Miniature Non-invasive Blood Pressure Measurement and Verification System / 中国医疗器械杂志

Mercury sphygmomanometer based on traditional auscultation method is widely used in primary medical institutions in China, but a large amount of blood pressure data can not be directly recorded and applied in scientific research analysis, meanwhile auscultation data is the clinical standard to verify the accuracy of non-invasive electronic sphygmomanometer. Focusing on this, we designed a miniature non-invasive blood pressure measurement and verification system, which can assist doctors to record blood pressure data automatically during the process of auscultation. Through the data playback function,the software of this system can evaluate and verify the blood pressure algorithm of oscillographic method, and then continuously modify the algorithm to improve the measurement accuracy. This study introduces the hardware selection and software design process in detail. The test results show that the system meets the requirements of relevant standards and has a good application prospect.

Role of ankle brachial index measured by simple automatic sphygmomanometers in predicting postoperative kidney function in patients undergoing major cardiac surgery / El papel del índice tobillo-brazo medido mediante un esfigmomanómetro automático para pronosticar la función renal posoperatoria en pacientes que se sometieron a una cirugía cardíaca mayor

Abstract Introduction: Ankle-brachial pressure index is an objective, noninvasive test for predicting subclinical atherosclerotic diseases. We investigated the role of ankle-brachial pressure index measured with automated sphygmomanometer devices in the prediction of the development of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major cardiac surgery. Methods: This single-centered, cross-sectional, and observational study was performed on 80 (66 males and 14 females, 58 ± 10 years) patients undergone cardiac surgery. Complete anamnesis, laboratory tests, intravenous fluids, medications, blood products, and all perioperative procedures were recorded in all patients before the surgery. Two automated sphygmomanometer devices giving equivalent results were used for measuring Ankle-brachial pressure index. The data in the first two days after the surgery were used for analysis. The criteria of AKIN were used in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Results: Twenty-one (23%) patients developed acute kidney injury in the postoperative period. None of the patients needed renal replacement therapy or died. There was no significant difference between mean ankle-brachial pressure index levels of patients with and without acute kidney injury (1.04 ± 0.17 and 1.06 ± 0.19, respectively, p=0.554). The mean ankle-brachial pressure index was significantly lower in patients with perioperative complications that cause hemodynamic instability (1.07 ± 0.14, 0.96 ± 0.13, p=0.016). On the multivariate analysis model, only perioperative hemodynamic complication development was found to be related to postoperative acute kidney injury. Conclusion: Ankle-brachial pressure index may have a role in predicting perioperative hemodynamic complications, which may cause acute kidney injury in patients undergoing major surgery. Simple automatic blood pressure devices can be used in daily practice for ankle-brachial pressure index measurement instead of complex and expensive doppler devices.

Resumen Introducción: El índice tobillo-brazo (ITB) es una prueba objetiva y no invasiva para diagnosticar la aterosclerosis asintomática. Investigamos el papel del índice tobillo-brazo medido a través de esfigmomanómetros automáticos para pronosticar el desarrollo de insuficiencia renal aguda en pacientes que se sometieron a una cirugía cardíaca mayor. Material y métodos: En este estudio observacional, transversal y unicéntrico, se incluyó a 80 pacientes (66 hombres y 14 mujeres de 58 ± 10 años) que se sometieron a una cirugía cardíaca. Se registraron los siguientes datos de todos los pacientes antes de la cirugía: anamnesis completa, análisis clínicos, líquidos intravenosos, medicamentos, productos hemoderivados e intervenciones perioperatorias. Para medir el ITB, se utilizaron dos esfigmomanómetros automáticos que arrojaron resultados similares. Se analizaron los datos recogidos los primeros dos días luego de la cirugía. Se siguieron los criterios de la AKIN para diagnosticar la insuficiencia renal aguda. Resultados: Veintiún pacientes (23 %) sufrieron insuficiencia renal aguda en el postoperatorio. Ninguno de los pacientes necesitó tratamiento renal sustitutivo ni falleció. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los valores medios del índice tobillo-brazo en pacientes con insuficiencia renal aguda y sin ella (1,04 ± 0,17 y 1,06 ± 0,19, respectivamente; p=0,554). El valor medio del ITB fue significativamente menor en pacientes con complicaciones perioperatorias que causan inestabilidad hemodinámica (1,07 ± 0,14; 0,96 ± 0,13; p=0,016). En el modelo de análisis multivariado, solo se encontró que la aparición de complicaciones hemodinámicas perioperatorias estaba relacionada con la insuficiencia renal aguda luego de la operación quirúrgica. Conclusión: Es posible que el ITB desempeñe un papel en la predicción de complicaciones hemodinámicas perioperatorias, que pueden causar insuficiencia renal aguda en pacientes sometidos a cirugía mayor. En la práctica diaria, pueden utilizarse dispositivos automáticos simples que calculan la tensión arterial para medir el índice tobillo-brazo, en lugar de dispositivos Doppler complejos y costosos.

