Verbal retrieval cues prevent renewal and spontaneous recovery of predictive judgments in university students / Las señales de recuperación verbal evitan la renovación y la recuperación espontánea de juicios predictivos en estudiantes universitarios

Long-term effectiveness is one of the major problems of psychotherapy because successfully eliminated unhealthy behaviors may reappear relatively easily under certain contextual changes. In two experiments, we explored the impact of verbal retrieval cues on renewal and spontaneous recovery in humans. During the first phase, all participants learned a relationship between one cue and one outcome (X-O1). The following phase involved a change in the original relationship (X-O2). Finally, participants were presented with cue X and asked about the relationships with both outcomes. Half of the participants were asked to remember Phase 2, while the other half did not receive any instruction at all. In Experiment 1, testing took place in a different context, while participants in Experiment 2 were tested after two days. The results indicated that remembering Phase 2 eliminated both renewal and spontaneous recovery. Our findings are discussed under the contemporary learning theory. We also mention the probable benefits in therapeutic settings.

Uno de los principales problemas de las psicoterapias es su efectividad a largo plazo porque las conductas poco saludables que se eliminaron exitosamente pueden reaparecer con relativa facilidad bajo ciertos cambios contextuales. En dos experimentos, exploramos el impacto de señales de recuperación verbales en la renovación y en la recuperación espontánea en humanos. En la primera fase, todos los participantes aprendieron una asociación entre una clave y una consecuencia (X-O1). La siguiente fase involucró un cambio en la relación original (X-O2). Finalmente, se les presentó a los participantes la clave X y se les preguntó acerca de las asociaciones con las dos consecuencias. A la mitad de los participantes se les pidió que recordaran la Fase 2, mientras que la otra mitad no recibió ninguna instrucción. En el Experimento 1, la prueba se condujo en un contexto diferente, mientras que en el Experimento 2 la prueba se realizó dos días después. Los resultados indicaron que recordar la Fase 2 eliminó tanto la renovación como la recuperación espontánea. Nuestros hallazgos se discuten bajo la teoría contemporánea del aprendizaje. Asimismo, se mencionan probables beneficios para escenarios terapéuticos

Flexibilidad de la memoria tipo episódica en niños preescolares: tiempo y consecuencia / Flexibility of episodic-like memory in preschool children: Time and consequence

Resumen: La memoria tipo episódica (MTE) implica recordar de manera integrada el qué, el dónde y el cuándo de un evento y es atribuible a animales y humanos, permitiendo recordar y actualizar lo aprendido. Se realizó un experimento para estudiar la actualización y recuerdo integrado en la MTE de niños prescolares. Se compararon dos condiciones (A=B y A>B) que involucraron más de dos fases en las que varió la magnitud para una de las consecuencias. En una primera fase ambas condiciones presentaron la misma información (A+, B+ y C+), mientras que las fases subsecuentes se presentaron diferentes magnitudes de consecuencia (segunda fase: A++++ o A**** de acuerdo a la condición; tercera fase: B++++). Finalmente, la prueba ocurrió 24 h después del entrenamiento y los participantes eligieron entre el contenedor A o B. El qué fue la consecuencia; el dónde, los contenedores, y el cuándo, el orden de cada fase presentada. Los datos sugieren que tras el paso del tiempo los participantes recuerdan de manera integrada el qué, el dónde y el cuándo actualizando el aprendizaje de cada experiencia. Los participantes consideraron la magnitud de la consecuencia obtenida en cada fase, mostrando así la flexibilidad del recuerdo propuesta por la MTE. Los datos son coherentes con las predicciones de la Regla de Ponderación Temporal de Devenport.

Abstract: Episodic-like memory (ELM) involves that animals can remember What, Where and When about an event and it is attributable to animals and humans, this ability permits recall and update learning. One experiment was made for study the update and integrated recall of ELM in preschoolers. We compared two conditions (A = B and A > B) that involve more than two phases with modifying of one magnitude outcome. In the first phase, both conditions had the same information, while next phases had different outcome value in two containers (A or B). Finally, a test was presented after 24 hours: participants chose between A or B container. What, was the outcome subjective value; Where, was the containers and When was the order to each phase. Data suggest that after time pass, participants remember an integrated way about What, Where and When. Even when participants update learning for each experience participants chose according to time and outcome subjective value of each phase and the information retrieval is flexible as happen with ELM. Results are consistent with predictions of Devenport's Temporal Weighting Rule.

