Voleibol escolar: caracterização das escolas/municípios participantes dos jogos escolares de Santa Catarina / School volleyball: characterization of the schools/municipalities participating in the Santa Catarina school games

RESUMO O ambiente escolar tem contribuído no processo de desenvolvimento esportivo, especialmente pela oferta diversificada de atividades nas aulas de Educação Física e em projetos extracurriculares voltados às modalidades esportivas. O trabalho realizado com as equipes escolares de voleibol no estado de Santa Catarina tem sido altamente reconhecido ao longo dos anos, porém há poucas evidências sobre as escolas que têm contribuído na formação de jogadores de voleibol no cenário catarinense. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar as escolas participantes dos Jogos Escolares de Santa Catarina (JESC) de voleibol. Realizou-se a análise documental dos boletins dos JESC disponibilizados pela Fundação Catarinense de Esporte (FESPORTE). As evidências revelaram que os estabelecimentos de ensino com maiores participações e conquistas, em ambas as categorias investigadas, são escolas de educação básica da rede estadual, seguidas pelas instituições de ensino da rede privada e, em menor número, por escolas municipais. Enquanto na categoria feminina as escolas estão localizadas em sua grande maioria nas regiões Leste-Norte e Sul, na categoria masculina concentram-se na região Centro-oeste, especialmente em cidades de pequeno e médio porte, com elevado Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH).

ABSTRACT The school environment has contributed to the sports development process, especially due to the diversified offer of activities in Physical Education classes and extracurricular projects focused on sports. The work done with school volleyball teams in the state of Santa Catarina has been highly recognized over the years, but there is little evidence about schools that have contributed to the training of volleyball players in the Santa Catarina scenario. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the schools participating in the Jogos Escolares de Santa Catarina (JESC, Santa Catarina School Games) of volleyball. The documentary analysis of the JESC bulletins provided by the Fundação Catarinense de Esporte (FESPORTE, Santa Catarina Sports Foundation) was carried out. The evidence revealed that the educational establishments with the highest participation and achievements in both categories investigated were basic education schools of the state school system, followed by private educational institutions and, to a lesser extent, municipal schools. While in the women's group, the schools were mostly located in the East-North and South regions, in the men's group, they were concentrated in the Midwest region, especially in small and medium-sized cities with high Human Development Indices (HDIs).

Análisis del rendimiento competitivo de las jugadoras de voleibol categoría escolar de La Habana / Análise do rendimento competitivo dos jogadores de voleibol de categoria escolar em Havana / Analysis of the competitive performance of school category volleyball players in Havana

RESUMEN La exigencia del deporte de alto rendimiento y los cambios que han venido aconteciendo en este demandan una adecuada preparación de las futuras voleibolistas de las categorías escolares. En una búsqueda documental realizada, se pudo verificar la no existencia de parámetros y valores reales a nivel nacional sobre el comportamiento físico, técnico y táctico de los equipos de voleibol de las categorías escolares de Cuba. Partiendo de ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo se centra en analizar el rendimiento competitivo de las voleibolistas 13-15 años de La Habana, donde se utilizaron determinados indicadores para evaluar el comportamiento de las jugadoras durante la competencia, entre ellos: por ciento de puntos obtenidos por acciones propias o errores del contrario, así como la cantidad de saltos por funciones de juego, set y partidos. Se utilizaron métodos científicos tales como la observación directa en los partidos para poder evaluar los elementos deseados, encuesta a los entrenadores, la revisión de documentos y los métodos matemáticos para tabular la información que genera demandas importantes para el ajuste en las cargas de entrenamiento que se les aplicarán a los atletas en la próxima temporada. El control de estos parámetros resulta de importancia en la planificación de la preparación de las atletas, permitiendo a los entrenadores desarrollar de una manera eficaz el proceso de dirección del entrenamiento en estas categorías.

RESUMO A exigência do desporto de alto rendimento e as mudanças que têm vindo a ocorrer neste desporto exigem uma preparação adequada dos futuros jogadores de voleibol nas categorias escolares. Numa pesquisa documental realizada, foi possível verificar a inexistência de parâmetros e valores reais a nível nacional sobre o comportamento físico, técnico e táctico das equipas de voleibol das categorias escolares em Cuba. Com base nisto, o objetivo do presente trabalho centra-se na análise do desempenho competitivo dos jogadores de voleibol de 13-15 anos de idade em Havana, onde certos indicadores foram utilizados para avaliar o comportamento dos jogadores durante a competição, entre eles: percentagem de pontos obtidos por ações próprias ou erros do adversário, bem como o número de saltos por jogo, funções de set e match. Foram utilizados métodos científicos como a observação direta nos jogos para avaliar os elementos desejados, um levantamento dos treinadores, revisão de documentos e métodos matemáticos para tabular a informação que gera importantes exigências para o ajustamento das cargas de treino que serão aplicadas aos atletas na próxima época. O controlo destes parâmetros é importante no planeamento da preparação dos atletas, permitindo aos treinadores desenvolverem de forma eficaz o processo de gestão do treino nestas categorias.

