influye la asignación del tiempo otorgado por la política educativa en sus prácticas fonoaudiológicas. El presente estudio analizó por primera vez en Chile la experiencia de fonoaudiólogos (as) con más de 20 años de ejercicio laboral respecto de la asignación del tiempo definido por la política pública para la práctica fonoaudiológica que se lleva a cabo en los entornos educativos. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con enfoque construccionista-narrativo. Se realizaron cinco entrevistas semiestructuradas a fonoaudiólogos con más de veinte años de experiencia laboral en educación a través de un análisis de contenido de tipo deductivo. Los resultados muestran que la práctica fonoaudiológica presenta desafíos provenientes de aspectos administrativos, organizativos y prácticos que surgen de una política pública que no define de manera clara la asignación de tiempo y su distribución en las funciones propias del rol fonoaudiológico en educación. El aporte de esta investigación pionera en la temática,es que los fonoaudiólogos entrevistados sugieren cambios a la política implementada a partir de los ajustes que han realizado en sus prácticas profesionales tras 20 años de experiencia laboral. Es necesario continuar en la investigación sobre el ejercicio del rol fonoaudiológico en contextos educativos con el fin de mejorar la práctica profesional y contribuir a la política educativa implementada.

Speech therapists' work in educational contexts is essential for students presenting special educational needs. However, little is known about the influence of the amount of time granted by educational policy in speech therapists' professional practice.The present study did the first analysis in Chile of the experience of speech therapists with over 20 years of professional experience regarding the amount of time defined in public policy for speech therapists' practice carried out in educational environments. A qualitative study with a constructionist-narrative focus was done. Five semi-structured interviews were carried out with speech therapists who had over 20 years' professional educational experience via an inductive-type content analysis. Results showed that speech therapists' practice presents challenges arising from administrative, organizational and practical aspects emerging from a public policy which does not clearly define time assignment and its distribution in the functions pertaining to speechtherapists' educational role. The contribution of this pioneering research on the subject is that the speech therapists interviewed suggest changes to the policy implemented on the basis of the adjustments they have made in their professional practices after 20 years of work experience. It is necessary to continue research on the exercise of the role of speech therapists in educational contexts in order to improve professional practice and contribute to the educational policy implemented.

Disfagia pediátrica: rol del fonoaudiólogo como parte de un equipo interdisciplinario en el Hospital Juan P. Garrahan / Dysphagia in children: The role of the speech therapist in the interdisciplinary team of Hospital Juan P. Garrahan

Introducción: El 80% de los niños con condiciones médicas crónicas complejas presentan alteración de la conducta alimentaria. Dada la heterogeneidad de los diagnósticos y la complejidad en el manejo de la disfagia pediátrica, es muy importante la intervención de equipos especializados. Objetivo: Evaluación de la evolución de los niños con trastornos de la deglución y/o conducta alimentaria atendidos durante el año 2017 por el equipo interdisciplinario de deglución y conducta alimentaria, del Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan. Material y métodos: Estudio analítico, prospectivo y longitudinal con la intervención de un equipo interdisciplinario. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes evaluados durante el año 2017. Se realizó evaluación clínica de la deglución que permitió detectar dificultades durante el momento de la alimentación. Se dieron pautas de estimulación y modificación de consistencias y se derivó a tratamiento oportuno. Se midió porcentaje de destete de soporte nutricional (SN) y/o aumento del aporte por vía oral. Resultados: evaluamos 153 pacientes, 39% mujeres, 90% menores de 3 años de edad y el 75% en apoyo nutricional. El 72% presentó trastorno de la deglución exclusivamente o asociado a trastorno de la conducta alimentaria. El 68% fue seguido en más de una oportunidad. El 36% de los pacientes que ingresaron con requerimiento de SN lograron el destete (sin diferencia significativa entre los que tenían o no trastorno deglutorio p=0.85 y los que tenían o no traqueostomía p=0,88) y 40% aumentó el aporte por vía oral dentro del grupo que no logró el destete. Se observó una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el destete de los pacientes que concurrieron al espacio de la clínica con respecto a los que no(p=0,016) y mayor tiempo de intervención entre quienes lograron el destete y quienes no, 5,2 ± 3,1 vs 3,45 ± 3,1 meses (p=0,0099). Conclusión: Es esencial el trabajo interdisciplinario y especializado en niños con trastornos de la deglución. La intervención del fonoaudiólogo como parte del equipo es fundamental para una detección precoz y correcto abordaje de la disfagia (AU)

