Dimethyl fumarate inhibits NLRP3/AIM2 inflammasomes to prevent spleen radiation injury ZHANG / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the protective effect of dimethyl fumarate on spleen injury induced by gamma radiation in mice and the related mechanism. Methods C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the blank control group, radiation model group and DMF administration group, which were administered once at 12 h before irradiation and once at 0. 5 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h after irradiation. The 30-day survival rate, body weight and pathological injury of spleen were measured after a one-time total body irradiation of Co 7 rays (8 Gy). TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptosis of spleen cells. Enzyme-linked immunoassay ( ELISA) was applied to detect the contents of TNF-a, IL-1 p, IL-6, IL-18, NLRP3 and AIM2 in spleen. Western blot test and immunofluorescence staining test was employed to verify the changes of NLRP3 and AIM2 contents in spleen tissue after irradiation. Results DMF could obviously improve the survival rate of irradiated mice, improve the weight loss of irradiated mice, re-duce the pathological injury of spleen, and inhibit the apoptosis of spleen cells after irradiation. ELISA results showed that DMF could significantly inhibit the increase of spleen inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-lp, IL-6, IL-18 and inflammasome components NL-RP3 and AIM2 induced by irradiation. Western blot and tissue immunofluorescence staining also confirmed that DMF could inhibit the increase of NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome protein levels caused by irradiation. Meanwhile, NLRP3 agonist and AIM2 agonist could antagonize the radiation protection effect of DMF on spleen cells. Conclusion DMF can ameliorate spleen injury of Co 7-ray injured mice, and its mechanism is closely related to NLRP3/AIM2 inflamma-somes, which can be used as a potential protective drug for radiation injury.

Laparoscopia con preservación de órgano en lesión esplénica en dos tiempos por traumatismo cerrado de abdomen / Laparoscopy with spleen preservation for delayed splenic rupture due to blunt abdominal trauma

RESUMEN El tratamiento no operatorio (TNO) de lesiones abdominales en traumatismo cerrado de abdomen (TCA) se basa en pilares clínicos y radiológicos. Presentamos el de caso de paciente masculino de 16 años que ingresa en el Servicio de Emergencias por dolor abdominal en hipocondrio izquierdo y antecedente de traumatismo cerrado de abdomen reciente. Se establece protocolo de TNO basado en cuadro clínico e imágenes pero, en forma posterior, ante la evolución desfavorable, se cambia la conducta y se realiza tratamiento laparoscópico conservador de órgano.

ABSTRACT Nonoperative management (NOM) of organ injuries in abdominal blunt trauma (ABT) is based on clinical and imaging test findings. We herein present a 16-year-old male patient with a history of recent blunt abdominal trauma was admitted to the emergency department for abdominal pain in the left hypochondrium. A protocol for NOM was established based on the clinical picture and imaging findings, but afterwards, in view of the unfavorable progression, the approach was modified to laparoscopic organ-preserving surgery.

Hemoperitoneo secundario a lesión esplénica tras colonoscopia diagnóstica. Una complicación infrecuente

Introducción: La colonoscopia es una herramienta básica en el estudio de patologías del área colorrectal, así como uno de los pilares del screening del cáncer de colon y recto. Sin embargo, no es un procedimiento exento de riesgos, algunos de ellos con elevada morbimortalidad. Caso Clínico: Varón de 55 años con enolismo crónico y hepatopatía por Virus Hepatitis C y Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica. En estudio por diarrea se solicita una ecografía de abdomen donde, como único hallazgo, se muestra una lesión de 7 mm a nivel de páncreas y una colonoscopia con intención diagnóstica que no muestra alteraciones significativas. Con la sospecha de que la lesión pancreática pudiese ser la causa del cuadro diarreico, se realiza un escáner abdominal donde se muestra una colección subcapsular a nivel esplénico de 11 × 3 cm compatible con hematoma sin signos de sangrado activo. Dada la estabilidad hemodinámica, se inicia manejo conservador, con empeoramiento del dolor abdominal e hipotensión en las siguientes 12 h. Se repite prueba de imagen objetivando aumento de hematoma esplénico y líquido libre intraabdominal. Se indica cirugía urgente donde se evidencia hemoperitoneo secundario a lesión esplénica que obliga a realizar esplenectomía. Conclusión: La presencia de una posible lesión esplénica yatrogénica se debe tener en cuenta en el diagnóstico diferencial en un paciente con dolor abdominal de inicio agudo y anemización o alteración del estado hemodinámico dentro de las primeras 24-48 h tras la realización de una colonoscopia.

