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Introducción: La acuicultura de equinodermos en América Latina es incipiente, pero representa una nueva frontera para la producción de alimentos marinos altamente nutritivos, con especies nativas de alto valor comercial que ofrecen un gran potencial en comparación con las debilitadas pesquerías bentónicas artesanales. Metodología: Se revisó la literatura sobre pepinos de mar, erizos de mar y estrellas de mar hasta el año 2020. Resultados: Para el 2020, había 17 especies nativas con importantes avances en reproducción, larvicultura, crecimiento, tratamiento e identificación de enfermedades y nutrición en México, Belice, Panamá, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Brasil, Chile y Argentina. Conclusiones: La acuicultura de equinodermos en América Latina está avanzando y se beneficiaría de los sistemas multitróficos para expandirse y diversificarse, reduciendo la presión sobre las pesquerías agotadas.
Introduction: Echinoderm aquaculture in Latin America is incipient, but it represents a new frontier for the highly nutritious marine food production, with native species of high commercial value offering a vast potential when compared to the weakened artisanal benthic fisheries. Methodology: We reviewed the literature on sea cucumbers, sea urchins, and starfish up to the year 2020. Results: By 2020, there were 17 native species with important advances in reproduction, larviculture, growth, treatment and identification of diseases, and nutrition, in Mexico, Belize, Panamá, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Chile and Argentina. Conclusions: Echinoderm aquaculture in Latin America is advancing and would benefit from multitrophic systems to expand and diversify, reducing the pressure on depleted fisheries.
Subject(s)
Animals , Aquaculture/trends , Echinodermata/growth & development , Ecuador , Products Commerce , Latin AmericaABSTRACT
Introducción: Es poco lo que se conoce sobre aspectos biológicos y poblacionales de Acanthaster planci en México. Su tamaño se ha relacionado con la cantidad de alimento que consume, por lo que es relevante conocer esta variable. Objetivo: Describir la variabilidad en el diámetro del disco de la especie y de su alimentación en cuatro sitios al sur del Golfo de California. Métodos: De febrero 2008 a marzo 2009 se visitaron mensualmente los sitios. Se registró el diámetro del disco de un total de 389 individuos observados. El diámetro del disco se midió con una cinta métrica flexible colocada de lado a lado, en el borde donde comienzan los brazos. Para facilitar la descripción, el diámetro del disco se clasificó en tres grupos: pequeños ( 26 cm). Del total, 298 organismos se encontraron alimentándose. Se clasificaron los tipos de organismos consumidos en corales duros, otros invertebrados y algas. Para calcular la probabilidad de que individuos del mismo tamaño se alimenten de diferente variedad de organismos, se aplicó el índice de Diversidad de Simpson. Con el fin de detectar diferencias del diámetro del disco entre los meses de estudio y los sitios de muestreo, se aplicó un análisis permutacional de varianza. Resultados: Acanthaster planci tuvo un promedio de diámetro del disco de 18.23 ± 0.21 cm, con un mínimo de 7 cm y un máximo de 36 cm. La estructura de tallas fue unimodal y se caracterizó por la predominancia de individuos medianos, seguida por los pequeños y en baja proporción por los grandes. El diámetro del disco fue estadísticamente más grande en febrero y más pequeño en los últimos meses del año. En San Rafaelito se encontraron los ejemplares más grandes y en Ensenada de Muertos los más pequeños. Los individuos de tamaño mediano fueron más frecuentes a lo largo del año y en todos los sitios. Los individuos pequeños se alimentaron significativamente más de Porites panamensis, seguido de algas coralinas y tapetes. Los más grandes tuvieron los valores de diversidad más bajos, más del 90 % de los individuos en este grupo se alimentaron de Pocillopora spp. y algunos de macroalgas. Los medianos presentaron los valores más altos de diversidad y consumieron todos los tipos de alimento encontrados, sin embargo, como era de esperarse, muchos fueron selectivos hacia Pocillopora spp. Conclusiones: Acanthaster planci se considera un individuo de tamaño mediano en el área de estudio. Se detectó una evidente relación entre el diámetro del disco y la diversidad del tipo de alimento. Los tres grupos de tallas fueron positivamente selectivos hacia corales duros; los más pequeños se alimentaron preferentemente de Porites panamensis y en conjunto con los grandes, presentaron valores bajos de diversidad en el tipo de alimento, mientras que los medianos fueron los que consumieron una mayor diversidad de presas.
