Prevalence, types, risk factors and intervention strategies of sport injury for Paralympic athletes: a scoping review / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo analyze the occurrence of sport injury in Paralympic athletes during the Summer or Winter Paralympic Games, as well as the risk factors for sport injuries and possible interventions. MethodsThe literatures related to sport injuries of Paralympic athletes were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO and CNKI from January, 2013 to July, 2022, and a scoping review of the retrieved literature was performed. ResultsFinally, eight English articles from China, Sweden, South Africa, Poland and the United States were included, involving 4 769 atheletes. They included one interview study, five survey studies, one retrospective study and one prospective cohort study, which were mainly from journals in the fields of sport medicine, adaptive sport and sport science, and the publication date was mainly from 2016 to 2022. The types of disability of Paralympic athletes mainly involved physical disability (upper and lower limb amputation, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, poliomyelitis, dysplasia and neuromuscular dystrophy, central nervous system injury, myelomeningocele, etc.), intellectual disability and visual disability. The incidence of sport injury was high in Paralympic athletes, and most of the injury occured during competitions. Acute injury, chronic overuse injury and chronic to acute injury were the three most common types of injury. Sports injuries mainly involved head and neck, upper limbs (shoulders, upper arms/forearms, elbows, wrists and fingers), trunk (abdomen, back and waist), and lower limbs (hips/groin, thighs, knees, calves, ankles and toes). Risk factors for sport injuries in Paralympic athletes mainly included previous injury history, illness, fatigue and decreased physical strength, spasticity and muscle weakness; emotional states of inattention or distraction, excessive anxiety or excitement; improper exercise training methods, lack of knowledge related to sport training and injury prevention, and motor skill deficiencies; weather, competition venues, sport facilities, use of equipment and assistive devices, age factors, etc. Injuries of Paralympic athletes could be prevented by providing rehabilitation services for Paralympic athletes, optimizing training design, conducting collective training for coaches and athletes on various types of injuries, conducting research related to sport injuries of disabled athletes, formulating prevention programs and strategies, improving the physical fitness and sport skills of Paralympic athletes, improving emergency treatment techniques for injuries, and strengthening coordination and governance structures between sport medicine and rehabilitation therapists. ConclusionThe incidence of sport injury is high in Paralympic athletes. Chronic overuse injury is the most common injury type, and the injuries most involve head, neck and upper extremities. The risk factors for sport injuries of Paralympic athletes mainly involve physical function, psychological, activities and participation, environment and other factors. The main intervention strategies include providing emergency treatment intervention and monitoring services, sport medicine treatment and rehabilitation, guidance and specialized support, and health education on sport injury prevention.

Regenerative Medicine as a Potential and Future Intervention for Ankle Sprain

@#Ankle sprain is one of the most common injuries associated with physical activities. Complications including pain and ankle instability are associated with decreased physical activity, reduced sport performance, and increased risk of recurrent ankle injury leading to detrimental effect on activities of daily living. Current management of ankle sprain can be conservative or surgical for serious cases. However, long healing period is required for conservative management in addition to its side effects and the risk of post-operative complications for surgical management. Due to the current challenges and setbacks faced by existing intervention, this paper aims to generate ideas in incorporating regenerative medicine as an intervention for ankle sprain. This review will provide a brief review on the existing management for ankle sprain along with some history, application and the potential of regenerative medicine in speeding up the healing process of ankle sprains.

Efecto de las lesiones deportivas sobre variables psicológicas en lanzadores de béisbol / Effect of sports injuries on psychological variables in pitchers of baseball

Resumen La presente investigación se enmarca en el campo de las lesiones deportivas, teniendo como objeto de estudio su relación con las variables psicológicas, asociadas a la ejecución deportiva en lanzadores de béisbol. Se trabajó con 24 lanzadores lo que constituye una población heterogénea en cuanto a edad cronológica, edad deportiva, antecedentes y cantidad de lesiones sufridas. Para su evaluación, se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: cuestionario sobre aspectos deportivos y lesiones, el inventario del estado de ansiedad en competición y el inventario psicológico de ejecución deportiva. Los resultados obtenidos indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el estado de las variables psicológicas entre lanzadores con historial de lesiones y aquellos que no las presentaron en el momento del estudio, lo cual permitió determinar el efecto negativo de las lesiones sobre la autoconfianza, la ansiedad competitiva, el control del afrontamiento negativo, el control de la atención y el control visuoimaginativo. En el grupo de lanzadores con antecedentes de lesiones, se mostraron relaciones estadísticamente significativas en la autoconfianza y el control del afrontamiento negativo, estableciendo relaciones con la cantidad de lesiones sufridas, de manera tal, que, a mayor número de lesiones, mayor es la diferencia en ambas variables. Por otra parte, la motivación, el control de la actitud y el control del afrontamiento positivo no ofrecieron diferencias algunas entre lanzadores que se han lesionado y los que no lo han hecho. El efecto negativo de las lesiones sobre las variables psicológicas estudiadas mostró diferentes niveles de relación y dependencia en estos deportistas estudiados.