Introduction: Colonoscopy is a basic tool in the study of pathology of the colorectal area, as well as one of the pillars of colon and rectal cancer screening. However, it is not a risk-free procedure, some of them with high morbimortality. Case Report: 55-year-old male with chronic alcoholism and hepatopathy due to HCV, COPD. During a study for diarrhea, an ultrasound of the abdomen revealed a 7 mm pancreas tumor, and a diagnostic colonoscopy showed no significant alterations. With the suspicion that the pancreatic lesion could be the cause of the diarrhea, an abdominal scan was performed showing a subcapsular collection at the splenic level of 11 × 3 cm compatible with hematoma without signs of active bleeding. Due to the hemodynamic stability, conservative management was decided, with worsening abdominal pain and hypotension in the following 12 hours. A new imaging test showed an enlarged splenic hematoma and free abdominal fluid suggestive of hemoperitoneum. Urgent surgery found hemoperitoneum secondary to splenic lesion and splenectomy was required. Conclusion: The presence of a possible iatrogenic splenic lesion should be considered in the differential diagnosis in a patient with acute onset abdominal pain and anemia or hemodynamic status alteration within the first 24-48 hours after colonoscopy.

Traumatismo esplénico secundario a colonoscopia: una complicación infrecuente

Introducción: La colonoscopia es un procedimiento frecuente y seguro, no exento sin embargo de complicaciones. El traumatismo esplénico es una complicación infrecuente, pero potencialmente mortal. Caso Clínico: Mujer de 75 años, consultaba por dolor y distensión abdominal tras colonoscopia. A la exploración presentaba dolor a la palpación en epigastrio e hipocondrio izquierdo sin irritación peritoneal. La TC urgente informaba de hematoma esplénico de 10 x 2,6 cm sin signos de sangrado activo. Fue tratada de forma conservadora con evolución favorable. Conclusión: El manejo del traumatismo esplénico depende de la estabilidad hemodinámica, el grado de la lesión y la presencia de sangrado activo. En casos seleccionados, el tratamiento conservador constituye una alternativa para evitar cirugías innecesarias, aunque se debe monitorizar al paciente de forma estricta durante 48-72 h en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivo. Aunque la lesión esplénica secundaria a la colonoscopia es una complicación infrecuente, puede presentar alta morbimortalidad si pasa inadvertida.

Introduction: Colonoscopy is a frequent and routine procedure, and even though it is considered safe, it can have complications. The splenic traumatism is an infrequent complication, but potentially mortal. Clinical Case: Woman 75 years old, consulted for abdominal pain and distension after a colonoscopy. Physical examination revealed pain in epigastric and left hypochondrium without peritoneal irritation. Urgent TC scan reported a splenic hematoma of 10 x 2,6 cm, without active bleeding. She received non-operative treatment with a favorable evolution. Conclusion: The management depends on the hemodynamic stability, the grade of injury and the presence of and active bleeding. In selected cases, non-operative treatment is an option that avoids unnecessary surgeries, even if the patient must stay 48-72 h hospitalized in an Intensive Care Unit for a strict monitoring of vital signs. Although the splenic injury secondary a colonoscopy is an infrequent complication, it can be potentially mortal if it is not diagnosed.

Impacto da introdução da angioembolização para o tratamento não operatório do trauma esplênico contuso grau III e IV no Hospital João XXIII, Belo Horizonte / Brasil / Impact of the introduction of angioembolization on nonoperative management of blunt splenic trauma grades III and IV at Hospital João XXIII - Belo Horizonte/Brazil