Of all children with chronic complex medical conditions, 80% have eating behavior disorders. Given the heterogeneity of the diagnoses and the complexity of the management of dysphagia in children, intervention of a specialized medical team is essential. Objective: Evaluation of the outcome in children with swallowing and/or eating behavior disorders seen during 2017 by the interdisciplinary group of swallowing and eating behavior disorders at Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan. Material and methods: An analytical, prospective and longitudinal study with intervention by an interdisciplinary team. All patients evaluated during 2017 were included. Swallowing was clinically assessed to identify eating disorders. Indications were given for stimulation and food consistency and patients were referred for adequate treatment. The rates of weaning from nutritional support (NS) and/or increase of oral food intake were measured. Results: 153 patients were evaluated, 39% were female, 90% younger than 3 years of age, and 75% AN. Overall, 72% had swallowing difficulties only or associated with an eating behavior disorder; 68% was followed on more than one occasion. Thirty-six percent of the patients who were admitted with NS requirement could be weaned (without a significant difference between those who had a swallowing disorder and those who did not p=0.85 and those that did and did not have a tracheostomy p=0.88) and oral food intake increased in 40% of the patients in the group that could not be weaned. A statistically significant difference was found in the weaning of patients who attended the clinic and those who did not (p=0.016) and longer intervention time between those who could be weaned and those who could not, 5.2 ± 3.1 vs 3.45 ± 3.1 months (p=0.0099). Conclusion: Interdisciplinary and specialized care is necessary for children with swallowing disorders. Intervention of a speech therapist as part of the team is fundamental for the early detection and adequate management of dysphagia (AU)

Caracterización de la intervención fonoaudiológica en la demencia tipo Alzheimer en Chile / Characterization of speech therapist's intervention

Actualmente en Chile es necesario determinar la aproximación fonoaudiológica al concepto de Demencia Tipo Alzheimer y las herramientas de evaluación cognitivas y sociales utilizadas por fonoaudiólogos, ya que debido al aumento de la población de adultos mayores, existe un incremento de patologías neurodegenerativas. Por esto, el objetivo del estudio es caracterizar el abordaje fonoaudiológico en la Demencia Tipo Alzheimer. Metodológicamente, la investigación se efectuó desde una perspectiva descriptiva y transversal, por medio de una encuesta aplicada a 26 fonoaudiólogos para conocer su metodología de trabajo. Los resultados generales evidenciaron que el 43 por ciento de los fonoaudiólogos encuestados define la demencia como un síndrome y que la mayoría utiliza protocolos de evaluación de lenguaje y cognición; además, se determinó que utilizan la escala Frontal Assessment Battery, pero no la escala de Tinetti (evaluación de marcha y equilibrio); desde el punto de vista de la terapia, el 79 por ciento utiliza el programa potencializado, el 54 por ciento usa enfoques combinados directo e indirecto, un 88 por ciento utiliza la estrategia de compensación y el 77 por ciento la facilitación. Por último, los encuestados realizan la intervención a través de un equipo multidisciplinario, demostrando la importancia del abordaje en conjunto para esta patología...

Currently, in Chile, it is necessary to determine the speech therapist’s approach towards Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type and cognitive and social evaluation tools used by Speech Therapist. Due to the fact that the number and proportion of older adults have increased, neurodegenerative pathologies are also on the rise. The aim of the present study is to describe the speech therapist approach in Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type. A descriptive and cross-sectional perspective was used. 26 speech therapists were surveyed to find out the procedures they follow when treating patients with this pathology. Data analysis showed that43 percent of speech therapists define dementia as a syndrome and that most of them use language and cognitive assessment protocols. The use of the Frontal Assessment Battery instead of Tinetti’s scale (Patient’s Gait & Balance Assessment) was also observed. Regarding therapeutic approach, 79 percent use a potentiating programme, 54 percent use both a direct and an indirect approach, 88 percent use compensatory strategy, and 77 percent use a facilitation strategy. Finally, therapists treat this type of patients as part of a multidisciplinary team, which shows and highlights the importance of a group approach to this pathology...

O trabalho do fonoaudiólogo no Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF) - especificidades do trabalho em equipe na atenção básica / The work of speech therapists under Support Centers for Family Health (NASF) - specificities of primary care