ABSTRACT The demands of high performance sport and the changes that have been taking place in it, demand adequate preparation of future female volleyball players of school categories. In a documentary search it was possible to verify the non-existence of parameters and real values at national level on the physical, technical and tactical behavior of volleyball teams of school categories in Cuba. Based on this, the objective of the present work is focused on analyzing the competitive performance of 13-15-year-old female volleyball players in Havana, where certain indicators were used to evaluate the behavior of the players during the competition, among them: percentage of points obtained by own actions or errors of the opponent, as well as the number of jumps per game, set and match functions. Scientific methods were used such as direct observation to evaluate the desired elements; surveys to coaches; review of documents and mathematical methods to tabulate the information that generates important demands for the adjustment in the training loads that will be applied to the athletes in the next season. The control of these parameters is of importance in the planning of the preparation of the athletes, allowing the coaches to develop in an effective way the process of training management in these categories.

Analysis of the sports career of brazilian international elite squash athletes / Análise da carreira esportiva de atletas brasileiros de squash com nível internacional

ABSTRACT The sports career is a process through which the athletes voluntarily seek to achieve high levels of sport performance, however, how the development of international elite squash athletes has occurred in different periods of their sports career is not known. This study aimed at describing and assessing the sport trajectory of Brazilian international elite squash athletes at different periods of their career, in light of dynamic elements, that is, personal engagement, quality relationships and appropriate settings. Semi-structured interviews were carried out based on the Personal Assets Framework (PAF). The interviews were applied to six athletes (three males and three females) and evaluated according to the Thematic Analysis (TA) method. The results showed that personality traits, interpersonal relationships and the sport practice settings enabled the squash players to develop their sports career. In conclusion, these three aspects when acting concurrently can favor the development of international elite squash athletes.

RESUMO A carreira esportiva é um processo onde o atleta, de forma voluntária, busca atingir níveis elevados de desempenho esportivo, entretanto não se conhece sobre como ocorreu o desenvolvimento da carreira esportiva em atletas de squash. O objetivo foi analisar a trajetória esportiva de atletas brasileiros de squash de nível internacional em diferentes momentos da carreira esportiva. Utilizando o Quadro de Desenvolvimento de Valores Pessoais no Esporte como base, realizamos entrevista semi-estruturada com seis atletas (três do sexo masculino e três do sexo feminino), e empregamos para a análise das entrevistas a Análise Temática. Os resultados encontrados foram que os temas características pessoais, relações interpessoais e o contexto de prática esportiva são temas que possibilitam o desenvolvimento da carreira esportiva de atletas de squash. De modo conclusivo os três aspectos, atuando de forma concomitante, possam ofertar, de modo favorável, o desenvolvimento de atletas de squash de nível internacional.

Do heart rate variability is relationed to endurance performance in female futsal players? / A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca está relacionada ao desempenho de resistência em jogadoras de futsal?

abstract The study aimed to verify the correlation between resting heart rate variability (HRVrest) and endurance performance in female futsal players, as well as to evaluate the reliability of this parasympathetic autonomic marker. A total of 16 female futsal players (age: 22 ± 3 years; VO2max: 42.3 ± 2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) were evaluated during the first week of preseason training. Vagal modulation was evaluated from the HRVrest (i.e., log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R interval differences - Ln-RMSSD) for two consecutive days, while endurance performance was evaluated by the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). Pearson correlation was used to analyze the relationship between the variables. Strong correlation between the HRVrest index and endurance performance (r = 0.643; p = 0.007). Reliability was tested through the intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation (CV), and Bland-Altman analysis of the agreement. Furthermore, acceptable repeatability of HRVrest, but with great inter-subject variability (ICC = 0.670, 95%CI = 0.056-0.885, CV = 15.8%). The current study demonstrated a strong correlation between Ln-RMSSD and endurance performance, and despite the acceptable values of intrasubject reliability, HRVrest presented high inter-individual variability in female futsal players.

resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a correlação entre a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca de repouso (VFCRepouso) e o desempenho de resistência em jogadoras de futsal, bem como avaliar a confiabilidade do marcador parassimpático. No total, 16 jogadoras de futsal (idade: 22 ± 3 anos; VO2max: 42.3 ± 2.0 ml.kg-1.min-1) foram avaliadas durante a primeira semana de treinamento da pré-temporada. A modulação vagal foi avaliada a partir da VFC de repouso (isto é, raiz quadrada da média das diferenças sucessivas ao quadrado dos intervalos R-R adjacentes - Ln-RMSSD) por dois dias consecutivos, enquanto o desempenho da resistência foi avaliado pelo Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test, Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). A correlação de Pearson foi utilizada para analisar a relação entre as variáveis. A confiabilidade foi testada através do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse, coeficiente de variação e análise de concordância de Bland-Altman. Observou-se uma forte correlação entre o índice de VFCrepouso e o desempenho de endurance (r = 0,643; p = 0,007). Por outro lado, repetibilidade aceitável dos índices de repouso vagal, mas com grande variabilidade interindividual (ICC = 0,670, IC = 0,056-0,885, CV = 15,8%). O presente estudo apresentou forte correlação entre Ln-RMSSD e desempenho de endurance, e mesmo com valores aceitáveis de confiabilidade intrasujeito, a VFC em repouso apresentou alta variabilidade interindividual em jogadoras de futsal.