Objetivo: Comparar o sucesso do tratamento não operatório da lesão esplênica contusa graus III e IV, antes e após a introdução da angioembolização como método adjuvante. Métodos: Os dados foram coletados do prontuário eletrônico de pacientes com lesões esplênicas contusas graus III e IV (exceto hematoma subcapsular), segundo classificação da AAST (American Association for Surgery of Trauma), submetidos ao tratamento não operatório no Hospital João XXIII no período de janeiro/2014 a julho/2017. Os dados foram comparados a uma série de casos dessas mesmas lesões entre novembro/2004 e dezembro/2013 na mesma instituição, quando a angioembolização não era utilizada. O nível de significância do estudo foi 5% e seu desfecho foi a falha do tratamento não operatório. As análises foram feitas nos software R3.6.3 e MINITAB versão 14. Resultados: Entre novembro/2004 e dezembro/2013, foram estudados 389 pacientes em tratamento conservador, sendo 332 (82,8%) com lesão esplênica contusa grau III e 67 (17,2%) grau IV, havendo falha no tratamento (necessidade de esplenectomia) em 36 (11%) com lesão grau III e 22 (33%) com lesão grau IV. No período de janeiro/2014 a julho/2017, quando da disponibilidade da angioembolização, 195 pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento conservador, sendo 110 (56,4%) com lesão esplênica contusa grau III e 85 (43,6%) grau IV. Desses, houve falha no tratamento em 4 (3,6%) com lesão grau III e 6 (7%) com lesão grau IV. Conclusão: O tratamento não operatório do trauma esplênico contuso associado à angioembolização apresentou redução, com significância estatística, da necessidade de esplenectomia nas lesões esplênicas graus III e IV.

Objective: Compare the success of non-operative treatment of blunt splenic injury grades III and IV, before and after the introduction of angioembolization. Methods: Data collected from electronic medical reports of patients presenting blunt splenic injury (BSI) grades III and IV (subcapsular hematoma was not included), according to AAST (American Association for Surgery of Trauma) classification and undergoing nonoperative management at Hospital João XXII from January 2014 to July 2017. Data was compared to a case series of these nonoperative injuries from November 2004 to December 2013 at the same institution, when angioembolization was not used. The study level of significance was 5% and outcome was failure of non-operative treatment. Analyses were made using the software R3.6.3 and MINITAB version 14. Results: From November/2004 to December/2013, 389 patients undergoing conservative treatment were studied, 332 (82,8%) of which presented with blunt splenic injury grade III and 67 (17,2%) had lesions grade IV, treatment failure (need for splenectomy) occurred in 36 (11%) patients with injury grade III and 22 (33%) with grade IV. From January/2014 to July/2017, when angioembolization was available, 195 patients underwent conservative treatment, 110 (56,4%) with blunt splenic injury grade III and 85 (43,6%) with grade IV. In this group, treatment failed in 4 (3,6%) with injury grade III and 6 (7%) grade IV. Conclusion: Nonoperative management of blunt splenic trauma associated with angioembolization is associated with a reduction in splenectomy in splenic injuries grades III and IV.

A prospective and retrospective study on conservative management of hepatic and splenic injury following blunt abdominal trauma

Background: worldwide road traffic accidents accounts as the leading cause of death of young people. For a very long time most of the intra-abdominal injuries following blunt abdominal trauma were managed operatively. Conservative management is becoming more acceptable and effective management option for blunt abdominal trauma during the last few decades.Methods: This study was conducted in Government Medical College, Kottayam during September 2007 to December 2008. All conservatively managed blunt abdominal trauma patients during the study period were included in the study.Results: Out of 22 patients, 4 patients failed conservative management. Success rate was 81%. Most commonly injured solid organ in the study group was liver (77%). Maximum cases were of age group 10 to 20 (31.81%) years. 81% of patients were males. Motor vehicle accident was the most common cause of trauma (77%). Mean stay in intensive care unit was 4.2 days and mean hospital stay was 15.7 days. Mean systolic blood pressure was 110 mmHg ranging from 70 to 130 mmHg. 50% of patients had moderate hemoperitoneum and non-had massive hemoperitoneum.Conclusions: Non operative management is safe and effective approach in blunt spleen and liver injuries. Non operative management should be treatment of choice for all hemodynamically stable patients with blunt liver and splenic trauma.

Thoracic splenosis: Case report of a symptomatic case / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Thoracic splenosis is the autotransplantation of splenic tissue in the left thoracic cavity as a result of a splenic injury. This rare pathology is usually asymptomatic and may be discovered on incidental imaging, but the diagnosis often requires invasive procedures such as surgery in order to eliminate a neoplasic origin. We report a rare symptomatic case of a 39-year-old man presenting with chest pain and multiple nodules revealed on a computed tomography scan. The patient underwent a surgical exploration and the pathological studies concluded to a thoracic splenosis. Indeed, the previous medical history of the patient revealed a left thoraco-abdominal traumatism during childhood. The aim of this paper is to emphasize that the diagnosis can now be performed using only imaging techniques such as technetium-99 sulfur colloid or labelled heat-denatured red blood cell scintigraphy to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures including thoracotomy.