Effect of Proximal Muscle Strengthening on Distal Muscle Facilitation in Guillain Barre Syndrome

In Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS), there is symmetrical muscle weakness which ranges from mild weakness to severe palsy of all limbs. The motor symptoms start distally and move proximally. Proximal muscle weakness is primary and common factor in GBS. To overcome the weakness, one has to strengthen the muscle. Muscle activity of proximal segment is necessary for activation of distal segment. In fact, stable activity of distal parts needs controlling of the proximal parts. As distal muscle weakness is a major problem in post GBS individuals, they need to be facilitated with the help of proximal muscle strengthening. MethodsAfter obtaining the ethical committee clearance an experimental study was conducted among a total of 30 GBS subjects selected through convenience sampling. OPD subjects were given proximal muscle strengthening for 6 weeks. Each subject was examined by modified sphygmomanometer test (MST) and functional independence measure scale (FIMS) before and after the study. ResultsResult was calculated by using MST and FIMS. Exercises showed extremely significant difference on MST [p = 0.0001, t = 11.924] on handgrip strength, [p value = 0.0001) t = 12.334] on plantar flexion, [p value = 0.0001, t = 9.558] on dorsiflexion. FIMS [p value = 0.0001, t = 25.699] extremely significant difference was seen. ConclusionsProximal muscle strengthening is found to be effective for distal muscle facilitation in Guillain Barre Syndrome.

A Comparative Study of Automated v/s Manual Measurement of Blood Pressure

Measurement of blood pressure accurately is imperative in the diagnosis and monitoring of a wide range of clinical conditions. The mercury sphygmomanometer discovered more than 100 years ago, has since been used as the gold standard to record blood pressure. Using the mercury sphygmomanometer requires adequate training and practice, whereas the automated devices are convenient and easier to use. We wanted to compare the readings taken by the manual mercury and the digital sphygmomanometer and determine the variations in the readings if any. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was done in 148 apparently healthy medical students (males n=58, females n=90) (Fig. 1). Written informed consent was taken and the procedure was carried out. Questionnaires were provided to obtain demographic data from students. Blood pressure was recorded in the dominant arm using Pulse Wave 300 NISCO mercury sphygmomanometer, and OMRON HEM-7130 digital sphygmomanometer in the sitting, standing and recumbent posture. Three readings were recorded in each position with an interval of 2 mins., between each recording. The mean of the systolic and diastolic blood pressured was compared between the mercury and digital sphygmomanometer for variations if any. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 22. P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. ResultsIn our study out of the 148 participants 58 were males and 90 were females. The overall mean systolic blood pressure recorded using the mercury sphygmomanometer was found to be 107.59 ± 11.62 mmHg; mean diastolic blood pressure was found to be 68.83 ± 8.91 mmHg; overall mean systolic blood pressure recorded using the digital sphygmomanometer was found to be 107.72 ± 13.36 mmHg and overall mean diastolic blood pressure was found to be 71.4 ± 9.62 mmHg. ConclusionsIn our study no statistically significant difference was found between the BP measurements recorded using the mercury and digital sphygmomanometer (Table. 1, 2). Mercury sphygmomanometer still remains the gold standard in recording blood pressure, and those who are unskilled in recording BP using the standard method could utilize the digital device as it is easier and more convenient.