Comparison of Rotational Techniques between Chinese and World Elite Men’s Shot Put Athletes / 医用生物力学

Objective To compare rotational techniques used by Chinese and world elite men’s shot put athletes, so as to provide scientific references for Chinese male shot putters to improve their sports performance and results in international competitions. Methods Three-dimensional (3D) kinematics data from Chinese male shot putters in actual competitions were obtained, and kinematic parameters of Chinese and world elite men’s shot put athletes were calculated and compared. Namely, shot velocities and hip-shoulder separation angles at five critical instants of rotational techniques: right foot off, left foot off, right foot touchdown, left foot touchdown and release, as well as phase durations and shot travel distances during four critical phases: first single support, air-born flight, second single support and final delivery. ResultsCompared with world elite athletes, Chinese male shot putters using rotational techniques had significantly lower vertical release velocity, longer air-borne duration, smaller hip-shoulder separation angles at left foot off and touchdown instant, and longer shot travel distance during air-borne flight, but shorter shot travel distance during final shot delivery. Conclusions The difference in lower extremity strength is a primary casue leading to different sports performance between Chinese and world elite male shot putters. The technique differences in Chinese and world elite male shot putters mainly lie in different phase timing and shot travel distances during different techinique phases.

Strength and power training improve skill performance in volleyball players

Abstract Aim: This study aimed to test the influence of functional improvements in volleyball skills performance. Methods: Twenty-eight amateur female volleyball players were assigned to Skill (S: n = 14, 19.5 ± 4.6 yrs; 169.7 ± 7.2 cm; 62.9 ± 12.7 kg) or Skill and Strength/Power (S+SP: n = 14; 18.6 ± 3.5 yrs; 169.7 ± 5.1 cm; 63.3 ± 9.2 kg). S+SP performed eight weeks of volleyball and conditioning training. S maintained only volleyball training. Functional variables (i.e. strength, power, and agility measures) and volleyball skills performance in a game-situation context were assessed before and after training. Results: 1-RM squat and bench press, time at modified agility T-test, peak power at bench throw and medicine-ball throw distance improved for the S+SP (p<0,05). S group increased only in medicine-ball throw distance (p<0.05). There were no differences between groups in the functional variables tested (p>0.05). The probabilities of a perfect set and an attack 'kill' in S+SP improved (¶>0.90). Changes from pre to post-training were higher in S+SP than in S for a perfect set, 'stuff block' and defense with displacement (¶>0.90). Conclusion: Our data suggest that functional improvements may positively affect volleyball skills performance. Although functional variables revealed only within-group changes, S+SP produced greater improvements in skill performance than S, supporting the use of conditioning training to improve volleyball performance.

Condición corporal en caballos de rodeo chileno de élite: estudio preliminar / Body condition in elite Chilean rodeo horses: preliminary study

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la condición corporal de caballos de rodeo chileno de élite en competencia. Se eligieron al azar 48 caballos raza chilena (15 hembras, 24 machos enteros y 9 machos castrados) participantes del 64° Campeonato Nacional de Rodeo Chileno. La condición corporal de cada caballo se evaluó por inspección visual y palpación según el sistema de Henneke. El rendimiento deportivo se registró como clasificados o no clasificados en la final del campeonato. Se construyeron tablas de frecuencia para la condición corporal por género y por rendimiento deportivo, se calcularon modas como descriptores de tendencia central y se comparó la condición corporal por género y rendimiento deportivo mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis (p < 0,05). La condición corporal presentó una moda de 7, con un rango de 5 a 8. El 87,5% de los caballos tenía condición corporal entre 6 y 7 y se detectó un 6,3% de individuos obesos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en relación al género ni rendimiento deportivo. Este es el primer estudio que reporta la condición corporal en caballos de rodeo chileno de élite y los resultados sugieren que los valores más frecuentes para esta variable en la raza están entre 6 a 7 puntos.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to characterize the distribution of body condition score for elite Chilean rodeo horses in competition. Forty-eight Chilean breed horses (15 mares, 24 stallions and 9 geldings) were randomly chosen for evaluation while participating at the 64th National Championship of Chilean Rodeo 2012. Body condition score for each horse was assessed by visual inspection and palpation according to the Henneke system. The sport performance was recorded as qualified or not qualified to the final round of the competition. Frequencies of body condition score were tabulated according to gender and according to sport performance of the horses. Modes were calculated as central tendency measurements and body condition score was compared between gender and sport performance groups by means of the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05). The mode of the general body condition score had a value of 7, with range between 5 and 8. 87.5% of the horses had body condition score between 6 and 7 points and 6.3% of them exhibited obesity. No significant differences were found both for gender and sport performance. This is the first study reporting body condition score in Chilean élite horses and results suggest that in the breed the most frequent value for this variable lies between 6 and 7 points.

