Diagnosis, evolution, and treatment of a patient with pyomyositis / Diagnóstico, evolução e tratamento de paciente com piomiosite

Pyomyositis is a deep muscle infection of bacterial origin and subacute, which can evolve with multiple intramuscular abscesses. Despite being characterized as an affection of tropical zones, its incidence in temperate zones has been increasing due to immunosuppression factors, such as infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and some types of immunosuppressive treatments. Even though it has been known for over a century, it is a rare and potentially serious condition that can lead to septic shock and death. This is a case report of a descriptive nature, which found the relevance of knowledge about this condition for an early diagnosis, enabling positive prognostic repercussions.

A piomiosite é uma infecção muscular profunda, de origem bacteriana e caráter subagudo, que pode evoluir com abcessos intramusculares múltiplos. Apesar de ser caracterizada como uma afecção de zonas tropicais, sua incidência em zonas temperadas vem aumentando por fatores de imunossupressão, como a infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) e alguns tipos de tratamentos imunossupressivos. Mesmo sendo conhecida há mais de um século, é uma condição rara e potencialmente grave, podendo levar ao choque séptico e óbito. Trata-se de um relato de caso de caráter descritivo, que constatou a relevância do conhecimento desta afecção para um diagnóstico precoce, possibilitando repercussões prognósticas positivas.

Piomiositis en pediatría: experiencia de 10 años en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad en Argentina

Introducción: La piomiositis es una infección bacteriana agudasubaguda del músculo esquelético. Objetivo: Estimar la incidencia de piomiositis en pacientes internados, describir e identificar factores de riesgo para bacteriemia y hospitalización, y evaluar diferencias entre Staphylococccus aureus sensible y resistente a meticilina (SASM y SARM). Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, observacional, con pacientes de 1 mes a 18 años de edad, internados entre el 1 de enero de 2008 y 31 de diciembre de 2018. Variables: sexo, edad, hacinamiento en el hogar, existencia de lesión previa, estacionalidad, localización anatómica e imágenes, antibioterapia previa, estadio clínico, parámetros de laboratorio, cultivos y antibiograma, días de tratamiento intravenoso (IV), de internación, de fiebre y bacteriemia. Resultados: Se incluyeron 188 pacientes. Incidencia: 38,9 casos / 10.000 admisiones (IC95 % 33,7 - 44,9). Días de internación y tratamiento IV: 11 (RQ 8-15 y RQ 8-14, respectivamente). El desarrollo de bacteriemia se asoció a PCR elevada (p = 0,03) y fiebre prolongada (p < 0,001). No hubo diferencias en la evolución y parámetros de laboratorio entre SASM y SARM. La leucocitosis (p = 0,004), neutrofilia (p = 0,005) y bacteriemia (p = 0,001) se asociaron a mayor estadía hospitalaria. Conclusiones: Este estudio recaba la experiencia de más de 10 años de niños internados con diagnóstico de piomiositis y proporciona información sobre sus características. Se describen parámetros asociados a bacteriemia y estadía hospitalaria.

Background: Pyomyositis is an acute-subacute bacterial infection of skeletal muscle. Aim: To estimate the incidence of pyomyositis in hospitalized patients, describe and identify risk factors for bacteremia and hospitalization, and evaluate differences between MSSA and MRSA. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective, observational study with patients aged 1 month to 18 years hospitalized between January, 1, 2008 and December 1, 2018. Variables: sex, age, home overcrowding, previous injury, seasonality, anatomical location and images, previous antibiotherapy, clinical stage, laboratory, cultures and antibiogram, days of intravenous (IV) treatment, hospitalization, fever and bacteremia. Results: 188 patients were included. Incidence: 38.9 cases/10,000 admissions (95% CI 33.7 - 44.9). Days of hospitalization and IV treatment: 11 (RQ 8-15 and RQ 8-14, respectively). The development of bacteremia was associated with elevated CRP (p = 0.03) and prolonged fever (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the evolution and laboratory parameters between MSSA and MRSA. Leukocytosis (p = 0.004), neutrophilia (p = 0.005), and bacteremia (p = 0.001) were associated with a longer hospital stay. Conclusions: This study collects the experience of more than 10 years of hospitalized children diagnosed with pyomyositis and provides information on its characteristics. Parameters associated with bacteremia and hospital stay are described.

Antimicrobial peptide for bacterial infection imaging: first case reported in Brazil

ABSTRACT Molecular imaging markers can be used to differentiate between infection and aseptic inflammation, determine the severity of infection, and monitor treatment responses. One of these markers is ubiquicidin(29-41) (UBI), a cationic peptide fragment that binds to the bacterial membrane wall and is labeled with gallium-68 (68Ga), a positron emitter radioisotope. The use of UBI in positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) for improved detection of lesions has been receiving considerable attention recently. Herein, we report the first case of 68Ga-UBI PET/CT performed in Brazil. The patient was a 39-year-old woman referred for a scan to confirm a clinical suspicion of chronic osteomyelitis of her fractured left tibia. PET images revealed radiotracer uptake near the posterior contour of the tibial fracture focus and the fixation plate, in the soft tissue around the distal half of the tibia, and in the non-consolidated fracture of the left distal fibula. Surgery for local cleaning was performed, and culture of a specimen collected from the surgical site confirmed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus. In the present case, 68Ga-UBI PET/CT, a non-invasive imaging modality, identified the infection foci in vivo, indicating its potential for clinical use.

Characteristic analysis of Panton-Valentine leukocidin in children with invasive staphylococcus infection / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the relationship between the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl) strain and clinical characteristics, and to describe the molecular biological characteristics of invasive Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus) infected clinical isolates. Methods:The isolates of S. aureus caused by invasive infection were collected in Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2016 to December 2019, and the clinical data of the corresponding children were collected retrospectively using electronic medical records. Multilocus sequence typing, spa typing and pvl gene were analyzed using the PCR. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of antibiotics of all isolates were detected by the micro-broth dilution method, and the isolates were divided into the pvl+ and pvl- groups according to whether or not the S. aureus isolates carried pvl. The t test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the clinical symptoms between the pvl+ and pvl- groups. Chi-square test was used to compare the drug susceptibility between the two isolates. Results:A total of 127 cases of invasive S. aureus infection were collected during the study period. The white blood cell count, neutrophil count, and C-reaction protein level in the pvl+ group were significantly higher than those in the pvl- group ( P=0.001, P=0.001, P=0.005). The rate of pvl carrier was 44.9%. Among 57 pvl+ pathogenic strains, 64.9% (37/57) were MRSA. The multidrug resistance rate of pvl- isolates was higher than that of pvl+ isolates (70% vs. 49.12%, P=0.02). Conclusions:In invasive S. aureus infection, pvl+ strain is associated with elevated inflammatory markers in children. the positive rate of pvl is higher in clinical isolates, and the multidrug resistance rate of pvl- S. aureus is higher.