The roles of stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers in hospital-acquired infections: a case study of some district hospitals in Enugu state, Southeast Nigeria

Background: Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are infections that patients acquire while receiving treatments for other conditions. Studies have shown that stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers can act as potential sources of these infections in patients accessing treatment in healthcare facilities. This study aimed to increase awareness among health workers in Nigeria of the potentials of stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers to transmit HAIs.Methods: Moist swab sticks were used to collect samples from 38 randomly selected stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers from some departments of four district hospitals. Collected samples were cultured using standard microbiological techniques. In addition, self-designed questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge and practice of doctors and nurses on the roles of stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers in HAIs.Results: About 83.8% of the health workers demonstrated some awareness of the roles of stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers in HAIs. 42.5% cleaned their stethoscopes, while 5% their sphygmomanometers. Staphylococcus aureus, (65.9% of stethoscopes), proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (67.6% of sphygmomanometers), Streptococcus and Coliform species were isolated. There was no significant difference between the contamination of stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers by the isolates, except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (t=3.49, p=0.04).Conclusions: Awareness did not match practice in cleaning the stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers in the four facilities. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the two most common organisms isolated with a significant difference (t=3.49, p=0.04) between stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers in isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To curb HAIs, health workers need to improve on their practice of cleaning stethoscopes and sphygmomanometers.

Correlation Between Blood Pressure Measurement by Non-invasive and Invasive Methods in Critically-ill Children

Objective: To determine the correlation of non-invasive blood pressure obtained byauscultatory and oscillometric methods, with invasive blood pressure in critically ill children.Methods: We compared invasive with auscultatory and oscillometric blood pressures usingpaired t-test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot in 50 children (age 1-12y) admitted in Pediatric intensive care unit. Results: Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterialpressures of invasive methods significantly correlated with auscultatory and oscillometricmethods (P<0.001). Auscultatory and oscillometric measurements under-estimated systolicarterial pressures [mean (SD) difference 5.4 (12.2) mmHg and 6.3 (14.0) mmHg,respectively; P<0.001] and overestimated diastolic arterial pressures [-4.1 (5.8) mmHg and-3.6 (7.2) mmHg; P<0.001] compared to invasive blood pressure. Conclusion: Mean arterialpressure obtained by NIBP measurement is more closer than systolic or diastolic pressures,when compared with invasive blood pressure measurement.

Measurement of Milwaukee Brace Pad Pressure in Adolescent Round Back Deformity Treatment

STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective study, we measured the pad pressures of the Milwaukee brace in adolescent hyperkyphosis treatment. PURPOSE: We evaluated the skin-brace interface forces exerted by the main pads of the Milwaukee brace. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: A fundamental factor associated with brace effectiveness in spinal deformity is pad force adjustment. However, few studies have evaluated the in-brace force magnitude and its effect on curve correction. METHODS: Interface forces at four pads of the Milwaukee brace were measured in 73 patients withround back deformity (mean age, 14.04±1.97 years [range, 10–18]; mean initial Cobb angle,67.70°±9.23° [range, 50°–86°]). We used a modified aneroid sphygmomanometer to measure the shoulder and kyphosis pad pressures. Each patient underwent measurement in the standing and sitting positions during inhalation/exhalation. RESULTS: The mean pad pressures were significantly higher in the standing than in thesitting position, and significantly higher pressures were observed during inhalation compared toexhalation (p=0.001).There were no statistically significant differences between right and left shoulder pad pressures (p>0.05); however, the pressure differences between the right and left kyphosis pads were statistically significant (p<0.05). In a comparison of corrective forces with bracing for less or more than 6 months, corrective force was larger with bracing for less than 6 months (p=0.02). In the standing position, there were no statistically significant correlations between pad pressures and kyphosis curve correction. CONCLUSIONS: In the sitting position, there was a trend toward lower forces at the skin-brace interface; therefore, brace adjustment in the standing position may be useful and more effective. There was no significant correlation between the magnitude of the pad pressures and the degree of in-brace curve correction.