Abstract The present research is framed in the field of sports injuries, having as object of study its relation with the psychological variables associated to the sports performance in baseball pitchers. The work was developed with 24 pitchers constituting a heterogeneous population in terms of chronological age, sports age, history and number of injuries suffered. The following instruments were used for its evaluation: Questionnaire on Sports Aspects and Injuries, the Inventory of the State of Anxiety in Competition and the Psychological Inventory of Sports Execution. The results obtained indicate statistically significant differences in the state of the psychological variables between pitchers with a history of injuries and those who did not at the time of the study, which allowed determining the negative effect of the injuries on self-confidence, competitive anxiety, negative coping control, attention control and imaginative visual control. In the group of pitchers with a history of injuries, statistically significant relationships were shown in self-confidence and negative coping control, establishing relationships with the number of injuries suffered in such a way that the greater the number of injuries, the greater the difference in both variables. On the other hand, motivation, attitude control and positive coping control did not offer any differences between injured and uninjured pitchers. The negative effect of the injuries on the psychological variables studied showed different levels of relationship and dependence in these athletes studied.

Effect of Kinesio Taping on Rehabilitation and Prevention for Sport Injuries (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

This article reviewed the aspects of clinical effects and mechanisms of Kinesio taping, especially in rehabilitation and prevention for sport injuries. Kinesio taping is effective on pain, swelling, range of motion and muscle strength, and need further researches.

Degenerative Osteophyte Causing Acute Locked Knee in a Young Man: A Case Report

Abstract@#Acute locked knee is usually caused by mechanical blockage. We report an unusual case of a locked knee due to tibial osteophyte in a young man following a sport injury. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no previous report describing the same etiology. This case report emphasizes the need for thorough history taking and careful assessment to aid us in the diagnosis. The findings made by arthroscopy confirmed our diagnosis.

Application of Myofascial Trigger Points Theory in Clinical Practice of Sports Rehabilitation (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

This article demonstrated the myofascial trigger points theory and the application of related techniques in the clinical prac-tice of sports rehabilitation, such as the treatment of athletes injury pain, rehabilitation of movement function limitation, elimination of sports fatigue and so on. The clinical treatments based on the myofascial trigger points theory are simple, effective, noninvasive, and with short recovery time and low recurrence rate. It provides scientific theoretical and practical foundation for the prevention, diagnosis, treat-ment and rehabilitation for sport injury.

LONGITUDINAL HEIGHT VELOCITY DURING ADOLESCENCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SPORTS INJURY / 体力科学

Purpose: We compared longitudinal height velocity between subjects with Osgood Schlatter Disease (OSD) and those with other chronic lower leg diseases (LD) group involving the knee in order to examine the utility of this velocity as an indicator of bone axis development.Method: Subjects included 92 adult men who have played organized sports. Height values at 9 to 15 years of age were individually approximated by fitting 6-degree polynomial functions. Each polynomial function was differentiated to be led the height velocity curve. Timing of growth spurt and values of height velocity in the OSD and LD group were compared to those in a normal (N) group.Results: Peak height velocity (PHV) was accelerated in the OSD group compared to the LD group. When individual velocity curves were aligned by age of peak height velocity (PHA), the average height velocity in the OSD group was higher than that in the N group at 0.8 years after PHA. Furthermore, when the averaged velocity curve of each group was shifted based on the average PHA, the height velocity in the OSD group was significantly greater than that in the N group at ages 11.6–12.5 years. However the height velocity in the LD group was greater at ages 10.6–10.8 years and 13.3–14.0 years, smaller at ages 11.8–12.3 years than that in the N group.Conclusion: Subjects with OSD may possess higher height velocity than normal individuals before PHA. Conversely, subjects with LD seem to be related to other complicated factors.

A Case of Pressing Moxibustion and Acupuncture Therapy Treated Acute Back Pain / 日本東洋医学雑誌

We report on a case of acute, sport-related back pain treated with pressing moxibustion and acupuncture therapy. A 15-year-old high school freshman fell on his back while shooting a basketball during a game. He felt acute back pain on the second day following his injury. We suspected a fracture and advised him to visit an orthopaedic surgeon, where he was diagnosed with a contusion. Upon return to us, we began acupuncture therapy of his inferior limb acupoints and pressing moxibustion of his contused muscle, while evaluating his pain using a numerical rating scale. He experienced pain relief after the second pressing moxibustion treatment. His numerical pain score changed for the better, and his treatment was ended after the third visit. In cases of pressing moxibustion, moxa sticks are directly pressed onto acupoints protected with non-flammable cloth. In Japan, however, the term moxibustion therapy generally indicates direct moxibustion. Therefore Japanese moxibustion therapists rarely choose the pressing moxibustion therapy option. This case suggests that pressing moxibustion for acute contused wounds or lower back pain is also effective.

Sport injury in school age

Sport related injuries in teenagers can be seen in most organs in the body, but injuries of extremities are most common. The skeletal system of children has not completely matured and varied over age groups, so the histopathological features of injuries are multiple. More efforts are needed to reduce injuries in general and in school students in particular.

Clinical Reseach for Sport Injures of Korean Disabled Athletes in Seoul Paralympics / 대한정형외과학회잡지

We Studied the sport injuries of 135 Korean dissbled athletes who were going to Seoul Paralympics from 15th September 1988 to 30th September 1988. The results were as follows.1. The mean age was 23.3years, male and female ratio was 7 to l. 2. The type of disability were as follows ; Poliomyelitis, Cerebral Palsy and Blindness and transition rate of below 5 years of age was 71.6%. 3. The most common age of begining exercise of the disabled athletes were 16-20 years and composed of 77.4%. 4. The most common cause and process of athletic injuries were heavy training and excessive exercise. 5. The most common athletic injury was soft tissue injury and the most common site was hand and the most common type of injury was blindness and the most common causative sport was baseball and fencing. 6. The protects were used in 41% of athletes and they were globes and glassed as follows. 7. Over 77% of the disabled athletes were answered as “Necessary” to the question about scientification of disabled sport.