Vantagem de jogar em casa no futebol feminino: uma análise de três importantes campeonatos no Brasil / Home advantage in female soccer: an analysis of three important championships in Brazil

A vantagem de jogar em casa (VC) no futebol masculino é bastante conhecida e bem documentada. Recentemente, a VC foi estudada em ligas europeias de futebol feminino, mas permanece desconhecida nos campeonatos nacionais. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a VC em três importantes campeonatos de futebol feminino do Brasil. Foram analisadas 280 partidas do Campeonato Brasileiro (2013 - 2016), 259 da Copa do Brasil (2012 - 2016) e 1241 do Campeonato Paulista (2008 - 2016). De cada partida foram coletados os times participantes, o placar fi nal e local do jogo. A VC foi defi nida como o número de pontos vencidos pelos times da casa expresso em percentual de todos os pontos obtidos no campeonato. As análises foram realizadas para cada edição e campeonato. A hipótese nula unilateral, Ho:VC=50% e H1:VC>50%, foi utilizada para analisar a existência da vantagem em cada campeonato. Para comparar as VC entre os três campeonatos foi utilizado o teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) com post-hoc de Tukey. As VC médias encontradas para cada campeonato foram de 60% no Campeonato Brasileiro, 55% na Copa do Brasil e 53% no Campeonato Paulista, todas signifi cativamente maiores que 50%. O Campeonato Brasileiro também apresentou a maior VC em relação aos outros dois campeonatos (p=0.0132). Conclui-se que existe VC nos campeonatos de futebol feminino no Brasil, fenômeno que pode ser explicado pela torcida, efeito da viagem, familiaridade com o campo, viés do árbitro e fatores psicológicos. A maior vantagem no Campeonato Brasileiro provavelmente refl ete as desvantagens dos longos deslocamentos realizados pelos times visitantes....(AU)

The home advantage (HA) in male soccer is well known and well documented. The HA was recently studied in European league of female soccer, however it is still unknown in the Brazilian competitions. The aim of this study was to analyze HA in the three main female soccer championships in Brazil. It was analyzed 280 matches from the Brazilian Championship (2013 - 2016), 259 from the Brazil Cup (2012 - 2016) and 1241 from the São Paulo Championship (2008 - 2016) of female soccer. From each match were collect the participant teams, the fi nal score and the game location. The HA was defi nedas the number of winner points by the home teams expressed in percentage of total points of the championship. The analyses were performed for each edition and competition. The unilateral null hypothesis, Ho:VC=50% and H1:VC>50%, was used to analyze the advantage in each championship. The analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Tukey post-hoc, was used to compare HA among the three championships. The mean HA of 60% was found in the Brazilian Championship, 55% in Brazil Cup and 53% in the São Paulo Championship. The Brazilian Championship also presented the highest HA compared to the others two competitions (p=0.0132). The HA in the Brazilian female soccer found in this study can be explained by the crowd eff ects, travel, familiarity, referee bias and other psychological factors. The highest advantage in the Brazilian Championship probably refl ects the disadvantage of the long distances traveled by the visiting teams....(AU)

Analysis of master swimmers' sport performance for different freestyle distances / Análise do resultado esportivo de atletas máster de natação em diferentes distâncias de nado livre

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyze the decline rate of master swimmers' world records compared to absolute world records, and sport performance decrease for both genders and different age groups (25 to 99 years old) in 50, 400 and 1500 meters freestyle swimming. The best performance for each distance and age group was collected from the official International Swimming Federation (FINA) website (www.fina.org). Group comparisons were made using One-Way ANOVAs followed by Dunett's post hoc test, with significance level set at p≤0.05. The decline rate of world records was greater in the 1500m distance in relation to the other distances analyzed for almost all age groups and both male and female swimmers. In addition, women showed a higher world record decline rate than men did for all race distances and almost all age groups. Both decline rate and sport performance decrease in the 1500 meters freestyle swimming seem to be more influenced by physiological changes derived from aging compared to the other race distances analyzed.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a taxa de declínio dos recordes mundiais de nadadores máster em relação aos recordes mundiais absolutos e a redução do resultado esportivo em ambos os sexos em diferentes grupos etários (25 a 99 anos), nas distâncias de 50, 400 e 400 estilo livre. A coleta dos dados sobre os resultados esportivos dos nadadores foi realizada no site da Federação Internacional de Natação - FINA (www.fina.org). Para a análise estatística foi realizada a ANOVA - ONE WAY seguido de post hoc de Dunett com nível de significância de p≤0.05. A taxa de declínio dos recordes mundiais foi maior na prova de 1500m se comparado com as demais distâncias em praticamente todas as faixas etárias e em ambos os sexos. A taxa de declínio e a redução do desempenho esportivo é mais acentuada nas mulheres do que nos homens em todas as distâncias e em quase todas as faixas etárias. A taxa de declínio dos recordes mundiais e a redução do resultado esportivo na prova de 1500 metros nado livre parecem sofrer maior influência das alterações fisiológicas decorrentes do envelhecimento se comparadas às demais distâncias analisadas.

Systematic review of means and methods of practical influence on taekwon-do training / Revisão sistemática dos meios e métodos de influência prática no treinamento do taekwon-do

ABSTRACT The investigation of means and methods of practical influence can assist in training and allow for improved sport performance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to review in the literature methods and means with practical influence on Taekwon-Do specifically. A systematic review was conducted with English/Portuguese descriptors, namely martial arts/artes marciais, exercise/exercícios, physical fitness/aptidão física and athletic performance/desempenho esportivo, on Portal Capes, Sport Discus, Lilacs, Medline and PubMed databases. After application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 studies were selected. In the studies analyzed, 21 types of training means and 19 types of training methodologies were identified. Among the results, there is an evident use of special means, mainly exercises with kicks and the interval method, with high intensity, to prepare athletes to the physiological demands of combat and to develop their aerobic and anaerobic systems.