Actividad antimicrobiana de la peroxiadenosina en cultivos in vitro de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina / Antimicrobial activity of peroxyadenosine in vitro culture of resistant methicillin Staphylococcus aureus

RESUMEN Fundamento : las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria y de la comunidad causadas por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina, constituyen un problema de salud en el mundo. Esta situación se asocia al uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos y a la mutagénesis bacteriana, por tanto, el desarrollo de nuevos productos con actividad antimicrobiana constituye una prioridad para Cuba. Objetivo : evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de la peroxiadenosina en cultivo in vitro de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina. Métodos : se realizó un estudio experimental de laboratorio en un modelo biológico (cultivo microbiano) en el Hospital Universitario Amalia Simoni de la provincia Camagüey, desde enero de 2016 hasta julio de 2020. La muestra se conformó con 60 cultivos biológicos de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina, mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple, distribuidos en dos grupos, cada uno con 30 cultivos. Un grupo correspondió a una cepa salvaje de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina, obtenida de la colección de cultivos del hospital y el otro a la cepa de referencia (ATCC 25923) de la American Type Culture Collection. Se estudiaron las variables: formación y concentración de la peroxiadenosina, preservación de la estructura aromática de la adenosina y el patrón de susceptibilidad a la meticilina. Resultados : la peroxiadenosina se formó a partir de la interacción del peróxido de hidrógeno con la adenosina. Los cultivos de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina se mostraron sensibles a las concentraciones de peroxiadenosina sin diluir y 1:2, demostrado por la presencia de halos de inhibición en el cultivo. Conclusiones : la inhibición del crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a la meticilina por la peroxiadenosina sugiere su evaluación como un nuevo producto antibacteriano eficaz contra este microorganismo.

ABSTRACT Background: infections associated with healthcare and the community caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constitutes a health problem in the world. This situation is associated with the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials and bacterial mutagenesis, therefore, the development of new products with antimicrobial activity is a priority for Cuba. Objective: to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of peroxyadenosine in vitro culture of MRSA. Methods: an experimental laboratory study was carried out in a biological model (microbial culture) at the Amalia Simoni Hospital in Camagüey province, from January 2016 to July 2020. The sample consisted of 60 biological cultures through simple random sampling, distributed in two groups with 30 crops of each investigated layer. One group corresponded to a wild MRSA strain, obtained from the hospital culture collection and the other to the reference strain (ATCC 25923) from the American Type Culture Collection. The studied variables were: formation and concentration of peroxyadenosine, preservation of the aromatic structure of adenosine and the pattern of susceptibility to methicillin. Results: peroxyadenosine was formed from the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with adenosine. The MRSA cultures were sensitive to 1: 2 undiluted peroxyadenosine concentrations, demonstrated by the presence of inhibition halos in the culture. Conclusions: the inhibition of MRSA growth by peroxyadenosine suggests its evaluation as a new antibacterial product effective against this microorganism.

Role of autophagy-related molecules Beclin1 and LC3 in multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in diabetic foot / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the role of autophagy-related molecules Beclin1 and LC3 in diabetic foot infection with multidrug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus.Methods:From June 2016 to October 2017, 62 patients with diabetic foot infected by Staphylococcus aureus were selected as the diabetic foot infection group, and 38 patients with foot burns were selected as the control group. Staphylococcus aureus isolation, identification and drug sensitivity test were carried out. According to drug resistance, the patients with diabetic foot infection were further divided into multidrug resistance group and non-multidrug resistance group. The granulation tissue of foot wound was collected and the expression of Beclin1 and LC3 was detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of LC3 in macrophages was detected by immunofluorescence double staining.Results:The levels of glycosylated hemoglobin, white blood cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in diabetic foot infection group were significantly higher than those in control group ( P<0.05). Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 30 cases (48.39%) of 62 patients with diabetic foot infection, 2 cases (5.26%) of 38 patients in the control group, and the detection rate of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the diabetic foot infection group was significantly higher than that in the control group ( P<0.05). The white blood cell count, neutrophil ratio and C-reactive protein levels in MDR group were significantly higher than those in non-MDR group ( P<0.05). Immunohistochemical examination showed that the expression levels of Beclin1 and LC3 in wound granulatin tissue of diabetic foot infection group were significantly lower than those in control group ( P<0.01); the expression levels of Beclin1 and LC3 in wound granulation tissue of multidrug resistance group were significantly lower than those in non-multidrug resistance group ( P<0.05). Immunofluorescence double staining showed that the co-expression intensity of LC3 and CD14 in wound granulation tissue of diabetic foot infection group was significantly lower than that of control group, suggesting that LC3 expression in macrophages was significantly reduced. Conclusions:The expression of Beclin1 and LC3 in the wound granulation tissue of diabetic foot patients infected with Staphylococcus aureus decreased significantly, especially in those infected with multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The occurrence and development of multidrug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in diabetic foot patients may be related to the decrease of autophagy level.

Prevalence of central venous catheter salvage in newborn with staphylococcal bloodstream infection / Prevalencia del rescate del catéter venoso central en recién nacidos con infección del torrente sanguíneo estafilocócica / Prevalência de salvamento de cateter venoso central em recém-nascidos com infecção de corrente sanguínea estafilocócica

ABSTRACT Objectives: to establish the prevalence of salvage of central venous catheters in newborns with bloodstream infection caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Methods: retrospective cross-sectional study with 136 newborns admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between 2011 and 2017. The total of 143 infection events undergoing antibiotic therapy were evaluated. Results: among the 143 infection events, 39 catheters in which antibiotic therapy was used were saved and in 69 cases, the device was removed. Positive central blood culture and single lumen catheter were factors associated with salvage failure. The probability of salvage decreased with infections diagnosed from 15 days of using the catheter. Negative blood culture raised the chance of salvage by fourfold. Conclusions: the use of antibiotic therapy in the treatment of infections resulted in a low prevalence of salvage of the central venous catheter. The probability of salvage was associated with variables of the device.

RESUMEN Objetivos: establecer la prevalencia de rescate de catéteres venosos centrales en recién nacidos con infección del torrente sanguíneo causada por estafilococos coagulasa negativos. Métodos: estudio transversal retrospectivo con 136 recién nacidos ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales, entre 2011 y 2017. Se evaluaron 143 eventos de infección sometidos a terapia antibiótica. Resultados: de los 143 eventos de infección, se rescataron 39 catéteres en los que se utilizó antibioticoterapia y en 69 casos se retiró el dispositivo. El hemocultivo central positivo y el catéter de un lumen fueron factores asociados con el fracaso del rescate. La probabilidad de rescate disminuyó con las infecciones diagnosticadas a partir de los 15 días de uso del catéter. Los hemocultivos negativos multiplicaron por cuatro la posibilidad de recuperación. Conclusiones: el uso de terapia antibiótica en el tratamiento de infecciones resultó en una baja prevalencia de rescate del catéter venoso central. La probabilidad de rescate se asoció con las variables del dispositivo.