Enhancing coverage rate of mercury sphygmomanometer metrological verification based on PDCA cycle principle / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To enhance the verification coverage of mercury sphygmomanometer by PDCA.Methods PDCA cycle principle was used to determine the causes for the low verification coverage of mercury sphygmomanometer,and some countermeasures were put forward accordingly.Results The involvement of PDCA increased the verification coverage of mercury sphygmomanometer,standardized mercury sphygmomanometer metrological verification,and thus ensured the quality of mercury sphygmomanometer for clinical use.Conclusion PDCA cycle principle can improve hospital metrological device management effectively,and thus is worthy promoting practically.

Enhancing coverage rate of mercury sphygmomanometer metrological verification based on PDCA cycle principle / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To enhance the verification coverage of mercury sphygmomanometer by PDCA.Methods PDCA cycle principle was used to determine the causes for the low verification coverage of mercury sphygmomanometer,and some countermeasures were put forward accordingly.Results The involvement of PDCA increased the verification coverage of mercury sphygmomanometer,standardized mercury sphygmomanometer metrological verification,and thus ensured the quality of mercury sphygmomanometer for clinical use.Conclusion PDCA cycle principle can improve hospital metrological device management effectively,and thus is worthy promoting practically.

Discussion on performance testing techniques of non-invasive automated sphygmomanometer (oscillometry) / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To promote the development of non-invasive automated sphygmomanometer (oscillometry) performance testing technology by studying the related technologies and devices.Methods The performance testing contents of noninvasive automated sphygmomanometer (oscillometry) were summarized based on data inquiry and etc,involving in static and dynamic performance testing.The technical characteristics of the blood pressure simulator for testing non-invasive automated sphygmomanometer were analyzed,and the current market situation of the blood pressure simulator was described.Results The blood pressure simulator showed problems in concept,traceability and calibration.Conclusion To develop a new generation of blood pressure simulator is the development direction of non-invasive automated sphygmomanometer (oscillometry) performance testing technology.

Sphygmomanometer test to evaluate muscle strength in individuals with lower limb amputation: validity and reliability / Teste do esfigmomanômetro para avaliação da força muscular em indivíduos com amputações de membros inferiores: validade e confiabilidade

Abstract Introduction: The sphygmomanometer test is an alternative and inexpensive method for assessment of muscle strength. This instrument was considered valid and reliable to measure the isometric strength in different health conditions, however, in individuals with limb amputations the properties of this instrument for this purpose, have not been investigated. Objective: To investigate the concurrent criterion validity, test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities of the aneroid sphygmomanometer test (AST) without modification, for assessment of the strength of subjects with lower limb amputations. Methods: Twenty-two subjects (57.6 ± 15.2 years) with lower limb amputations were included in this study. Maximum isometric force was assessed with a handheld dynamometer (microFet2®) and the AST. To identify differences between trials, one-way ANOVA was applied. To assess the concurrent criterion validity, test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities of the AST, Pearson's correlation coefficients of determination and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. Results: For all muscle groups, no differences were observed between the trials (0.00001 ≤ F ≤ 0.10; 0.90 ≤ p ≤ 0.99). Significant, positive, and high to very high correlations were found between the HHD and the AST measures for the different numbers of trials for all assessed muscles (0.76 ≤ r ≤ 0.93; p ≤ 0.02). Test-retest (0.67 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.97) and inter-rater reliabilities (0.78 ≤ ICC ≤ 0.97) were adequate. The values obtained with the AST were good predictors of those obtained with HHD (0.58 ≤ r2 ≤ 0.85). Conclusion: For individuals with lower limb amputation, the AST showed adequate concurrent criterion validity, test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability for the assessment of lower limbs muscle strength.