RESUMO A investigação de meios e métodos de influência prática podem auxiliar o treinamento e possibilitar melhora do desempenho esportivo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar na literatura os métodos e meios de influência prática específicos para a modalidade Taekwon-Do. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com os descritores em inglês/português: martial arts/artes marciais, exercise/exercícios, physical fitness/aptidão física e athletic performance/desempenho esportivo nas bases de dados Portal Capes, Sport Discus, Lilacs, Medline e PubMed. Foram consideradas publicações em português, espanhol e inglês. Após a aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados 12 estudos. Nos estudos avaliados, foram identificados 21 tipos de meios de treinamento e 19 tipos de metodologias de treinamento. Entre os resultados, evidencia-se a utilização de meios especiais, principalmente o trabalho com chutes e o método intervalado, com elevada intensidade, para preparar os atletas às demandas fisiológicas do combate e desenvolver os sistemas aeróbio e anaeróbio.

Development and evaluation of an observational system for goalball match analysis / Desenvolvimento e avaliação de um sistema de observação para análise do jogo de goalball / Desarrollo y evaluación de un sistema de observación para el análisis del juego del goalball

Abstract Our purpose was to develop and evaluate an observational system for goalball match analysis. We used a non-participant systematic game observation method including eight elite games, video recorded, and randomly chosen. Observational categories and performance indicators were determined for each offensive (i.e., ball control, attack preparation, and throwing) and defensive principles (i.e., defensive balance, throw reading, and blocking). The comprehensive method of development and the ideal reliability levels (kappa coefficient of 0.81-1.00) of this protocol ensure the generation of quantitative and qualitative information for players and coaches and the rigor required for scientific use.

Resumo Nosso objetivo foi desenvolver e avaliar um sistema de observação para análise do jogo no goalball. Foi usado um método de observação sistemática não participante, incluindo vídeos de oito jogos de elite escolhidos aleatoriamente. Categorias de observação e indicadores de desempenho foram determinadas para cada princípio ofensivo (i.e., controle de bola, preparação do ataque e efetivação do arremesso) e defensivo (i.e., balanço defensivo, leitura da trajetória e interceptação do arremesso). O abrangente método de desenvolvimento e os níveis de confiabilidade ideais (coeficiente kappa de 0,81-1,00) desse protocolo asseguram a geração de informações quantitativas e qualitativas para jogadores e treinadores e o rigor necessário para uso científico.

Resumen Nuestro objetivo fue desarrollar y evaluar un sistema de observación para el análisis del juego del goalball. Se utilizó un método de observación sistemática no participante, que incluía vídeos de ocho juegos de élite elegidos al azar. Se determinaron las categorías de observación y los indicadores de rendimiento de cada principio ofensivo (p.ej., control del balón, preparación del ataque y lanzamiento) y defensivo (p.ej., equilibrio defensivo, lectura de la trayectoria e interceptación del lanzamiento). El método completo del desarrollo y los niveles de fiabilidad ideales (coeficiente kappa de 0,81 a 1,00) del presente protocolo aseguran la generación de información cuantitativa y cualitativa para jugadores y entrenadores, y el rigor necesario para el uso científico.

Factors associated to performance efficacy of technical-tactical actions in volleyball / Fatores associados à eficácia no desempenho das ações técnico-táticas do voleibol

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the factors associated to performance efficacy of technical-tactical actions in volleyball. Based on the protocol of the Instrument for Technical and Tactical Performance Assessment in Volleyball (IAD-VB), 44.025 match actions performed by male and female athletes from u-15, u-16 and u-17 finalist teams of the 2010 Santa Catarina Volleyball Championship in Brazil were observed. Data were analyzed on SPPS 21 software using the logistic regression technique, adopting 5% significance level for the interpretation of results. Adjusted model explained 51.40% efficacy variance, and the factors associated with this variable were decision making, adjustment, efficiency, and competition level.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi investigar os fatores associados à eficácia no desempenho das ações técnico-táticas do voleibol. Com base no protocolo do Instrumento de Avaliação do Desempenho Técnico-Tático do Voleibol (IAD-VB), observaram-se 44.025 ações de jogo desempenhadas por atletas de equipes finalistas do Campeonato Catarinense de Voleibol de 2010, nas categorias mirim (sub-15 anos), infantil (sub-16) e infanto-juvenil (sub-17), nos naipes masculino e feminino. Os dados foram analisados no programa SPSS 21 a partir da técnica de regressão logística binária, adotando-se nível de 5% de significância para a interpretação dos resultados. O modelo ajustado explicou 51,40% da variância da eficácia, e os fatores associados a esta variável foram a tomada de decisão, o ajustamento a eficiência e a categoria de disputa.