RESUMO Objetivos: estabelecer a prevalência de salvamento de cateteres venosos centrais em recém-nascidos com infecção de corrente sanguínea ocasionada por estafilococos coagulase-negativa. Métodos: estudo transversal, retrospectivo com 136 recém-nascidos internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal, entre 2011 a 2017. Foram avaliados 143 eventos de infecção submetidos à antibioticoterapia. Resultados: entre os 143 eventos de infecção, 39 cateteres nos quais se usou antibioticoterapia foram salvos e em 69 casos, o dispositivo foi removido. Hemocultura central positiva e cateter mono lúmen foram fatores associados à falha de salvamento. A probabilidade de salvamento diminuiu com infecções diagnosticadas a partir de 15 dias de uso do cateter. Hemocultura negativa elevou a chance de salvamento em quatro vezes. Conclusões: o uso da antibioticoterapia no tratamento das infecções resultou em baixa prevalência de salvamento do cateter venoso central. A probabilidade de salvamento mostrou-se associada às variáveis do dispositivo.

Perfil epidemiológico de Staphylococcus spp. isolados de hemoculturas de pacientes internados em um hospital de atenção terciária da rede pública do Ceará / Epidemiological profile of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from hemocultures of interned patients in a tertiary attention hospital of the Ceará public network

Staphylococcus spp. vem ganhando destaque em infecções na corrente sanguínea (ICS), apresentando alta prevalência, multirresistência e considerável poder de letalidade. O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a prevalência e traçar o perfil de sensibilidade das espécies de Staphylococcus spp. isoladas de amostras de hemoculturas positivas obtidas de um hospital de atenção terciária da rede pública do Ceará, no período de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2018. Dos 3292 exames de hemocultura realizados, apenas 15,88% tiveram resultado positivo, dos quais 24,85% eram cocos Gram positivos. S. aureus representou 1,53% das hemoculturas positivas com 50% das cepas resistentes à oxacilina. Os isolados de Staphylococcus sp. coagulase negativo obtiveram prevalência de 10,89%, representados por: S. epidermidis (n=23), S. haemolyticus (n=17), S. hominis (n=13), S. saprophyticus (n=2) e S. warneri (n=2). Verificou-se multirresistência em diversos isolados analisados, apresentando variações intra e interespécies. Portanto, nossos achados melhoram o entendimento da epidemiologia das ICS causadas por Staphylococcus spp., na instituição de estudo, bem como seu perfil de sensibilidade. A identificação precoce do agente infeccioso auxilia na escolha adequada do tratamento, aumentando as chances de cura e reduzindo o tempo de internação do paciente. (AU)

Staphylococcus spp. has been highlighted among bloodstream infections (BI), presenting high prevalence, multidrug resistance and considerable lethality. The present study aimed to analyze the prevalence and the susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from positive blood cultures from a tertiary care public hospital of Ceará, from January 2015 to December 2018. Of the 3292 blood cultures performed during this period, only 15.88% were positive, of which 24.85% were Gram positive cocci. S. aureus represented 1.53% of positive blood cultures, of which 50% were oxacilin resistant. Isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. showed a prevalence of 10.89%, represented by: S. epidermidis (n = 23), S. haemolyticus (n = 17), S. hominis (n = 13), S. saprophyticus (n = 2) and S. warneri (n = 2). Multiresistance occurrence was verified in several of the analyzed isolates, presenting intra and inters species variations. Therefore, our findings improve the understanding of the epidemiology of BI caused by Staphylococcus spp. in the studied institution, as well as its susceptibility profile. Early identification of the infectious agent might aid in the appropriate choice of treatment, increasing the chance of cure and reducing the patient length stay in hospital. (AU)

Post-mortem findings in Staphylococcus aureus acute infective endocarditis

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a microbial infection of the heart valves or the mural endocardium that leads to the formation of vegetations composed of thrombotic debris and microorganisms often associated with the destruction of the cardiac tissues. Most of the infections are bacterial (bacterial endocarditis), although fungi and other microorganisms can be etiological agents. Causative organisms differ among the major high-risk groups. Virulent microorganisms like Staphylococcus aureus, commonly found on the skin, can infect normal or deformed valves and are responsible for 20-30% of all IE cases. Staphylococcus aureus is the major offender in IE among intravenous drug abusers. Acute infective endocarditis is typically caused by infection of a previously normal heart valve by a highly virulent organism (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus) that rapidly produces necrotizing and destructive lesions. These infections may be difficult to cure with antibiotics, and despite appropriate treatment, death can ensue within days to weeks. Here we present autopsy findings of a 31-year-old male patient who died of acute infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus as the causative organism.

Caracterización clínico epidemiológica de los pacientes con infecciones por estafilococo dorado / Clinical-epidemiological characterization of patients with Staphylococcus aureus infections

RESUMEN Introducción: El estafilococo dorado es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo. En Cuba, es un germen a tener en cuenta como causa de infección intrahospitalaria. Objetivo: Caracterizar, clínica y epidemiológicamente, una muestra de pacientes con infecciones causadas por estafilococo dorado. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en el Hospital Militar "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy" de Matanzas, durante el período de enero a diciembre del año 2014. La población estuvo constituida por la totalidad de los pacientes hospitalizados con el diagnóstico de infección por estafilococo dorado (120 casos), identificados por el departamento de Microbiología; luego se revisaron las historias clínicas de las cuales se obtuvo la información. Resultados: Existió un predominio del sexo masculino (64,2 por ciento), los mayores de 60 años fueron los más afectados (36,7 por ciento). La diabetes mellitus fue la enfermedad asociada más frecuente (40,8 por ciento) y la mayoría de las infecciones fueron de origen comunitario (67,5 por ciento). Los aislamientos predominaron en las muestras tomadas de las lesiones en piel y los hemocultivos con un 50,8 por ciento y 19,2 por ciento, respectivamente. Se evidenció baja sensibilidad a la vancomicina (49,2 por ciento) y al cotrimoxazol (38,3 por ciento). Conclusiones: Las infecciones por estafilococo dorado fueron más frecuentes en pacientes masculinos geriátricos de su origen extrahospitalario. El germen presentó alta resistencia a los antibióticos y de estos, los aminoglucósidos mostraron la mayor sensibilidad antimicrobiana(AU)