Resumo Introdução: O teste do esfigmomanômetro é um método alternativo e de baixo custo para se avaliar a força muscular. Esse instrumento já foi considerado válido e confiável para mensurar a força isométrica em diversas condições de saúde. No entanto, em indivíduos com amputações de membros as propriedades desse instrumento para esse fim, ainda não foram investigadas. Objetivo: Investigar a validade de critério concorrente, a confiabilidade teste-reteste e entre examinadores, do teste do esfigmomanômetro aneroide (TEA) sem modificação, para a avaliação da força muscular de indivíduos com amputações de membros inferiores (MMII). Métodos: Participaram 22 indivíduos (57,6 ± 15,2 anos) com amputações de MMII. A força isométrica máxima foi avaliada através de um dinamômetro portátil (microFet2®) e do TEA. Para identificar diferenças entre as repetições, ANOVA one-way foi utilizada. Para avaliar a validade do critério concorrente, confiabilidade teste-reteste e entre examinadores do TEA, os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson, de determinação e coeficiente de correlação intra-classe (CCI) foram calculados. Resultados: Para todos os grupos musculares, não foram observadas diferenças nas repetições (0,00001 ≤ F ≤ 0,10; 0,90 ≤ p ≤ 0,99). Os resultados apresentaram correlação positiva elevada e muito elevada para as diferentes medidas e grupos musculares dos MMII (0,76 ≤ r ≤ 0,93; p ≤ 0,02). E confiabilidade teste-reteste (0,67 ≤ ICC ≤ 0,97) e entre examinadores (0,78 ≤ ICC ≤ 0,97) consideráveis. Os valores obtidos com o TEA foram bons preditores daqueles obtidos com o dinamômetro manual (0,58 ≤ r2 ≤ 0,85). Conclusão: Para indivíduos com amputações de membros, o TEA apresentou valores adequados de validade de critério concorrente, confiabilidade teste-reteste e entre examinadores, para a avaliação de força muscular de MMII.

Application of blood pressure measurement in patients with atrial fibrillation using upper- arm electronic sphygmomanometer / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the feasibility of the upper- arm electronic sphygmomanometer for evaluating the blood pressure in patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods Consecutive hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation for coronary angiography were selected, and the application of upper- arm electronic sphygmomanometer and mercury sphygmomanometer of blood pressure were applied and in the process of coronary angiography, the radial artery invasive blood pressure was recorded and the correlation was analyzed. Results Mercury sphygmomanometer and radial artery invasive blood pressure measurement had a good consistency on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure in atrial fibrillation patients, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Upper- arm electronic sphygmomanometer and radial artery invasive blood pressure measurement had some consistency (pulse rate range, pulse rate of 70-90 beats / min) on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure in atrial fibrillation patients, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). Upper-arm electronic sphygmomanometer and mercury sphygmomanometer had some consistency (pulse rate range, pulse rate of 70-90 beats / min) on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure in atrial fibrillation patients, the differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The correlation between mercury sphygmomanometer and radial artery invasive blood pressure measurement were found on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, mean arterial pressure in atrial fibrillation patients (r=0.71-0.78, P<0.05),which were better than those of upper- arm electronic sphygmomanometer and radial artery invasive blood pressure measurement (r=0.53-0.70, P <0.05). Conclusions The upper- arm electronic sphygmomanometer can be used for the assessment of blood pressure in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Design of sphygmomanometer detecting worktable and its clinical application / 医疗卫生装备

To design a sphygmomanometer detecting worktable to prevent the leaked mercury from flowing or doing harm to the staff after volatilization. The worktable was composed of a body, an exhaust hood, a flow-guided groove, a base, a flow-guided hole, a collecting bin, a ventilating fan and etc. A filter screen at the ventilating fan was equipped with the sulphur powder to react with the mercury vapor in the air. The worktable could reduce mercury pollution and its damage to the staff. The worktable facilitates the maintenance and detection of the sphygmomanometer, and thus is worthy popularizing clinically.