Introduction: Little is known about the biology and population dynamics of Acanthaster planci in Mexico. Its size is considered relevant because it is related to consumption rate. Objective: To describe the variability of the disk diameter and food type of the species in four sampling sites in the southern Gulf of California. Methods: Each site was visited on a monthly basis from February 2008 to March 2009. Disk diameter was registered from a total of 389 observed specimens. Measurements included only the main disk from side to side where the arms begin. A flexible tape was used to measure disk diameter. Three size groups were created for easier explanations: small ( 26 cm). From the total, only 298 asteroids were feeding. Preyed organisms were classified in hard corals, other invertebrates, and algae. The Simpson's Diversity Index was used to calculate the probability that any specimen would be feeding on different types of organisms. A permutational analysis of variance was used to detect differences of disk diameter amongst months and study sites. Results: This population of Acanthaster planci had an average disk diameter = 18.23 ± 0.21 cm, with a minimum of 7 cm and maximum of 36 cm. Size structure was unimodal and largely dominated by medium sized specimens, followed by small ones. The larger were less frequent. Disk diameter was statistically higher in February and lower in the last months of the year. San Rafaelito was the site with the largest and Ensenada de Muertos with the smallest organisms. Medium sized individuals were dominant throughout the year and sampling sites. The small sized fed significantly more on Porites panamensis and coralline algae and turf. Larger specimens had the lowest diversity values, more than 90 % of this size group fed on Pocillopora spp. and very few on macroalgae. Medium sized specimens showed the highest diversity, feeding on all the food types, although as expected, many of them were selective to Pocillopora spp. Conclusions: Acanthaster planci can be considered a medium sized species in the study area. There is an evident food selectivity regarding disk diameter size. The three size groups were positively selective to hard corals, but only the small favored Porites panamensis; and together with large individuals, they had the lowest diversity on food types, whereas medium sized asteroids fed on a high diversity of prey.
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Presence of different bacterial pathogens in the urinary tract results in the occurrence of infectious diseases among the human beings. The emerging multi drug resistance capacities of pathogens are the major constrain in the treatment of bacterial diseases. Researchers are trying to develop new antimicrobial agents from natural resources including marine organisms to combat the issue. This research work has carried out to investigate the anti-bacterial activity of sea star Pentaceraster mammillatus against ten common UTI pathogens. Four different polar solvents viz; methanol, acetonitrile, dichloromethane and ethanol were used for the experiment. At the lowest concentration (250µg/ml), none of the above said extracts has showed any inhibitory effects in the pathogens; however the concentrations such as 500 and 1000µg/ml of extracts inhibited the bacterial growth. Acetonitrile and dichloromethane showed higher inhibitory effects on gram positive bacterial strains Mycoplasma genetalium (4.3 ± 0.23 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (4.1 ± 0.21 mm) respectively. Ethanolic extract showed some good inhibitory effects on M. genetalium (3.5 ± 0.14 mm) and the methanolic extract demonstrated relatively lower inhibition.
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Aim To investigate the effects of starfish saponins(Sfs) on insulin signaling pathway in orotic acid-induced NAFLD rats.Methods 1% orotic acid was used to establish NAFLD model in male Wistar rats for six weeks.The NAFLD rats were randomly divided into two groups(eight rats in each group) and then fed with the corresponding diets: Model group(1% orotic acid)and Sfs group(1% orotic acid containing 0.04% starfish saponins).After starfish saponins feeding for 8 weeks, hepatic lipids content, liver function indices and relevant protein expression in muscle insulin signaling pathway were measured.Results Compared with model group, starfish saponins reduced hepatic lipids content and improved liver functions.In addition, it effectively ameliorated insulin resistance by improving insulin signaling pathway and improved glucose uptake in muscle.Conclusion The amelioration effect of starfish saponins on impaired insulin signaling pathway in muscle is observed in orotic acid-induced NAFLD rats.