New opinion on radiological grade and conservative treatment of children splenic injury / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective Radiological grade of splenic injury was seldomly used in China trauma center now,though it had been established in 1994 by American Association for Surgery of Trauma (AAST) and widely used.The present study is aimed to analyze the imaging grade and clinical characteristics of traumatic splenic rupture in children,discuss the feasibility of conservative treatment,and the role of radiographic grading during clinical treatment.Methods Information (including age,gender,severity based on radiological findings,treatment strategies,and clinical outcome) regarding 59 hospitalized splenic injury patients whose injuries occurred between 2008 and 2014 was retrospectively analyzed.Results Between 2008 and 2014,59 pediatric patients with splenic injury were treated in our institution.Median age was 9.5 years (range,3 months to 16 years).Of all patients,41 (69.5%) were male.The injuries were primarily caused by traffic crash (45.7%),stumbling/falling from a height (38.9%).According to AAST,5 cases were grade Ⅰ,26 patients grade Ⅱ (44.1%),and 21 cases grade Ⅲ (35.6%),6 over grade Ⅳ,and only one was unclear.Of all patients,25 cases were with the other organs complications.All patients underwent fasting,bed rest,and antibiotics.Only 1 case was transferred to operation during the conservative treatment.Forty-nine patients underwent with CT scan over 2 times.Conclusion Imaging classification helps guide clinical treatment.Conservative treatment is feasible for traumatic splenic injury in children.Early imaging classification of splenic injury may be helpful in clinical judgment,and reduce children radiation exposure.

The application of intermittent splenic artery occlusion for treating iatrogenic splenic injury: an animal experiment / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the value of intermittent splenic artery occlusion in the treatment of iatrogenic splenic injury and the cause of ischemia reperfusion injury.Methods Experimental animals using dogs were divided into experimental group and control group according to whether the splenic artery was blocked.The animal model of iatrogenic splenic injury was established by general anesthesia.Experimental group was treated with intermittent splenic artery blockage combined with gelatin sponge oppression of the wound to stop bleeding.The first time of splenic artery occlusion was 15 min and continued for 10 min and for another 5 rmin if still bleeding.Then hemostatic effect after removing blocking and oppression was observed.Control group was only treated with gelatin sponge compression to stop bleeding.Blood samples and tissue samples were collected before blocking and after reperfusion for 2 hours in experimental group,and before compression and relieving the compression for 2 hours in control group.IL-1 (interleukin),SOD (superoxide disproportionation enzyme),MPO (myeloperoxidase),MDA (malondialdehyde) and caspase-3 (aspartame acid cysteine protease) were detected.Results The control group still had bleeding,while the experimental group had successfully stopped bleeding.Serum markers before and after occlusion in the experinental group were IL-1 (124.4 ± 106.8 vs.121.2 ± 105.1),SOD (4.7 ± 2.7 vs.5.2 ± 1.8) and MDA (8.8 ±6.5 vs10.8 ±7.5).There were no significant differences on serum markers in two groups after occlusion/oppression including IL-1 (121.2 ± 105.1 vs.162.8 ± 73.8),SOD (5.2 ± 1.8 vs.4.7 ± 2.8) and MDA (10.8 ±7.5 vs.9.6 ±6.6) (P＞0.05).Histological indicators before and after occlusion in the experimental group included MPO (0.62 ±0.23 vs.0.68 ±0.21) and Caspase-3 (0.90 ±0.29 vs.0.86 ± 0.26),and there was no statistical difference on MPO (0.68 ±0.21 vs.0.86 ±0.23 after two sets of experiments) and Caspase-3 level (0.86 ± 0.26 vs.1.21 ± 0.18) (P ＞ 0.05) in two groups after occlusion/ oppression.Conclusion The therapeutic effect of intermittent splenic artery occlusion combined with gelatin sponge compression hemostasis is safe and effective and without obvious ischemia reperfusion injury.