Does respiratory muscle training improve respiratory functions and sport performance? : Review of the concept and directions for future research / 体力科学

<p>As the intensity of exercise becomes higher, increases in the oxygen uptake (VO₂) and cardiac output (Q) start to level off, and they will enter a steady state. However, the pulmonary ventilation (V_E) continues to increase in an exponential manner even after the VO₂ and Q level-off. After exercising to extreme fatigue, the oxygen used by the respiratory muscles (VO₂) increases to 10 to 16% of the VO₂max. In this situation, the respiratory muscles use the oxygen that would have been allocated to the active muscles because the oxygen used for the entire body is already in a steady state. Therefore, overexercising must be discontinued due to a shortage of oxygen for the active muscles (in the legs); amount of O₂ debt has reached its limit. Since the total amount of oxygen that can be taken into the body remains constant, the enhancement of the respiratory muscles and their functions (including the respiratory efficiency (V_E/VO₂)) in advance is expected to improve their endurance. Several previous studies suggested that respiratory muscle training (RMT) enhances the endurance of subjects. Furthermore, recent studies suggested that RMT not only enhances endurance, but also improves the physical elements of significantly intense exercise (including speed, muscle strength, and power) performed for a short period of time. It is necessary to conduct further research to clarify the mechanism of RMT in the improvement of physical performance. RMT is not expected to improve the VO₂max, and the following are possible causes of the improvement of performance: improvements in the respiratory muscles and efficiency (V_E/VO₂), a subsequent decrease in the blood lactate concentration, and subjective respiratory distress and sense of fatigue in the active muscles.</p>

The effect of “FIFA 11+” on vertical jump performance in soccer players / O efeito do “FIFA 11+” na performance de saltos verticais em atletas de futebol

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 9 weeks of the “FIFA 11+” warm-up program on vertical jump performance in soccer players. The study included 20 athletes of the Under-20 category from a Brazilian championship serie A team (age: 18.3±1.6 years; years of training: 8.2±1.3; body weight: 74.0±7.1 kg, height: 177.8±6.5 cm, and fat percentage: 10.7±1.9%), divided into an intervention group (G11+; n=10) and a control group (CG; n=10). The athletes were evaluated before and after the intervention regarding countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) performed on a force platform. The maximum jump height was considered for data analysis. A mixed-model ANOVA was used to verify the main time vs. group effects. Both groups underwent the same training routine (physical, technical, and tactical) and only differed in terms of the proposed warm-up, which was performed three times per week in G11+. No significant difference in jump performance was observed in CG, while G11+ showed significant improvement in both types of jumps (CMJ: F=26.23, p<0.01; %change=11.3; SJ: F=23.16, p<0.01, %change=9.8). In conclusion, 9 weeks of intervention with the “FIFA 11+” warm-up program during routine training promoted significant improvement in jump performance.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito do treinamento de nove semanas de um programa de aquecimento “FIFA 11+” na performance de saltos verticais (SV) de jogadores de futebol. Participaram do estudo 20 atletas da categoria sub-20 de uma equipe da série A do campeonato brasileiro (idade: 18,3 ± 1,6 anos; tempo de prática 8,2 ± 1,3 anos; massa corporal de 74,0 ± 7,1 kg; estatura 177,8 ± 6,5 cm e percentual de gordura 10,7 ± 1,9 %), separados em grupo intervenção (G11+; n=10) e grupo controle (GC; n=10). Os Atletas foram avaliados antes (Pré) e após (Pós) a intervenção por meio dos saltos Countermoviment Jump (CMJ) e Squat Jump (SJ), realizados em uma plataforma de força, sendo os valores máximos da altura dos saltos adotados para análise. Foi realizada uma ANOVA modelo-misto para verificar os possíveis efeitos tempo x grupo. Nível de significância adotado de p < 0,05. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos à mesma rotina de treinamento (físico, técnico e tático), diferindo apenas o aquecimento proposto, que foi realizado três vezes por semana para o G11+. O GC não apresentou alteração significativa na performance dos saltos, porém o G11+ apresentou melhora significativa para ambos os tipos de saltos (CMJ: F= 26,23, p<0,01; %mudança= 11,3; SJ: F= 23,16, p<0,01, %mudança= 9,8). Desta forma, as nove semanas de intervenção com o programa de aquecimento “FIFA 11+” na rotina de treinamento promoveu um aumento significativo no desempenho dos saltos.

The potential role of myostatin and neurotransmission genes in elite sport performances.

Elite athletes are those who represent their sport at such major competition as the Olympic Games or World contests. The most outstanding athletes appear to emerge as a result of endogenous biologic characteristics interacting with exogenous influences of the environment, often described as a ‘Nature and Nurture’ struggle. In this work, we assessed the contribution given by 4 genes involved in muscles development (MSTN) and behavioural insights (5HTT, DAT and MAOA) to athletic performances. As for neurotransmission, 5HTT, DAT and MAOA genes have been considered as directly involved in the management of aggressiveness and anxiety. Genotypes and allelic frequencies of 5HTTLPR, MAOA-u VNTR, DAT VNTR and MSTN K153R were determined in 50 elite athletes and compared with 100 control athletes. In this work we found a significant correlation between the dopamine transporter genotype 9/9 and allele 9 and elite sport performances. On the contrary, no association was found between muscle development regulation or serotonin pathway and elite performances. Our data, for the first time, suggest a strong role of dopamine neurotransmitter in determining sport success, highlighting the role of emotional control and psycological management to reach high-level performances.