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. In Cuba, it is a germ to be taken into account as a cause of nosocomial infection. Objective: To characterize, clinically and epidemiologically, a sample of patients with infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted at the Military Hospital "Dr. Mario Muñoz Monroy "of Matanzas, during the period from January to December of the year 2014. The population was constituted by all the patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of infection by Staphylococcus aureus (120 cases), identified by the department of Microbiology; then the medical records from which the information was obtained were reviewed. Results: There was a predominance of males (64.2 percent) those over 60 were the most affected (36.7 percent). Diabetes mellitus was the most frequent associated disease (40.8 percent) and the majority of infections were of community origin (67.5 percent). Positivity predominated in samples taken from skin lesions and blood cultures with 50.8 percent and 19.2 percent, respectively. Low sensitivity to vancomycin (49.2 percent) and cotrimoxazole (38.3 percent) was evidenced. Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus infections were more frequent in geriatric male patients of out-of-hospital origin. The germ showed high resistance to antibiotics and of these, the aminoglycosides showed the highest antimicrobial sensitivity(AU)

Factores pronósticos de gravedad de las infecciones invasivas por Staphylococcus aureus adquiridas en la comunidad en niños / Prognostic factors of severity of invasive community acquired Staphylococcus aureus infections in children

Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de las infecciones invasivas por Staphylococcus aureusen niños e identificar los factores pronósticos de gravedad y mortalidad.Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, en pacientes < 16 años hospitalizados en 2010-2015 por infecciones invasivas por S. aureus en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical, de Asunción, Paraguay. Los pacientes se distribuyeron según si habían requerido ingresar a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos o no, y se compararon variables clínicas, de laboratorio y evolutivas.Resultados: De los 107 pacientes incluidos, 50 (el 47 %) presentaron bacteremia; 50 (el 47 %), neumonía; y 21 (el 19 %), sepsis con focos múltiples. En los pacientes que ingresaron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (el 41 %), el uso previo de antibiótico (p < 0,05), la presencia de bacteremia (p = 0,01), de comorbilidad (p < 0,05) y la presentación con focos sépticos múltiples (p < 0,01) fueron más frecuentes. La mortalidad global fue del 15 %. Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad fueron, entre otros, la presencia, de hipotensión al ingresar (p < 0,01), focos sépticos múltiples (p < 0,01), bacteremia (p < 0,01), leucopenia (p < 0,01), anemia grave (p < 0,01) y acidosis metabólica (p < 0,01). Conclusiones: Los factores pronósticos de gravedad fueron el uso previo de antibióticos, la bacteremia, la presencia de comorbilidad y la presentación con focos sépticos múltiples. La mortalidad fue significativa; los factores de riesgo asociados fueron la presencia, al ingresar, de hipotensión, focos sépticos múltiples, leucopenia, anemia grave y acidosis metabólica

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections in children and identify the prognostic factors of severity and mortality. Materials and methods: Observational study in patients < 16 years old hospitalized between 2010 and 2015 due to invasive S. aureus infections at the Instituto de Medicina Tropical, in Asunción, Paraguay. Patients were distributed based on whether or not they required admission to the intensive care unit, and clinical, laboratory, and evolutionary outcome measures were compared. Results: Out of the 107 included patients, 50 (47 %) developed bacteremia; 50 (47 %), pneumonia; and 21 (19 %), multifocal disease. Among the patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit (41 %), prior antibiotic use (p < 0.05), the presence of bacteremia (p = 0.01), the presence of comorbidities (p < 0.05), and multifocal disease (p < 0.01) were more frequent. The overall mortality rate was 15 %. The mortality-associated risk factors were the presence, at the time of admission, of hypotension (p < 0.01), multifocal disease (p < 0.01), bacteremia (p < 0.01), leukopenia (p < 0.01), severe anemia (p < 0.01), and metabolic acidosis (p < 0.01), among others. Conclusions: The prognostic factors of severity included prior antibiotic use, bacteremia, the presence of comorbidities, and presentation with multifocal disease. Mortality was significant; associated risk factors included the presence, at the time of admission, of hypotension, multifocal disease, leukopenia, severe anemia, and metabolic acidosis.

Antimicrobial resistance trends in methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates obtained from patients admitted to intensive care units. 2010-2015 / Tendencias de resistencia antimicrobiana en Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus epidermidis resistentes y susceptibles a meticilina aislados, obtenidos en unidades de cuidados intensivos, 2010-2015

Absctract Introduction: The emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant strains in hospitals, mainly in intensive care units (ICU), has become a serious public health problem. Objective: To analyze the temporal trends of bacterial resistance phenotypes of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates obtained from ICU patients of a tertiary hospital in Cartagena, Colombia, between 2010 and 2015. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between January 2010 and December 2015. Methicillin-resistant and Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and S. epidermidis isolates (MRSA, MSSA, MRSE and MSSE) were used. Culture medium microdilution technique was used to detect minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results: 313 Staphylococcus spp. isolates were identified, and most of them were methicillin-resistant (63.6%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) strains represented 13.7% and 27.8%, respectively, of the total sample. The highest antibiotic resistance values in MRSA and MRSE isolates were observed for the following antibiotics: erythromycin (57.6% and 81.2%, respectively), clindamycin (54.6% and 71.0%), ciprofloxacin (48.4% and 36.4%) and trimethoprim-sulfametoxazole (36.4% and 51.4%). Conclusions: The results reported here suggest the need to rethink the control strategies designed to minimize antibiotic resistance in the hospital in which the study was conducted.

Resumen Introducción. La aparición y la diseminación de cepas resistentes en hospitales, principalmente en unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCI), se han convertido en un serio problema de salud pública. Objetivo. Analizar la tendencia de los fenotipos de resistencia de Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus epidermidis resistentes y susceptibles a meticilina aislados en pacientes atendidos en UCI de un hospital de alta complejidad de Cartagena, Colombia, del 2010 al 2015. Materiales y métodos. Estudio analítico transversal realizado entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2015. Se utilizaron aislamientos de S. aureus y S. epidermidis meticilino-susceptibles y meticilino-resistentes (SARM, SASR, SERM y SESM). La técnica de susceptibilidad empleada fue el método microdilución en caldo para la detección de la concentración mínima inhibitoria. Resultados. Se identificaron 313 aislamientos de Staphylococcus spp., la mayoría resistentes a meticilina (63.6%). Las cepas SARM y SERM correspondieron al 13.7% y al 27.8% del total de aislamientos, respectivamente. Los mayores porcentajes de resistencia en SARM y SERM correspondieron a eritromicina (57.6% y 81.2%, respectivamente), clindamicina (54.6% y 71.0%), ciprofloxacina (48.4% y 36.4%) y trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (36.4% y 51.4%). Conclusión. Los resultados encontrados sugieren el replanteamiento de las estrategias de control de la resistencia antimicrobiana en el hospital objeto de estudio.