Splenic Injury after Colonoscopy in Patient on Anti-Platelet Agents : A Case Study / 계명의대학술지

Colonoscopy is frequently used for lower GI tract screening tests. Although rare, splenic injury may develop in the high-risk patients on anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents. A 78-year-old female visited our hospital complaining of chest pain. She had taken antihyperlipidemic and antiplatelet agent with hyperlipidemia and 20%-stenosis in the left anterior descending artery. She was taken polypectomy after colonoscopy 4 years ago. The next day, after a follow-up colonoscopy for polypectomy, she complained epigastric and left upper abdominal discomfort. Pain intensity was not high, but next day, epigastric pain was increased, so coronary angiography was performed 2 days later using anticoagulants. Coronary angiography showed 40~50%-stenosis in the left anterior descending artery. Another antiplatelet agent was added. After 72 hours on colonoscopy, her pain was localized upper left abdominal area. Abdominal CT showed intracapsular bleeding in the spleen with a small amount of hemoperitoneum in the pelvis. Since her vital signs were stable, she was treated with conservative management. Her pain improved and discharged. One month later, she was taken Abdominal CT. CT showed the size of intracapsular fluid collection in the spleen was increased, but the whole fluid collection was liquidized. 2 weeks later, follow-up sonography showed the size of fluid collection conspicuously was reduced. The case reported herein is a splenic Injury after Colonoscopy in patient on antiplatelet agents.

Tratamento não operatório de 1.768 pacientes portadores de lesões das vísceras maciças abdominais por trauma contuso atendidos no Hospital João XXIII / Non-operative treatment of 1,768 patients with lesions in the abdominal massive viscerae caused by blunt trauma, tended at the João XXIII Hospital

Objetivos: Analisar os resultados obtidos com a implantação do protocolo de tratamento não operatório (TNO) do trauma abdominal contuso no Hospital João XXIII (HJXXIII). Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo em pacientes submetidos ao TNO vítimas de trauma abdominal contuso atendidas no HJXXIII no período de novembro de 2004 a dezembro 2013. Resultados: Durante o período, 1.768 pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Do total, 17 pacientes (0,99%) apresentavam lesões das três vísceras,197 (11,1%) de duas vísceras e 1.554 (87,9%) de uma víscera. Os 1.768 pacientes tinham 1.999 lesões assim distribuídas: 790 (39,5%) lesões hepáticas, 761 (38%) esplênicas e 448 (22.5%) renais. Na lesão hepática, a falha foi de 4,3%. As lesões graus II e III foram as mais frequentes - 74,2% do total. Nesse grupo de pacientes o índice de falha não superou2%. Nas lesões graus IV e V a falha foi mais frequente, ocorrendo em, respectivamente, 12,5 e 25% dos pacientes. Na lesão esplênica a falha de TNO foi de 7,9%. As lesões graus II e III foram as mais comuns - 75,3% do total de pacientes. A falha do TNO foi maior na lesão esplênica grau III (11,3%) e grau IV (33,3%). O sangramento foi a causa principal dafalha. Na lesão renal a falha foi de 6,6%. As lesões graus II e III foram as mais frequentes (63,3%). O TNO falhou em 22,8% dos pacientes com lesão grau IV. Conclusão: o sucesso do TNO depende do grau de lesão, recursos institucionais e protocolo inflexível.

Objectives: to analyze the results obtained with the implementation of the non-operative treatment protocol (TNO) for blunt abdominal trauma in the João XXIII Hospital (HJXXIII). Methods: this was a retrospective study of patients submitted to TNO, victims of blunt abdominal trauma and tended at the HJXXIII, between November of 2004 and December of 2013. Results: a total of 1,768 patients met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen patients (0.99%)presented lesions in the three viscerae, 197 (11.1%) in two viscerae, and 1,554 (87.9%) in one viscera. The 1,768 patients had 1,999 lesions distributed as follows: 790 (39.5%) liver lesions, 761 (38%) splenic, and 448 (22.5%) renal. Failure was 4.3% in liver lesions, Grades II and III lesions were the most frequent - 74.2% of the total. In this group of patients the failure index was not over 2%. Failure was more frequent in Grades IV and V lesions occurring in, respectively, 12.5 and 25% of the patients. TNO failure was 7.9% in splenic lesions, Grades II and III lesions were the most common - 75.3% of the patients. TNO failure wasgreater in splenic lesions grade III (11.3%) and IV (33.3%). Bleeding was the main cause of failure. Failure was 6.6% in renal lesions. Grades II and III lesions were the most frequent (63.3%). TNO failed in 22.8% of patients with grade IV lesion. Conclusion: the success of TNO depends on the lesion grade, institutional resources, and an inflexible protocol.

Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation assisted spleen-preservation for splenic injury / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To investigate the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation assisted spleen-preservation for splenic injury.Methods The clinical data of 64 patients with splenic injury who were admitted to the Suining Central Hospital from August 2010 to May 2012 were retrospectively analyzed.Radiofrequency coagulation hemostasis devices were used for stanching bleeding directly.Results Of the 64 patients,35 received radiofrequency ablation assisted splenic bleeding stemosis,and 29 received radiofrequency ablation assisted partial splenectomy.The mean operation time and volume of intraoperative blood loss were (138 ± 48)minutes and 50-400 ml,respectively.Radiofrequency ablation assisted spleen-preservation was successfully carried out in 63 patients.One patient received reoperation (splenic resection) due to hemorrhage 24 hours after operation.Transient rise of temperature was detected in all the patients,and the temperature was back to normal after conventional management.The complication rate was 6.3％ (4/63),l patient was complicated with anastomotic leakage and was cured by reoperation; 1 was complicated with left pleural effusion; 1 was complicated with pulmonary infection,and his temperature was back to normal 4 days later; 1 was complicated with effusion in the fossa of the spleen.Celiac drainage tube drainaged out 10-120 ml liquid in the first day after operation,5-25 ml on the day 2-3,and they were removed on the third day.There was no effusion around the spleens,and the texture of the spleen was even at 2 weeks after operation.The duration of hospital stay was (14 ±4)days (range,8-40 days).The results of B sonography showed that no effusion and necrotic lesions in the spleen,and immune examinations showed that the splenic function was normal.Conclusion Radiofrequency ablation assisted spleen-preservation for splenic injury is safe and easy to manipulate.

Ruptura esplénica posterior a colonoscopia: complicación infrecuente pero potencialmente letal / A ruptured spleen following colonoscopy is a rare, but potentially lethal complication

La colonoscopia es el método diagnóstico y terapéutico más importante en la detección de lesiones tumorales del colon. Sin embargo, la perforación y la hemorragia son las complicaciones más frecuentes aunque en un porcentaje bajo en los exámenes diagnósticos. Se han descrito complicaciones menos comunes como neumomediastino, neumorretroperitoneo y ruptura de bazo. Nosotros presentamos un caso de lesión esplénica posterior a la realización de colonoscopia en el servicio de Coloproctología del Hospital Militar Central, diagnosticado luego de 48 horas y con tratamiento conservador. Mediante revisión de la literatura se encuentra que la ruptura esplénica es causa infrecuente de dolor abdominal secundario a colonoscopia y que puede ser potencialmente letal, además de requerir un alto grado de sospecha para ser diagnosticada de manera temprana. La utilización de la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) de abdomen es el elemento diagnóstico más importante, aunque no se ha empleado como decisión terapéutica en el tratamiento no quirúrgico o con esplenectomía. El manejo conservador con seguimiento intrahospitalario, reanimación y antibioticoterapia se considera como la opción terapéutica pese a que la esplenectomía fue el tratamiento más utilizado en los casos encontrados. La sospecha clínica y diagnóstico temprano de estas lesiones son los elementos más importantes que pueden disminuir el riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad por estas complicaciones que son raras en la colonoscopia, pero que pueden ser letales.

Colonoscopy is the paramount diagnostic tool for polyps and lesions in the colon and rectum. Although, the most common cause of complications are bleeding and perforations, diagnostic colonoscopy generally has a low incidence of complications. Less common complications include pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum and splenic injuries. We describe a clinical case of a spleen injury following colonoscopy in the colorectal surgery section of the Army Hospital and Nueva Granada University in Bogotá, Colombia. This splenic injury was discovered 48 hours after surgery. Splenic injury could be considered a very unusual cause of abdominal pain following colonoscopy but it could potentially be dangerous. A CT scan is a remarkable diagnostic tool but it is not considered to be useful for deciding on surgical treatment. Clinical observation with follow up, IV fluids, transfusions and antibiotics is one treatment option. Splenectomy is the most common option found in our review. Clinical suspicion and early diagnosis are the cornerstones for avoiding morbidity and mortality in this rare endoscopic complication.