Inj ury of male reproductive system of rats by prepubertal exposure to exogenous estrogen and its natural process of tissue repair / 吉林大学学报(医学版)

Objective To investigate the influence of prepubertal exposure to estradiol benzoate (EB)in the male reproductive system of the rats and the natural process of tissue repair,and to clarify the possible mechanism of the reproductive toxicity of exogenous estrogen.Methods Ninety 2 1-day-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 2 experimental groups (low dose of EB group and high dose of EB group,n=30)and control group (n=30). The rats in the experimental groups were injected with EB dissolved in peanut oil at 15(low dose of EB group)and 15 000μg·kg-1 (high dose of EB group)respectively,the rats in control group received equal vehicle injection only,once every other day for two weeks from postnatal day(PND)21 to 34.All of them were normally fed after the drug usage was stopped.The testes were harvested at the stages of PND 60 and PND 125(n=15 at each stage).The serum levels testosterone of (T),follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),prolactin (PRL)and estradiol(E2)of the rats in various groups were detected with radioimmunology method and the weights of the rats in various groups were recorded;the histological changes of the testes tissue were observed with light microscope.Results On PND60,compared with control group,the T levels in low dose of EB group and high dose of EB group were decreased(P0.05);the weights of testes were decreased(P0.05 ), and the weight of testes was decreased (P0.05),and the weight of testes was decreased(P<0.01);there was still no sperm in high dose of EB group, the number of sperms was increased in low dose of EB group, but it was still lower than that in control group.Conclusion EB is harmful to the reproductive system and can change the normal serum sex hormone levels,even induces the irreversible injury.

Causes and Natural Course of the Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy

PURPOSE: To evaluate the causes and natural course of sixth nerve palsy. METHODS: The records of 37 patients with the sixth nerve palsy were reviewed to analyze the age of onset, etiology, angle of deviation, natural course of the palsy, and percentage of intervention. RESULTS: The mean age of onset was 38.3 (3~77) years old. Causes and associations were: head trauma (n=11, 30%), idiopathic cause (n=9, 24%), neoplasm (n=7, 19%), aneurysm (n=2, 5%), and others (n=8, 22%). Complete recovery was observed in 80% of patients with nonhemorrhagic trauma and 33.3% with hemorrhagic trauma; 78% of patients with idiopathic cause; and 42.9% of patients with neoplasm. CONCLUSIONS: Head trauma was the most common cause of the sixth nerve palsy. Spontaneous complete recovery was observed in 80% of nonhemorrhagic trauma and 78% of idiopathic cases.

Theories of Functional Recovery after CNS Injuries / 中国康复理论与实践

@#This section will introduce some of the factors which contribute to recovery of function inearly stage after injuries.internal factors relating to spontaneous recovery.

Clinical Evaluation of Choridal Detachment

We studied retrospectively 41 eyes of 38 patients who showed choroidal detachment during admission to Seoul National University Hospital. The male to female sex ratio was 29:9, and the total incidence of choroidal detachment was 0.5%, among the in-patients. The follow-up peroidswere two months to two years. The patients were classified into four groups according to the causes of the choroidal detachment: group 1 ; after anterior segment surgeries, group 2 ; after vitreoretinal surgeries, group 3 ; associated with retinal detachment, group 4 ; associated with perforating ocular injuries. The most common cause was anterior segment surgery(48.9%), especially, glaucoma surgery. In Molteno and ACTSEB implant surgery cases, the incidence of choroidal detachment was 20.0%. The spontaneous recovery rate in untreated group was 75.0%, except preoforating injuries, that was 90.0% and the mean recovery time was 19.6 days. In treated group, the recovery rate was 94.1%. The recovery rate was inversely proportional to extent of choroidal detachment, it being 93.3% in less-than-half choridal detachment group, 76.9% in annular choroidal detachment group. The mean intraocular pressure(IOP) of patients with choridal detachment was 8.7 mmHg, showing its association with hypotony, and the mean IOP of group 2(20.3 mmHg) being much higher than that of group 1(8.0 mmHg), or group 3(6.0 mmHg). The pathogenesis of choroidal detachments in group 2 patients might be transient inflammation or obstruction of the venous drainage, for they were treated with encircling and cryotherapy in all cases.