Piomiositis en niños: experiencia en un hospital pediátrico de referencia en Argentina / Pediatric pyomyositis: experience in a Pediatric Reference Center in Argentina

Resumen Introducción: La piomiositis es la infección del músculo esquelético, entidad poco frecuente en pediatría. Objetivo: Describir las características de 21 niños con piomiositis. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo-analítico de niños ingresados con diagnóstico de piomiositis entre mayo de 2016 y abril de 2017 en el Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Resultados: Tasa de hospitalización de 21,5/10.000 admisiones (IC 95% 4,65- 71,43). La mediana de edad fue de 5,4 años (rango 1,25-11,6). El 90,4% presentaba algún factor predisponente. La localización más frecuente fue en miembros inferiores. La proteína C reactiva (PCR) estuvo elevada en todos los pacientes, con una media de 124 mg/L (DS 96), siendo significativamente más elevada en los pacientes que tuvieron hemocultivos positivos 206 (DS 101) vs 98 (DS 81), (p = 0,02). Se obtuvo rescate microbiológico en 17 pacientes (80,9%): Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM) (n: 15) y Streptococcus pyogenes (n: 2). Se presentó con bacteriemia 23,8% de los pacientes. El 81% requirió drenaje quirúrgico. Conclusión: Staphylococcus aureus RM adquirido en la comunidad (SARMAC) es el patógeno predominante. En la selección del tratamiento empírico adecuado debería tenerse en cuenta: el patrón de resistencia local y el valor de PCR.

Background: Pyomyositis is the infection of skeletal muscle, a rare pathology in children. Aim To describe the characteristics of pyomyositis in pediatric patients. Methods: Prospective analytical study of hospitalized children diagnosed with pyomyositis from May 2016 to April 2017 at the Ricardo Gutiérrez Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Results: Twenty-one patients with pyomyositis were identified. Annual rate: 21.5/10,000 admissions (95% CI 4.65-71.43). The median age was 5.4 years (range 1.25-11.6). The lower limbs were the most affected site. C-reactive protein (CRP) was elevated in all patients, with a mean of 124 mg/L (SD 96), being significantly higher in patients with bacteremia: 206 (DS 101) vs 98 (DS 81), p = 0.02. Bacterial cultures were positive in 17/21 (80.9%): 15 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and 2 Streptococcus pyogenes. Blood cultures were positive in 5 (23.8%). Conclusion: MRSA-community acquired is the predominant pathogen in our setting. In the selection of the appropriate empirical treatment, the local resistance pattern and the CRP value should be taken into account.

Tropical pyomyositis: diabetes facilitating the onset of an uncommon disease / Piomiosite tropical: diabetes facilitando o aparecimento de uma doença incomum

INTRODUCTION: Tropical pyomyositis is an infectious disease that affects skeletal muscle and may appear as a diffuse inflammation or a rapidly progressive myonecrotic process. The predisposition of this disease in diabetics is already mentioned in several studies. The pathogenesis is possibly related to changes in neutrophils and the reversal of the immune response pattern that occurs in situations such as parasitic diseases. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common microorganism, accounting for 90% of cases of tropical pyomyositis. The diagnosis is sometimes late because patients usually do not seek care by the first symptoms, and because it is a rare disease and physicians are not very familiar with it. CASE REPORT: A 42-year-old male patient with diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and hypoalbuminemia developed tropical pyomyositis with multiple muscle abscesses in quadriceps, soleus and anterior tibial, triceps and biceps brachialis and pronator round, requiring prolonged antibiotic therapy and surgical drainage. CONCLUSION: Pyomyositis is a little known disease and if not diagnosed early can be fatal.

INTRODUÇÃO: A piomiosite tropical é uma doença infecciosa que afeta o músculo esquelético, aparecendo como uma inflamação difusa ou um processo mionecrótico rapidamente progressivo. A predisposição desta enfermidade em diabéticos já é referida em vários estudos. A patogênese possivelmente está relacionada a alterações nos neutrófilos e na inversão do padrão de resposta imune que acontece em situações como parasitoses. Staphylococcus aureus é o microorganismo mais comum, representando 90% dos casos de piomiosite tropical. O diagnóstico pode ser tardio porque os pacientes geralmente não buscam cuidados com os primeiros sintomas e, por ser uma doença rara, pode surpreender um médico ainda não familiarizado com esta entidade clínica. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino com 42 anos de idade com diabetes mellitus, hipotireoidismo, anemia, trombocitopenia e hipoalbuminemia que desenvolveu piomiosite tropical com múltiplos abscessos musculares em quadríceps, sóleo e tibial anterior, tríceps e bíceps braquial e pronador redondo, necessitando de antibioticoterapia prolongada e drenagem cirúrgica. CONCLUSÃO: A piomiosite não é uma doença bem conhecida e pode ser fatal se não for diagnosticada precocemente.

Evaluation of Challenges in Diagnosis of Spontaneous Subacute Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis in Immunocompetent Patients: Experiences from a Tertiary Care Center

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective clinical study. PURPOSE: We evaluated the challenges faced during diagnosis and management of patients with subacute pyogenic discitis and discussed various clues in clinical history, radiologic and hematologic parameters of these patients that helped in establishing their diagnosis. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Present literature available shows that in patients with subacute spondylodiscitis and infection with less virulent organisms, the clinical picture often is confusing and the initial radiologic and hematologic studies do not contribute much toward establishing the diagnosis. METHODS: Demographic pattern, predisposing factors, clinical presentation, comorbidities, microbiology, treatment, neurologic recovery, and complications of 11 patients were prospectively reviewed regarding their contribution toward the conformation of diagnosis of subacute pyogenic discitis. RESULTS: Mean age at presentation was 46.0 years with average preoperative Oswestry Disability Index and Visual Analog Scale scores of 83.4 and 7.18, respectively. Mean follow-up duration was 12.0 months. The most common site of infection was the lumbar spine, followed by the thoracic spine (n=1). Infective organisms were isolated in only 45% of cases. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common causative organism isolated. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosing subacute spondylodiscitis in a patient presenting with subacute low backache poses a diagnostic challenge. Clinical and radiologic picture are deceiving, and bacteriologic results often are negative, further complicating the picture. A detailed medical history along with clinical, radiologic, and biochemical parameters prevents missing the diagnosis. Serial serum C-reactive protein and alkaline phosphatases were more reliable blood parameters in cases of subacute presentation.