Ruptura esplénica posterior a colonoscopia: complicación infrecuente pero potencialmente letal / A ruptured spleen following colonoscopy is a rare: but potentially lethal complication

La colonoscopia es el método diagnóstico y terapéutico más importante en la detección de lesiones tumorales del colon. Sin embargo, la perforación y la hemorragia son las complicaciones más frecuentes aunque en un porcentaje bajo en los exámenes diagnósticos. Se han descrito complicaciones menos comunes como neumomediastino, neumorretroperitoneo y ruptura de bazo. Nosotros presentamos un caso de lesión esplénica posterior a la realización de colonoscopia en el servicio de Coloproctología del Hospital Militar Central, diagnosticado luego de 48 horas y con tratamiento conservador. Mediante revisión de la literatura se encuentra que la ruptura esplénica es causa infrecuente de dolor abdominal secundario a colonoscopia y que puede ser potencialmente letal, además de requerir un alto grado de sospecha para ser diagnosticada de manera temprana. La utilización de la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) de abdomen es el elemento diagnóstico más importante, aunque no se ha empleado como decisión terapéutica en el tratamiento no quirúrgico o con esplenectomía. El manejo conservador con seguimiento intrahospitalario, reanimación y antibioticoterapia se considera como la opción terapéutica pese a que la esplenectomía fue el tratamiento más utilizado en los casos encontrados. La sospecha clínica y diagnóstico temprano de estas lesiones son los elementos más importantes que pueden disminuir el riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad por estas complicaciones que son raras en la colonoscopia, pero que pueden ser letales.

Colonoscopy is the paramount diagnostic tool for polyps and lesions in the colon and rectum. Although, the most common cause of complications are bleeding and perforations, diagnostic colonoscopy generally has a low incidence of complications. Less common complications include pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum and splenic injuries. We describe a clinical case of a spleen injury following colonoscopy in the colorectal surgery section of the Army Hospital and Nueva Granada University in Bogotá, Colombia. This splenic injury was discovered 48 hours after surgery. Splenic injury could be considered a very unusual cause of abdominal pain following colonoscopy but it could potentially be dangerous. A CT scan is a remarkable diagnostic tool but it is not considered to be useful for deciding on surgical treatment. Clinical observation with follow up, IV fluids, transfusions and antibiotics is one treatment option. Splenectomy is the most common option found in our review. Clinical suspicion and early diagnosis are the cornerstones for avoiding morbidity and mortality in this rare endoscopic complication.

Clinical Outcomes of Splenic Injury

PURPOSE: The management of splenic injuries has shifted from a splenectomy to splenic preservation owing to immunity. The purpose of this study was to assess the kinds of management and outcomes through a review of our experience with splenic injuries. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 47 patients with traumatic splenic injuries using by electronic medical records from Jan. 2007 and Dec. 2011. Splenic injuries were classified according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) grading system. RESULTS: There were 11 falls, 11 traffic accidents, 10 motorcylcle accidents, 10 pedestrian accidents and 5 abdominal blunt traumas. Low-grade injured patients ( or =Grade IV) were 18 of 43(38.3%). In 34 patients, non-surgical treatment was performed, and 14 patients underwent a splenectomy. There were relatively more high-grade in older patients, and the highgrade-injury group showed need for a transfusion (p=0.002), more need for a splenectomy (p<0.001), a longer mean hospital stay (p=0.036), a longer ICU stay (p=0.045) and more combined organ injury (p=0.036). CONCLUSION: Conservative treatment should be considered in low-grade-injury patients (< or =Grade III). A Splenectomy was performed on 56% of the patients with Grade IV injuries, so a splenectomy should be considered carefully in such patients. In patients with a grade V injury, we think surgical treatment may be needed.

Use of Angioembolization to Replace Operative Management for Blunt Splenic Injury

PURPOSE: Over the past few decades, the treatment of traumatic splenic injuries has shifted to nonoperative management from surgical intervention. Although some nonoperative management failure have been reported, in most trauma centers, nonoperative management is now believed to be the treatment of choice in hemodynamically stable patients. Then, in this study, we have retrospectively evaluated our experience with traumatic splenic injury. METHODS: From January 2005 to July 2009, 150 patients with blunt splenic injuries were managed in our hospital. Patients' charts were retrospectively reviewed to analyze their treatment, the patients were grouped according to those who had been admitted before October 2006, defined as the "early group", and those who had been admitted after October 2006, defined as the "late group". After the patients had been divided into two group, physiologic parameters and differences between the treatments were compared. RESULTS: 150 patients were admitted to our hospital with blunt splenic trauma. In late group, both the surgical management rate and the nonoperative management failure rate were lower than they were in the early group. CONCLUSION: We expect angioembolization to effectively replace surgery for the treatment of selected patients with blunt splenic injury and to result in fewer complications.