Polimorfismo del gen ACTN3 y ECA en seleccionados de gimnasia de Brasil y Japón / Gene polymorphism ACTN3 and ACE in selected gymnasts athletes in Brazil and Japan

En el rendimiento deportivo, el estudio de la genética ha cobrado un papel fundamental al momento de estudiar el rendimiento deportivo. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la frecuencia de genotipo y alelo de a - actinina 3 (ACTN3) R577X y enzima convertidora de angiotensina (ECA) I/D polimorfismo en un grupo de gimnastas de Brasil y Japón. Se considero una muestra de 73 gimnastas (14 de Japón y 59 de Brasil), todos los sujetos firmaron de consentimiento informado. Para la obtención de ACTN3 y ECA se recogió una muestra la saliva y analizaron los genotipos mediante el empleo de cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real a partir del iQ5 Thermal Cycler, BioRad. Los resultados muestran una prevalencia del genotipo RX ACTN3, prevalencia del alelo R, prevalencia del genotipo DI ECA y prevalencia de alelo D en el total del grupo. Se concluye que el predominio RX del ACTN3, prevalencia del alelo R y predominio del genotipo DI en ECA pueden ofrecer una ventaja genética en cuanto a niveles de fuerza y potencia muscular, posiblemente facilitando la práctica y el éxito competitivo en gimnastas.

In the field of competitive sport, genetics has gained a fundamental role in the study of sport performance. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of polymorphisms R577X and insertion/deletion (I/D), occurring in a-actinin-3 (ACTN3) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) genes, respectively, in Brazilian and Japanese gymnasts. A suitable non-probabilistic sample of 73 gymnasts (14 from Japan) was recruited and signed an informed consent. To measure ACTN3 and ECA saliva samples were obtained by means of real time polymerase chain reaction (iQ5 Thermal Cycler, BioRad). A high prevalence of RX ACTN3 genotype, R allele, ACE I/D genotype, and D allele were observed in Brazilian and Japanese gymnasts. In conclusion a high prevalence of RX ACTN3 genotype, R allele and ACE I/D genotype would allow a genetic advantage regarding muscle strength and power, possibly facilitating competitive success in gymnastics.

Indicadores de desempenho no voleibol sentado / Performance indicators in sitting volleyball

O objetivo foi identificar os indicadores de desempenho no voleibol sentado e utilizar estes indicadores na comparação do desempenho de três equipes em diferentes níveis competitivos. A amostra foi composta por 12 equipes em diferentes competições esportivas: alto rendimento internacional, alto rendimento nacional e nível intermediário nacional. Foi avaliado um total de 1026 rallies distribuídos por 24 sets. Para obter as características da pontuação (acertos - AC, erros - ERR e erros do adversário - EADV) foi utilizado um scout de finalização. Foi encontrada uma predominância das ações de AC sobre os EADV. As ações ofensivas apresentaram maiores frequências no ataque, nos contra-ataques e nas ações de bloqueio. Em relação aos ERR as maiores frequências ocorreram na recepção, no saque e no toque na rede. Ao obter informações do aproveitamento das equipes o estudo possibilita à modalidade elementos a serem considerados em suas abordagens técnicas e táticas.

The objective was to identify the performance indicators in sitting volleyball and use these indicators to compare the performance of three teams in different competitive levels. The sample consisted of 12 teams in various sports competitions: international elite, national high performance and national intermediate level. A total of 1026 rallies from 24 sets were evaluated. The scores were characterized (right moves - RM, error moves - EM and opponents' error moves - OEM) and recorded in a team finishing scout. The results showed a predominance of the RM over EM. Offensive actions showed higher frequencies in the attack, counterattack and the blocking actions. Regarding the EM the highest frequencies occurred inserve receive, serve and net touch. The information of teams presented in this study enables the inclusion of other elements to be considered in the technical and tactical training approaches.

Consecuencias psicológicas del éxito en una muestra de futbolistas juveniles de la ciudad de Lima / Psychological Consequences of Success in a Sample of Young Soccer Players from the City of Lima / Consequências psicológicas do êxito numa mostra de futebolistas jovens da cidade de Lima

Objetivo. Este estudio tiene como objetivo general identificar, describir y analizar las consecuencias percibidas del éxito en una muestra de 12 futbolistas juveniles de un club deportivo de Lima, Perú. Como objetivo secundario, se propuso conocer las concepciones de éxito en dicha muestra. Método. Para ello, se empleó un estudio cualitativo de tipo no experimental y exploratorio, en el cual se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 12 futbolistas juveniles de género masculino, cuyas edades oscilaron entre los 17 y los 18 años. Resultados. Se halló que las principales consecuencias percibidas del éxito son mayor motivación, mayor confianza, bienestar, reconocimiento, críticas constructivas, beneficios personales, mayor presión, menor humildad, mayor soberbia y culpa. Conclusión. Se infiere que las consecuencias del éxito pueden ser percibidas tanto de manera positiva como negativa. Si bien algunos de los presentes hallazgos son consistentes con los reportados en estudios exploratorios anteriores, hay otros que son novedosos, lo que sugiere la construcción de nuevos instrumentos o la adaptación de los ya existentes en futuras mediciones dentro del contexto latinoamericano.