Resumo:OBJETIVO:compreender o trabalho do fonoaudiólogo no Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família, identificando tecnologias incorporadas ao processo de trabalho tradicional desse profissional.MÉTODOS:os sujeitos são fonoaudiólogos das equipes de São Paulo/SP do Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família. Por meio de questionário on-line, foram levantadas informações acerca da formação e dos processos de trabalho do fonoaudiólogo como apoiador nessas equipes. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por meio da Estatística Descritiva e os qualitativos de acordo com os preceitos da Análise Categorial Temática, sob o referencial teórico do Trabalho em Saúde.RESULTADOS:o processo de trabalho foi caracterizado a partir dos elementos que o compõem, sendo que o objeto do trabalho consiste nas equipes de Saúde da Família e na população adscrita, o meio é o Apoio e os instrumentos consistem nas ferramentas tecnológicas preconizadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. A conformação das equipes é variada e a organização do trabalho parte das reuniões de matriciamento. Suas práticas envolvem ações de apoio à assistência, ações de apoio técnico-pedagógico, ações de articulação de Rede e ações de gestão do trabalho e os fonoaudiólogos se apropriam de novos conhecimentos e estratégias por meio do trabalho compartilhado.CONCLUSÃO:na Atenção Básica, as possibilidades de atuação podem ser específicas ou compartilhadas, do núcleo de conhecimento ou de âmbito geral, e o enfoque dependerá das características do território e da disponibilidade dos profissionais. A formação não garante as competências necessárias, havendo a incorporação de novas práticas a partir das vivências experimentadas em serviço.

Abstract:PURPOSE:to understand the work of the speech therapist in the Support Center for Family Health, identifying incorporated technologies to the traditional professional work process.METHODS:these people are speech therapist of São Paulo / SP Support Center for Family Health team. Through online questionnaire, were raised information about the training and work processes of speech therapist as a supporter in these teams. The quantitative data were analyzed using a Descriptive Statistics and qualitative according to the precepts of Thematic Category Analysis, under the theoretical reference Health Work.RESULTS:the work process was characterized from the elements that compose it, and the object of work consists on the Family Health team and the population described, with support and instruments consist on technological tools recommended by the Health Ministry. The conformation team is varied and work organization start on matricial meetings. Their practices involve actions to support assistance, technical and pedagogical actions support, articulations actions of Network and work management actions and the speech therapists have a new knowledge and strategies through the shared work.CONCLUSION:on the Primary Care, the performance possibilities can be specific or shared, the knowledge core or in general , the focus depends on the characteristics of territory and availability. The training does not guarantee the necessary skills, with incorporation of new practices from the experiences in service.

La superación profesional del logopeda en implante coclear y su impacto en el desempeño profesional / The professional development of the speech therapist in cochlear implant and its impact on the professional performance

La superación de los logopedas no debe valorarse alejada del concepto de educación permanente, que es el enfoque que en el presente y desde hace varios años se aplica en Cuba, el que ha sido estudiado desde la época de Platón hasta la actualidad; de ahí la necesidad de superación constante de los logopedas, para desde su desempeño lograr los objetivos propuestos, permitiéndoles a todos los niños implantados después de la rehabilitación la incorporación social a partir de sus capacidades, y en los que, la colocación de este tipo de dispositivo garantice el mejoramiento de su calidad de vida.

The improvement of speech therapists cannot be seen away from the concept of permanent education, which is an approach that, presently and for some years, has been used in Cuba, which has also been studied since Plato’s times to present days. That is the reason for the need of a constant improvement of speech therapists, so that from their performance they can achieve their purposes, allowing all implanted children their social reinstatement after rehabilitation, taking into account their abilities, as well as the corresponding improvement of quality of life with the use of the implanted devise.

Alterações miofuncionais em adultos e idosos usuários de prótese dentária / Changes myofunctional in adults and elderly users dental prosthesis

Objective: To describe the myofunctional oral aspects of adults and elders users of dental prosthesis. Materials and methods: The subjects were divided into six groups according to the type of dental prosthesis. The instruments for data collection were an interview with sociodemographic data and clinical speech pathology assessment through the Miofunctional Oral Assessment protocol. Results: 41 prosthesis users participated. Regarding the changes in the stomatognathic system, it was perceived the cut of food changed in 42% of users and 20% of non users. With relation to type of mastication, it was found unilateral mastication in 41% of dental prosthesis users and for 36,36% of non users of dental prosthesis. The swallowing changed was found in 70% of prosthesis users and 66.6% of non-users. Only the five group composed by users of upper and lower prosthesis presented a mastication time of 9 sec. greater than that found in the literature and the other study groups. Among prosthesis users 17.07% had abnormal speech and among non users nobody had abnormal speech. Conclusion: there are structural and functional modifications of the stomatognathic system arising from the use of removable prosthesis, which demonstrates the importance of interdisciplinary work between speech therapy and dentistry in the adaptation of dental prosthesis, allowing faster adaptation and effectively, minimizing the losses of stomatognathic functions and quality of life.