Laparoscopic Splenectomy in a Case of Stable Blunt Abdominal Trauma

Splenic rupture is a frequent surgical emergency in blunt abdominal trauma patients. There are several treatment options, including conservative treatment, a partial splenectomy, splenorrhaphy, and a splenectomy for splenic injury. Although reports on the safety and the efficacy of an elective laparoscopic splenectomy are abundant in the literature, a laparoscopic splenectomy for a ruptured spleen has only been reported in a few cases. We report a case of a laparoscopic splenectomy in the patient with Grade III traumatic splenic injury. To our knowledge, this is the first report in which a laparoscopic splenectomy was performed in Korea for the treatment of a traumatic splenic injury.

A Case of Splenic Rupture after Diagnostic Colonoscopy / 대한소화기내시경학회지

Splenic injury during colonoscopy is a rare, but potentially life-threatening complication. We report here on the case of a 75-year-old female patient with a ruptured spleen after screening colonoscopy and we review the relevant literature.

A Clinical and Hematological Analysis of the Traumatic Splenectomy

PURPOSE: The spleen is the organ most frequently injured by abdominal trauma; often by penetrating wounds to the left lower chest, flank and upper abdomen. A total splenectomy is considered the standard method of treating a splenic injury in the case of multiple organ injuries, a hemodynamically unstable condition and severe splenic injury. During the 5 years, between May 2001 and October 2005 55 splenectomy cases were performed at our clinic. This study was carried out to evaluate the clinical and hematological analysis of a splenectomy undertaken due to trauma (39 cases), with the exception of hematological diseases (16 cases). METHODS: We analyzed the clinical manifestations, intraabdominal blood loss, the total amount of transfusion, postoperative complications, and the distribution of platelet counts after a splenectomy, average time to reach maximal platelet counts and return normal platelet counts, and the periods of aspirin medication in 39 traumatic splenectomy cases. RESULTS: The male to female ratio was 2.3 : 1, with the most frequently injured age group being those in their third decade. The most common cause of injury was traffic accident (76.9%). There were 24 (61.5%) cases of associated injury, with the most frequents associated injury being a rib fracture (17 cases). The most common type of splenic injury was Type IV (59%). The average amount of intraabdominal blood loss and amount of transfused blood were 1,850 and 2,700 ml, respectively. The postoperative complication rate was 33.3% (13 cases), with pulmonary complications the most common (8 cases). Thrombocytosis occurred in 33 case 84.6%. After a splenectomy, the first increasing platelet count was noted after an average of 6.7+/-2.0 days, with the maximal count reached after an average of 10.8+/-2.8 days. The platelet count gradually returned to normal levels after an average of 36.1+/-20.0 days. Aspirin was medicated from a minimum of 9 to a maximum of 39 days, with an average of 23.3 days. CONCLUSION: Men in thier twenties were the most commonly injured group. Grade IV splenic injuries were the most common type requiring surgery. The average time to reach postoperative maximal platelet counts was 10.8 days. The patients where the platelet count increased above 750,000/ mm3 were treated with aspirin; there were no complications. Therefore, it is advisable to start patients on aspirin medication of aspirin, and follow up thier needs as out-patients with regular CBC workups.

Efficacy of nonoperative management of blunt splenic injury in children

Background: Nonoperative treatment of blunt splenic injury in children has become routine standardization in Viet Nam. Objectives:This study aims to study the efficacy of nonoperative management (NOM) for blunt splenic injury (BSI) in children. Subjects and method: The records of all the patients treated in National Hospital of Pediatrics with final diagnosis blunt splenic injury between January 2000 and December 2006 were reviewed. The clinical signs, investigations, imaging studies, methods of treatment and results were analyzed. The splenic injuries were graded according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST). Results:There were 15 patients from one day to 12 years of age, with average injury grade 2.2. From 13 patients who were attempted NOM, only 2 patients (blunt liver injury - BLI grade 3 and 4) were operated thereafter because of continuing bleeding or worsening clinically, the remains of 12 recovered well with average hospitalized duration wasf 6 days. The NOM for BLI was successful in 11/13 (84.6%) in our series. Conclusion:NOM was highly efficient method and should be the standard initial approach for all the children with BLI. These patients must be closely monitored for prompt surgical treatment in case of NOM failure.