Objective. This study aims to generally determine, describe and analyze the perceived consequences of success in a sample of twelve young players of a sports club in Lima, Peru. Also, as a secondary objective, to determine the concepts of success in that sample. Method. A qualitative non-experimental and exploratory study, in which we used a semi-structured interview that was designed for the purposes of this study. The sample comprised of 12 male youth soccer players whose ages ranged between 17 and 18 years. Results. It was found that the main perceived consequences of success are greater motivation, increased confidence, well-being, recognition, constructive criticism, personal benefits, increased pressure, less humility, greater arrogance and guilt. Conclusion. From the above it follows that the consequences of success can be perceived both positively and negatively. While some of these findings are consistent with those reported in previous exploratory studies, others are unfamiliar, recommending the construction of new instruments or the adaptation of existing ones in future measurements within the Latin-American context.

Escopo. Este estudo tem como escopo geral identificar, descrever e analisar as consequências percebidas do êxito numa mostra de 12 futebolistas juvenis dum clube de Lima, Peru. Como escopo secundário, foi proposto conhecer as conceições do êxito em dita amostra. Metodologia. Para isto, foi empregado um estudo qualitativo do tipo não experimental e exploratório, no qual foi utilizado uma entrevista semiestruturada. A amostra esteve composta por 12 futebolistas juvenis do gênero masculino, cuias idades oscilaram entre os 17 e os 18 anos. Resultados. Foi achado que as principais consequências percebidas do êxito são maior motivação, maior confiança, bem-estar, reconhecimento, criticas construtivas, benefícios pessoais, maior pressão, menor humildade, maior soberbia e culpa. Conclusão. É inferido que as consequências do êxito podem ser percebidas tanto de maneira positiva quanto de maneira negativa. Ainda alguns dos presentes resultados são consistentes com os reportados em estudos exploratórios anteriores, têm outros que são os que sugerem a construção de novas ferramentas ou a adaptação das já existentes em futuras medições dentro do contexto latino-americano.

Clinical study to evaluate the Brinhaniya effect of Vidarikandadi Yog to enhance the sport performance in children.

Background: Sport science studies applications of scientifi c principles and techniques with the aim of improving sports performance. Objective: Present research work was carried out with the aim to enhance the sport performance of children. Materials and Methods: Randomized double blind placebo controlled study was conducted in children involved in sports to assess the effi cacy of trial drug “Vidarikandadi Yog”. Total of 72 healthy students were selected for the study after screening 412 students. Out of them, 60 students completed the study. The students were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (Vidarikandadi Yog) comprising of 38 and Group B (placebo) of 34 students. The trial drug “Vidarikandadi Yog” was given in the dose of 200 mg/kg/day in two divided doses for 2 months with milk and follow up was conducted fortnightly. Results: The study revealed the statistically signifi cant results for weight and chest circumference, whereas highly signifi cant results were obtained for muscular strength and endurance assessment parameters (Push-up Test, Sit-up Test, and Hand Grip Strength Test). Change in Ruler Drop Test was not signifi cant. Results were signifi cant for cardio-respiratory parameters (Resting Heart Rate, Resting Respiratory Rate, and Harvard Step Test). Conclusion: Vidarikandadi Yog is a potential drug for enhancing the sport performance due to its Brinhaneeya effect.

Efectos de la aplicación de la terapia de aceptación y compromiso sobre la conducta de evitación experiencial en competencia en jóvenes tenistas de la ciudad de Bogotá / Effects of application of the acceptance and commitment therapy on the behavior of experiential avoidance in competition in young tennis players in the city of Bogotá

Este estudio tuvo como propósito intervenir en la conducta de evitación experiencial, evidenciada en tres tenistas de 16 y 17 años, a través de la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso. Se evaluó la evitación experiencial mediante dos instrumentos. El primero es el registro de dicha conducta exhibida por cada participante, el segundo es el Cuestionario de Aceptación - Acción adaptado al español y revisado por un filólogo. La intervención constó de cuatro sesiones. Para la medición por registros en el pretest y postest se programaron dos torneos en los cuales cada jugador compitió en tres ocasiones. Los resultados muestran un decremento en la frecuencia de la conducta de evitación experiencial, sin embargo, la disminución en los puntajes en el cuestionario no es proporcional entre los dos jugadores que participaron en la totalidad de la investigación.

The purpose of this study was to intervene in the behavior of experiential avoidance evidenced in three tennis players ages 16 and 17 by means of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). The experiential avoidance was measured through two instruments. The first was through recognition of behavior exhibited by each participant, and the second was through the Acceptance Questionnaire - Action (AAQ) adapted to Spanish and revised by a philologist. The intervention consisted of four sessions. For measuring the registrations in the pretest and posttest, two tournaments were designed in which each player competed on three occasions. The results demonstrate a significant decrease in the frequency of the behavior of experiential avoidance. However, the decrease in the score of the AAQ is not proportional in the two tennis players that participed in the entirety of the investigation.