Time for Young Adults to Reach Resting Blood Pressure after Walking as measured by an Automatic and a Mercury Sphygmomanometer / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the time for young adults to reach resting blood pressure after walking as measured by an automatic and a mercury sphygmomanometer. METHODS: Participants were 33 nursing students in their 20s. Blood pressure after walking was measured every minute on both arms simultaneously for a total of 6 times after walking for 12 minutes on a treadmill at ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of 11. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, Bland-Altman plots and repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Systolic blood pressure after walking was the same as measurements corresponding to resting blood pressure after 3 minutes of resting if measured with the automatic sphygmomanometer and 4 minutes of resting if measured with the mercury sphygmomanometer. CONCLUSIONS: In order to measure the resting blood pressure for healthy young adults who performed low-density walking for 12 minutes on flat land, the measurement needs to be made after a resting time of at least 3 minutes in the case of an automatic sphygmomanometer and 4 minutes in the case of a mercury sphygmomanometer.

Self Monitoring of Blood Pressure (SMBP) among Hypertensive patients in Muscat- A pilot study.

Monitoring of blood pressure (BP) is an important aspect of the diagnosis and management of hypertension. SMBP of patients at home can provide patients and physicians with valuable information in the management of hypertension. The aim of this pilot study was to determine the prevalence of SMBP among primary care hypertensive patients in Muscat region and to assess their practices and attitude towards SMBP. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase 126 patients visiting primary health care centers or polyclinics in Muscat region were interviewed to identify patients who practice SMBP. In the second phase a closed ended questionnaire containing 10 questions related to demographic characteristics, practice and attitude was self administered to 50 patients enrolled from the first phase to generate the data. It was found that around 40% of the patients use Sphygmomanometer to monitor their BP at home. However, majority of the patients were aware of the significance and importance of BP home monitoring and therefore, recommended the practice of SMBP to other hypertensive patients. Participants acknowledged the role of pharmacist in educating and training the patient about the proper use of BP measuring device. Patients were convinced with the device performance but at the same time the frequency of BP monitoring was poor among the participants. Overall the participants had a positive attitude towards SMBP but the frequency of BP monitoring was poor among the participants and had a room for the improvement. There is a need to aware and educate the Omani hypertensive patients about the importance of SMBP to achieve the desired therapeutic goals. SMBP may be a valuable tool in hypertension self-management, therefore, clinicians should consider recommending it more widely.

Evaluation of cardiovascular responses to isometric exercise in trained female basket ball and volley ball players.

Background: Physical inactivity is recognized as a risk factor for coronary artery diseases. The aim of present study was to observe changes induced by isometric hand grip exercise on cardiovascular responses in young healthy trained female Volleyball and Basketball players. Methods: This study was carried out at Department of Physiology, J.S.S. Medical College and Hospital. Hundred and eighty (180) female participants were included and were divided into trained Volleyball & Basketball players and healthy adult controls of 60 each. Estimation of SBP, DBP, MAP and HR were carried out before, after and during various duration of exercise by adopting standard procedures Results: The mean SBP, DBP, MAP and HR at various durations for female subjects playing basketball, Volleyball and Control groups shows a significant increase (p<0.0001) in all the parameters at rest, during isometric HG exercise and at post exercise in untrained Controls compared with trained subjects. No significant difference was observed in the above said parameters at rest, during isometric HG exercise and at post exercise between Subjects and between volleyball and basketball players. Conclusions: Exercise leads to significant decrease in cardiovascular stress in trained individuals.

Clinical Evaluation of the Accuracy of Electronic Home Blood Pressure Measuring Devices / 기본간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the accuracy of electronic devices compared with mercury sphygmomanometer. Of 132 outpatients with electronic devices, 77 who possessed oscillometric cuff devices participated in this study. METHOD: When the blood pressure was measured, all electronic devices were connected by means of a Y-connector to a mercury sphygmomanometer. Using the simultaneous same arm approach, each comparison was carried out three times at 2-minute intervals. RESULTS: Compared with the mercury sphygmomanometer, the electronic devices underestimated systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively by 4.0 +/- 5.8mmHg and 2.5 +/- 6.7mmHg, which satisfies the standard error range of the American Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation. According to the British Hypertension Society criteria, these differences achieved C grade for both systolic and diastolic pressure. For the graphical analysis, the differences had a tendency to fulfill the permitted error limits in both diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Moreover, the purchase duration was not correlated with the accuracy of electronic devices. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that difference in blood pressure between electronic devices and mercury sphygmo- manometer is within the standard error. Therefore, electronic blood pressure measuring devices may be useful for therapeutic self-management of hypertension.