Objetivo: Descrever os aspectos miofuncionais orais dos indivíduos adultos e idosos usuários de próteses dentárias. Materiais e métodos: Os sujeitos foram divididos em seis grupos de acordo com o tipo de prótese dentária. Os instrumentos para a coleta dos dados foram anamnese com dados sociodemográficos e avaliação fonoaudiológica através do protocolo de Avaliação Miofuncional Oral. Resultados: Participaram 41 usuários de prótese dentária. Com relação às alterações do sistema estomatognático foi percebido corte do alimento alterado em 42% dos usuários e em 20% dos não usuários de prótese. Quanto ao tipo de mastigação encontramos mastigação unilateral em 41% dos usuários de prótese dentária e em 36,36% dos não usuários de prótese dentária. A alteração de deglutição foi encontrada em 70% dos usuários de prótese dentária e em 66,6% dos não usuários. Apenas o grupo cinco composto por usuários de prótese superior e inferior apresentou um tempo mastigatório de 9 seg. maior do que o encontrado na literatura e do que os demais grupos do estudo. Dentre os usuários de prótese dentária 17,07% apresentaram alteração de fala e dentre os não usuários de prótese dentária ninguém apresentou alteração de fala. Conclusão: existem modificações estruturais e funcionais do sistema estomatognático decorrentes do uso da prótese dentária removível, o que demonstra a importância de um trabalho interdisciplinar entre a fonoaudiologia e a odontologia na adaptação das próteses dentárias, propiciando uma adaptação mais rápida e eficaz, minimizando os prejuízos das funções estomatognáticas e da qualidade de vida.

Efectividad de un programa de rehabilitación respiratoria en pacientes con esclerosis múltiple / Effectiveness of a respiratory rehabilitation program on patients with multiple sclerosis

Las personas con esclerosis múltiple presentan alteraciones de la comunicación oral relacionadas con una insuficiencia respiratoria, lo que obliga a los especialistas en logopedia a trabajar en este problema desde la óptica de su especialidad. Objetivo Evaluar la efectividad de un programa intensivo de rehabilitación respiratoria en personas con esclerosis múltiple, para aumentar su capacidad respiratoria y mejorar la coordinación fonorrespiratoria. Métodos Estudio de intervención cuasi experimental en un grupo de 30 personas adultas de ambos sexos con esclerosis múltiple. Todos recibieron el programa durante cuatro semanas con una hora diaria de ejercitación. Para valorar la efectividad del programa, se realizó una evaluación inicial y otra final de la capacidad vital inspiratoria y espiratoria forzada y de la coordinación fonorrespiratoria, por personal externo. El deterioro neurológico se midió mediante la Escala Expandida de Discapacidad de Kurtzke. Resultados En la muestra hubo predominio de mujeres, una edad promedio de 40,43 ± 11,46 años y 13,40 ± 7,76 años de evolución de la enfermedad. Se encontró esclerosis múltiple progresiva en 22 pacientes y 8 tenían formas de brote-remisión. El deterioro neurológico fue de 5,8 (±1,51) como promedio, lo que habla a favor de una discapacidad moderada en la muestra. Se encontró un aumento de la capacidad vital inspiratoria y espiratoria forzada y un aumento en el tiempo máximo de fonación, en la emisión de series de palabras bisílabas y en la emisión de series de números. Conclusiones El programa intensivo de rehabilitación respiratoria, contribuye al aumento de la capacidad respiratoria de las personas con esclerosis múltiple, por lo que se recomienda su aplicación en el proceso de neurorrehabilitación

People with multiple sclerosis present with altered oral communication related to respiratory failure, which forces the speech therapists to work on this problem within their range of specialty. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness la efectividad) of an intensive respiratory rehabilitation program. Methods Quasi-experimental interventional study carried out in a group of 30 adults of both sexes suffering from multiple sclerosis. All these patients were included in the program for 4 weeks, having one-hour training every day. For assessing the effectiveness of the program, an initial and a final evaluation of the forced vital inspiratory and expiratory capacity and of the phonorespiratory coordination was made by outside experts. The neurological deterioration was measured according the Kurtzkeïs extended disability scale. Results Women predominated in the sample; the average age was 40.43 ± 11.46 years and progression of disease was 13.40 ± 7.76 years. Progressive multiple sclerosis was found in 22 patients and the onset-remission forms in 8 patients. The neurological deterioration amounted to 5.8 (±1.51) as an average, which speaks for the moderate disability rate present in the simple. There was observed increased vital forced inspiratory and expiratory capacities and increase in maximum phonation length and in pronouncing series of two-syllable words and series of numbers. Conclusions The intensive respiratory rehabilitation program helps to increase the respiratory capacity of the patients with multiple sclerosis, hence, its implementation in the neurorehabilitation process is recommended