Infecciones de piel y partes blandas tratadas en forma ambulatoria en un hospital pediátrico en Uruguay luego de diez años de la epidemia de SAMR / Outpatient skin and soft tissue infections treated in a pediatric hospital in Uruguay after 10 years of MRSA epidemic / Infecções cutâneas e de partes moles com tratamento ambulatorial num hospital pediátrico do Uruguai depois de 10 anos da epidemia SAMR

Resumen: En el año 2001, Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente (SAMR) adquirido en la comunidad emergió en Uruguay. Los gérmenes identificados en infecciones de piel y partes blandas variaron, alcanzando 60% el SAMR adquirido en la comunidad. Trabajos nacionales recientes muestran un cambio en las infecciones en niños hospitalizados. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de SAMR y su sensibilidad a los antibióticos en niños con tratamiento ambulatorio. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, prospectivo. Inclusión: todos los niños que consultaron en un Departamento de Emergencia Pediátrico por lesiones de piel y partes blandas con tratamiento ambulatorio y aislamiento de germen. Se realizó seguimiento telefónico a las 72 horas. Período: 10 de diciembre de 2015 al 31 de marzo de 2016. Resultados: se incluyeron 194 consultas por infecciones de piel y partes blandas en las que se indicaron tratamiento ambulatorio y se identificó agente etiológico. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue impétigo 181/194 (93%). Etiología: SA 152 (SA meticilino sensible [SAMS] 151, SAMR 1), EBHGA 3, EBHGB 3, coinfecciones 32 (16%), otros 4. Las 32 coinfecciones fueron SAMS con otro agente. Tratamiento antibiótico utilizado: tópico más oral 99, tópico 54, oral 21, sin antibiótico 20. Se logró seguimiento telefónico en 166 pacientes (86%). Presentaron buena evolución 165, reconsultaron cinco niños, ninguno fue hospitalizado. Conclusiones: SA solo o asociado sigue siendo el principal agente en infecciones de piel y partes blandas que reciben tratamiento ambulatorio en la población estudiada. SAMR fue el responsable del 47% de las infecciones estafilocóccicas de tratamiento ambulatorias en estudio previo. En esta serie, SAMR representa el 0,6% (p <0,05). El descenso de las infecciones producidas por SAMR coincide con los hallazgos en los pacientes hospitalizados realizado en el mismo hospital. La vigilancia periódica permite reevaluar las recomendaciones de tratamiento empírico inicial y modificarlas si fuera necesario.

Summary: There was an outbreak of community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Uruguay in 2001. The identified germs found in skin and soft tissue infections (S and ST) varied, and reached 60%. Recent studies in Uruguay have shown changes in the types of infections acquired by hospitalized children. Objective: to determine MRSA prevalence and susceptibility to antibiotics in outpatient children . Methodology: a descriptive prospective study. Target: outpatient children consulting at ER for S and ST lesions who received germ isolation. Telephone follow-up after 72 hours. Time period : from December 10th 2015 to March 31st, 2016. Results: S and ST appointments: 797 (7 % of the total). Ambulatory visits: 691. Outpatients with identified etiologic agent: 194. Females: 102, mean and median age: 4 years of age. More frequent diagnosis: impetigo 181/194 (93%) Etiology: SA 152(MSSA 151, MRSA 1), beta hemolytic streptococci: BHGA 3, BHGB 3, coinfections 32 (16%), others 4. 32 of coinfections were MSSA plus another agent. Treatment with antibiotics: 99 received topical plus oral treatment, 54 received topical treatment, 21 received oral treatment, 20 received treatment that did not include antibiotics . Follow-up: 166 patients (86%). Good evolution: 165, repeated appointments: 5, hospitalized: none. Conclusions: Single SA or associated SA continues to be the main agent of S and ST infections that receive outpatient treatment. MRSA was responsible for 47% of ambulatory staphylococcal infections in the previous study. MRSA represents 0.6 (p¼0.05) in this series. Continuous surveillance has enabled us to reassess the initial empirical epidemiological treatment and to change it if necessary.

Resumo: Em 2001, o Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA) adquirido na comunidade surgiu no Uruguai. Os germes identificados nas infecções da pele e tecidos moles (P e PB) variaram, chegando a 60% do MRSA adquirido na comunidade. Estudos nacionais recentes mostram uma mudança nas infecções nas crianças hospitalizadas. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de MRSA e sua sensibilidade aos antibióticos em crianças com tratamento ambulatorial. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, prospectivo. Amostra: todas as crianças que consultaram a um Serviço de Emergência Pediátrica por lesões de P e PB com tratamento ambulatorial e isolamento de germes. Se realizou seguimento telefónico às 72 horas. Período: do 10 de dezembro de 2015 a 31 de março de 2016. Resultados: foram incluídas 194 consultas por infecções por P e PB, nas quais indicou-se tratamento ambulatorial e identificou-se agente etiológico. O diagnóstico mais frequente foi o impetigo 181/194 (93%). Etiologia: SA 152 (SAMS 151, SAMR 1), EBHGA 3, EBHGB 3, coinfecções 32 (16%), outras 4. As 32 coinfecções foram SAMS com outro agente. Tratamento antibiótico utilizado: oral tópico 99, tópico 54, oral 21, sem antibiótico 20. Se realizou seguimento telefónico para o caso de 166 pacientes (86%). Apresentaram boa evolução 165, reconsultaram 5 crianças, nenhuma foi internada. Conclusões: a infecção por SA isoladamente ou associada permanece como o principal agente nas infecções por P e PB que recebem tratamento ambulatorial na população estudada. O MRSA foi responsável por 47% das infecções estafilocócicas do tratamento ambulatorial num estudo anterior. Nesta série, o MRSA representa 0,6% (p <0,05). A diminuição das infecções produzidas por MRSA coincide com os dados achados em pacientes hospitalizados no mesmo hospital. A vigilância periódica torna possível reavaliar as recomendações empíricas iniciais de tratamento e modificá-las, se for necessário.

Resistencia antimicrobiana en staphylococcus aureus y staphylococcus epidermidis: tendencia temporal (2010-2016) y fenotipos de multirresistencia, Cartagena (Colombia) / Antimicrobial resistance in staphylococcus aureus and staphylococcus epidermidis: temporal tendencies (2010-2016) and multi-drug resistance phenotypes, Cartagena (Colombia)