Evaluation of Correlation between Automatic Ocillometric Sphygmomanometer and Standard Korotkoff Auscultatory Sphygmomanometer

BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis and treatment of hypertension is imperative to prevent the complications associated with this condition. The development of accurate and convenient methods of blood pressure measurement, therefore, is indispensible. At present, the JNC V has acknowledged the use of automatic sphygmomanometer that can be used without the help of someone else. We compared automatic oscillometric sphygmomanometers manufactured by Sein Electronics, korea(SE-7000 and SE-5000) with the standard Korotkoff auscultatory mercuy sphygmomanometer meter. The correlation between these two methods were calculated to determine whether these products could actually be used in clinical practice. This study was undertaken to ensure the clinical evaluation of these two products and standardization of an antomatic sphygmomanometer in korea before it is actually used. METHODS: The study included eighty-three patients, ranging in age from 14 to 81 years, who were admitted to Hanyang University Hospital in October, 1995. The blood pressure measured by the automatic oscillometric sphygmomanometer(SE-7000) in the right arm and was compared with that measured by the standard mercury sphygmomanometer(baumanometer) in the left arm. Also the blood pressure measured by the automatic oscillometric sphygmomanometer(SE-5000) at the wrist was compared by the baumanometer in the same side arm. The correlation between these methods were determined by the paired Student`s t-test and by the simple liner regression method. RESULTS: The p value of systolic blood pressure between two methods(SE-7000 and baumanometer) in the both arms was 0.896 and correlation coefficient was 0.8286. The p value of diastolic blood pressure between this two methods was 0.352 and correleation coefficient was 0.7455. The p value of systolic blood pressure between two methods(SE-5000 and baumanomter) by the arm and the wrist was 0.00018 and correlation coefficient was 0.8588, the p value of diastolic blood pressure between this two methods was 0.000048 and correlation coefficient was 0.5944. CONCLUSION: The blood pressure measured by the SE-5000 at the wrist was statistically different from that measured with the baumanometer in the arm. Further studies are necessary to use this product in clinical practice. However, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures measured with the SE-7000 in the arm were relatively similar to those measured by the baumanometer enabling this products to be effectively used in clinical practice.

Accurate Measurement of Automated Sphygmomanometer / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To show the international protocols for blood pressure monitoring based on a real example. Methods The assessment process of international protocol that can be released by Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring of European Society of Hypertension was evaluated. Results 33 participants were selected, which all indexes in evaluation stage one and stage two of the indicators were detected through. The 95% consistency interval in difference between tested device and reference monitor was 10.65～-12.67 mmHg for systolic BP and 13.68～-14.03 mmHg for diastolic BP, and there were 7.1% (7/99) and 6.1% (6/99) of valid points out of the 95% consistency interval. Conclusion The measured automatic blood pressure in the normal environment, measuring accuracy and the standard with the control of mercury -type sphygmomanometer is coincident, so it can be recommended for home application.

Office Blood Pressure is Higher than Home Blood Pressure, and Digital Electronic Sphygmomanometer is Useful for Self-Monitoring of Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients

BACKGROUND: To investigate the possibie difference, if any, between office blood pressure(BP) and home BP may be important in the diagnosis and treatment of hypersensive patients. This report deails the difference between the two BP's and the usefulness of digital electronic sphygmomanometer(DES) for self-monitoring of home BP. METHODS: The BP's of 14 patients with essential hypertension were measured with mercury sphygmomanometers at outpatient department by physician and with DES at home(twice a day) by the patients. Patients were followed up every 2 weeks for 4 weeks and previous 2 weeks' average home BP's were compared with the office BP's of each 2 weeks' end. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between office and home BP(both systolic and diastolic) ; office average BP(151/95mmHg) was higher than home average BP(136/86mmHg). CONCLUSION: Caution may be needed in the interpretation of office BP unless it is measured several times after adequate rest.