RESUMEN Introducción: Las especies de Staphylococcus spp. son patógenos oportunistas que causan enfermedades como osteomielitis y bacteriemias. Estas bacterias pueden adquirir resistencia a antibióticos, lo que hace que se conviertan en un problema de salud pública debido a la restricción de opciones terapéuticas. Objetivo: Evaluar la tendencia de los perfiles de resistencia antimicrobiana de S. aureus y S. epidermidis aislados en un hospital de Cartagena entre 2010 y 2016. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. El método de microdilución en caldo fue usado para la determinación de la concentración mínima inhibitoria de 12 agentes antimicrobianos. Se estudió el comportamiento de la resistencia antimicrobiana de acuerdo a la especie Staphylococcus, el sitio de infección y el período de tiempo. Resultados: Se aislaron 1218 cocos grampositivos, de los cuales 42,7 % fueron S. aureus y 18,9 % S. epidermidis. El 47,5 % de S. aureus fueron resistentes a meticilina y se encontraron principalmente en secreciones (43,3 %); mientras que el 68,7 % de S. epidermidis fueron meticilino resistentes y aislados principalmente en sangre (76,9 %). Conclusión: Se identificaron aislamientos clínicos de S. aureus y S. epidermidis con perfil de multirresistencia. Se observo un comportamiento constante en sus perfiles de resistencia durante el período de estudio, excepto en los dos últimos años en los que se identificó una reducción significativa de la meticilino resistencia en S. epidermidis.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Staphylococcus spp. are opportunistic pathogens that cause diseases like osteomyelitis and bacteremia. These bacteria can acquire resistance to antibiotics being a public health problem due to the restriction of therapeutic options. Objective: To evaluate the tendency of antimicrobial resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated in a hospital in CartagenaColombia between 2010 and 2016. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration of 12 antimicrobial agents. The behavior of antimicrobial resistance was studied according to the Staphylococcus species, the site of infection and the time period. Results: A total of 1218 Gram-positive cocci were isolated of which 42.7% were S. aureus, and 18.9% belonged to S. epidermidis. Of the isolates of S. aureus, 47.5% were resistant to methicillin and were found mainly in secretions (43.3%). In the case of S. epidermidis, 68.7% were resistant to methicillin and were found mainly in the blood (76.9%). Conclusion: Clinical isolates of S. aureus and S. epidermidis with a multi-resistance profile was identified. A constant behavior in their resistance profiles was detected during the study period except in the last two years in which a significant reduction of methicillin resistance in S. epidermidis was recognized.

Staphylococcus sciuri, una causa infrecuente de sepsis materna / Staphylococcus sciuri, a rare cause of maternal sepsis

RESUMEN El Staphylococcus sciuri es un estafilococo coagulasa negativo presente en animales de granja que en raras ocasiones se puede encontrar como microorganismo colonizador en humanos. Su importancia radica en que se ha asociado con infecciones graves como la endocarditis, peritonitis e infección del tracto urinario; constituyendo el 0,79% del número total de estafilococos coagulasa negativos aislados en muestras clínicas. Presentamos el caso de una primigesta de 22 años, con un embarazo de 17,5 semanas. La exploración física inicial evidenció taquicardia y temperatura de 39.3 ° C. Los estudios de laboratorio informaron leucocitos de 25,000, neutrófilos de 83%, plaquetas en 350,000, uroanálisis con marcada piuria, con más de 500 células/uL, nitritos negativos; tinción de Gram de orina con cocos Gram positivos. Después de tres días de tratamiento con Ceftriaxona un gramo cada doce horas intravenosamente, se obtienen informes positivos para S.sciuri multiresistente. Finalmente, se inició manejo con Clindamicina 600 mg cada seis horas intravenosamente, más Gentamicina a dosis de 1 mg/kg cada ocho horas intravenosamente. S.sciuri es una bacteria que se ha encontrado en el ambiente hospitalario y ocasionalmente es aislada en humanos, produciendo infecciones graves. Países como Colombia continúan tratando las infecciones sin tener en cuenta su propio entorno, en el cual los patógenos silvestres son causa frecuente de infecciones, debido al estrecho rango de coexistencia entre animales y humanos en las regiones rurales. Conclusión. Este caso pone de manifiesto la necesidad de considerar como agenta causal aquellos patógenos presentes en animales de granja que pueden causar infecciones en humanos, sobretodo en pacientes que proceden de las áreas lejanas a los centros urbanos.

SUMMARY Staphylococcus sciuri is a negative coagulase staphylococcus present in farm animals that can rarely be found as a colonizing microorganism in humans. Its importance is that it has been associated with serious infections such as endocarditis, peritonitis and urinary tract infection; constituting 0.79% of the total number of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated in clinical samples. We present the case of a woman in her first pregnancy of 22 years, with a pregnancy of 17.5 weeks. The initial physical examination showed tachycardia and temperature of 39.3 ° C. Laboratory studies reported leukocytes of 25,000, neutrophils of 83%, platelets in 350,000, urinalysis with marked pyuria, with more than 500 cells / uL, negative nitrites; Gram stain of urine with Gram positive cocci. After three days of treatment with Ceftriaxone one gram every twelve hours intravenously, positive reports for multiresistant S. sciuri are obtained. Finally, management was started with Clindamycin 600 mg every six hours intravenously and Gentamicin at a dose of 1 mg / kg every eight hours intravenously. S.sciuri is a bacterium that has been found in the hospital environment and is occasionally isolated in humans, causing serious infections. Countries such as Colombia continue to treat infections without taking into account their own environment, in which wild pathogens are a frequent cause of infections, due to the narrow range of coexistence between animals and humans in rural regions. Conclusion. This case highlights the need to consider as a causal agent those pathogens present in animals that can cause infections in humans, especially in patients who come from areas far away from urban centers.

Infecciones por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente adquirido en la comunidad: hospitalización y riesgo de letalidad en 10 centros pediátricos de Argentina / Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: hospitalization and case fatality risk in 10 pediatric facilities in Argentina

Introducción. Las infecciones por Staphylococcus aureusmeticilino resistente adquirido en la comunidad (SAMR-C) son prevalentes en Argentina y el mundo; pueden tener evolución grave. Objetivos: Estimar tasa de hospitalización y factores de riesgo de letalidad de la infección por SAMR-C. Métodos. Estudio analítico transversal. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes < 15 años con infección por Staphylococcus aureusadquirido en la comunidad (SA-C) hospitalizados en 10 centros pediátricos, entre enero/2012-diciembre/2014. Resultados. Del total de 1141 pacientes con infección por SA-C, 904 (79,2%) fueron SAMR-C. La tasa de hospitalización de casos de SAMR-C (por 10 000 egresos) en < 5 años fue 27,6 en 2012, 35,2 en 2013 y 42,7 en 2014 (p= 0,0002). El grupo de 2-4 años fue el más afectado: 32,2, 49,4 y 54,4, respectivamente (p= 0,0057). Las presentaciones clínicas fueron infección de piel y partes blandas (IPPB): 66,2%; neumonía:11,5%; sepsis/bacteriemia: 8,5%; osteomielitis: 5,5%; artritis: 5,2%; absceso de psoas: 1,0%; pericarditis/endocarditis: 0,8%; meningitis: 0,6%; otras: 0,7%. La resistencia antibiótica fue, para eritromicina, 11,1%; clindamicina, 11,0%; gentamicina, 8,4%; trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol: 0,6%. Todas las cepas fueron sensibles a vancomicina. La letalidad fue 2,2% y los factores de riesgo asociados fueron --#91;OR (IC 95%)--#93; edad > 8 años (2,78; 1,05-7,37), neumonía (6,37; 2,37-17,09), meningitis (19,53; 2,40-127,87) y sepsis/bacteriemia (39,65; 11,94-145,55). Conclusiones. La tasa de infección por SAMR-C fue alta; la tasa de hospitalización aumentó en 2013-14; el grupo de 2-4 años fue el más afectado. Presentaron mayor riesgo de letalidad los > 8 años y las clínicas de neumonía, meningitis y sepsis.

Introduction. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections are prevalent both in Argentina and worldwide, and they may have a severe clinical course. Objectives: To estimate the hospitalization rate and case fatality risk factors of CA-MRSA infection. Methods. Cross-sectional, analytical study. All patients < 15 years old with community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus (CA-SA) infections admitted to 10 pediatric facilities between January 2012 and December 2014 were included. Results. Out of 1141 patients with CA-SA, 904 (79.2%) had CA-MRSA. The rate of hospitalization of CA-MRSA cases (per 10 000 discharges) among patients < 5 years old was 27.6 in 2012, 35.2 in 2013, and 42.7 in 2014 (p = 0.0002). The 2-4-year-old group was the most affected one: 32.2, 49.4, and 54.4, respectively (p = 0.0057). The clinical presentations included skin and soft tissue infections: 66.2%, pneumonia: 11.5%, sepsis/bacteremia: 8.5%, osteomyelitis: 5.5%, arthritis: 5.2%, psoas abscess: 1.0%, pericarditis/endocarditis: 0.8%, meningitis: 0.6%, and other: 0.7%. In terms of antibiotic resistance, 11.1% had resistance to erythromycin; 8.4%, to gentamicin; and 0.6%, to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All strains were susceptible to vancomycin. The case fatality rate was 2.2% and associated risk factors were (odds ratio --#91;95% confidence interval--#93;) age > 8 years (2.78, 1.05-7.37), pneumonia (6.37, 2.3717.09), meningitis (19.53, 2.40-127.87), and sepsis/bacteremia (39.65, 11.94-145.55). Conclusions. The rate of CA-MRSA infection was high; the rate of hospitalization increased in the 2013-2014 period; the 2-4-year-old group was the most affected one. A higher case fatality risk was observed among patients > 8 years old and those with the clinical presentations of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.

Caracterización fenotípica de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus productoras de ß-lactamasas y resistente a la meticilina / Phenotypic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus strains that produce ß-lactamases and are resistant to methicillin / Caracterização fenotípica de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus pro-dutoras de ß-lactamases e resistentes à meticilina

Introducción.Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SARM) es una bacteria Gram positiva que hace parte de la microbiota normal y es causa importante de infecciones de origen hospitalario o adquiridas en la comunidad.Objetivo. Caracterizar fenotípicamente los aislamientos de cepas de S. aureus productoras de ß-lacta-masas y resistentes a la meticilina (SARM), aisladas en infecciones asociadas con la atención en salud en un centro hospitalario de tercer nivel.Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal, que incluyó 141 cepas aisladas de 1.761 muestras clínicas que presentaban crecimiento bacteriano, en una insti-tución de salud de II nivel de complejidad de Duitama (Boyacá). En la identificación bacteriana y en las pruebas de sensibilidad, se utilizó el método automatizado Phoenix 100™ Becton Dickinson (BD). Los fenotipos de resistencia por ß-lactamasas y a la meticilina se confirmaron siguiendo la metodología del Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute del 2017.Resultados. De 1.761 muestras clínicas que presentaron crecimiento bacteriano, se obtuvieron 141 cepas de S. aureus, de las cuales 40 presentaron el fenotipo de resistencia por betalactamasas y 19 fueron resistentes a meticilina. Conclusión. Se revela una importante prevalencia de fenotipos de resistencia circulantes en Duitama (Boyacá), con mayor prevalencia de producción de betalactamasas y menor prevalencia del fenotipo resistente a meticilina (SARM). Esto corrobora que a nivel regional y en el municipio de Duitama, S. aureus es una importante causa de infección y constituye un problema de salud pública, el cual debe continuar siendo objeto de futuras investigaciones.

Introduction: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a Gram positive bacteria that is part of the normal flora and a major cause of infections related to medical care and associated with the community.Objective: To characterize phenotypically the resistance of S. aureus with ß-lactamases resistance and methicillin-resistant strains isolated in infections associated with health care in a tertiary hospital center.Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out by analy-sis of 141 S. aureus isolates obtained from a III level health institution of Duitama (Boyacá). Bacterial identification and sensitivity tests were determined by the automated method Phoenix 100™ Becton Dickinson (BD). The phenotypes of resistance to ß-lactamases or methicillin were confirmed following the 2017methodology of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Results: One hundred and forty-one S. aureus cultures were collected, of these 40 strains were de-termined with the resistance phenotype type ß-lactamases extended spectrum and 19 resistant to methicillin (MRSA). Conclusions: High prevalence of circulating resistance phenotypes is revealed in Duitama, with a higher prevalence of ß-lactamases and a lower prevalence of the methicillin-resistant S. aureus phe-notype (MRSA), that in the region and in the municipality Duitama is an important cause of infection and constitutes a public health problem, which should continue to be the subject of future research.

Introdução. Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA) é uma bactéria Gram-positiva que faz parte da microbiota normal e é uma causa importante de infecções de origem hospitalar ou ad-quiridas na comunidade.Objetivo. Caracterizar fenotipicamente isolados de cepas de S. aureus produtoras de ß-lactamases e resistentes à meticilina (MRSA), isolados em infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde em um centro hospitalar de terceiro nível.Materiais e métodos. Foi realizado um estudo observacional, descritivo e transversal, que incluiu 141 cepas isoladas de 1.761 amostras clínicas que evidenciaram crescimento bacteriano, em uma ins-tituição de saúde do nível II de complexidade de Duitama (Boyacá). Na identificação bacteriana e nos testes de sensibilidade, foi utilizado o método automatizado Phoenix 100 ™ Becton Dickinson (BD). Os fenótipos de resistência para ß-lactamases e meticilina foram confirmados seguindo a metodologia do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute de 2017.Resultados. Das 1.761 amostras clínicas que apresentaram crescimento bacteriano, foram obtidas 141 cepas de S. aureus, das quais 40 tiveram o fenótipo de resistência às beta-lactamases e 19 resis-tiram à meticilina.Conclusão. Foi revelada uma importante prevalência de fenótipos de resistência circulante em Duitama (Boyacá), com maior prevalência de produção de beta-lactamases e menor prevalência do fenótipo resistente à meticilina (MRSA). Isso corrobora que, ao nível regional e no município de Duitama, S. aureus é uma importante causa de infecção e constitui um problema de saúde pública, que deve con-tinuar sendo objeto de pesquisas futuras.