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BACKGROUND: In the present study, we examined the inhibitory effects of a methanolic extract, dichloromethane fraction, water layer, and polyhydroxylated sterols (1-4) isolated from the Vietnamese starfish Protoreaster nodosus on pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-12 p40, IL-6, and TNF-α) production in LPS-stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS: The methanolic extract and dichloromethane fraction exerted potent inhibitory effects on the production of all three pro-inflammatory cytokines, with IC50 values ranging from 0.60 ± 0.01 to 26.19 ± 0.64 µg/mL. Four highly pure steroid derivatives (1-4) were isolated from the dichloromethane fraction and water layer of P. nodosus. Potent inhibitory activities were also observed for (25S)5α-cholestane-3ß,4ß,6α,7α,8ß,15α,16ß,26-octol (3) on the production of IL-12 p40 and IL-6 (IC50s = 3.11 ± 0.08 and 1.35 ± 0.03 µM), and for (25S) 5α-cholestane-3ß,6α,8ß,15α,16ß,26-hexol (1) and (25S)5α-cholestane-3ß,6α,7α,8ß,15α,16ß,26-heptol (2) on the production of IL-12 p40 (IC50s = 0.01 ± 0.00 and and 1.02 ± 0.01 µM). Moreover, nodososide (4) exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on IL-12 p40 and IL-6 production. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of the anti-inflammatory activity from the starfish P. nodosus. The main finding of this study is the identification oxygenated steroid derivatives from P. nodosus with potent anti-inflammatory activities that may be developed as therapeutic agents for inflammatory diseases.
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Starfish/chemistry , Dendritic Cells/drug effects , Interleukin-6/pharmacology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology , Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/pharmacology , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/analysis , Steroids/administration & dosage , Vietnam , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Cell Survival/drug effects , Lipopolysaccharides , Interleukin-6/analysis , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis , Inhibitory Concentration 50 , Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/analysis , Primary Cell Culture , Mice, Inbred C57BLABSTRACT
Objective To search for starfishes with hopoglycemic activity and orientate the bioactive fractions .Methods Firstly, the crude extracts of four starfishes were subjected to oral glucose tolerance test on normal and diabetic mice .And then the in vitroα-glucosidase activity assay was introduced to confirm the bioactive fractions .Results The crude extract of Asterias rollestoni could lower the blood glucose of normal and diabetic mice after 0.5 h and 1 h.Furthermore, its n-BuOH fraction exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitoary activity .Conclusion The n-BuOH extract of Asterias rollestoni had a potent α-glucosidase inhibitoary activity .
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Background : The crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci is a venomous species from Taiwan whose venom provokes strong hemolytic activity. To understand the hemolytic properties of A. planci venom, samples were collected from A. planci spines in the Penghu Islands, dialyzed with distilled water, and lyophilized into A. planci spine venom (ASV) powder. Results : Both crude venom and ASV cause 50% hemolysis at a concentration of 20 μg/mL. The highest hemolytic activity of ASV was measured at pH 7.0-7.4; ASV-dependent hemolysis was sharply reduced when the pH was lower than 3 or greater than 8. There was almost no hemolytic activity when the Cu2+ concentration was increased to 10 mM. Furthermore, incubation at 100°C for 30 to 60 minutes sharply decreased the hemolytic activity of ASV. After treatment with the protease α-chymotrypsin, the glycoside hydrolase cellulase, and the membrane component cholesterin, the hemolytic activity of ASV was significantly inhibited. Conclusions : The results of this study provide fundamental information about A. planci spine venom. The hemolytic activity was affected by pH, temperature, metal ions, EDTA, cholesterin, proteases, and glycoside hydrolases. ASV hemolysis was inhibited by Cu2+, cholesterin, α-chymotrypsin, and cellulose, factors that might prevent the hemolytic activity of venom and provide the medical treatment for sting.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Peptide Hydrolases , Spine , Starfish , HemolysisABSTRACT
Background : The crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci is a venomous species from Taiwan whose venom provokes strong hemolytic activity. To understand the hemolytic properties of A. planci venom, samples were collected from A. planci spines in the Penghu Islands, dialyzed with distilled water, and lyophilized into A. planci spine venom (ASV) powder. Results : Both crude venom and ASV cause 50% hemolysis at a concentration of 20 g/mL. The highest hemolytic activity of ASV was measured at pH 7.0-7.4; ASV-dependent hemolysis was sharply reduced when the pH was lower than 3 or greater than 8. There was almost no hemolytic activity when the Cu2+ concentration was increased to 10 mM. Furthermore, incubation at 100°C for 30 to 60 minutes sharply decreased the hemolytic activity of ASV. After treatment with the protease -chymotrypsin, the glycoside hydrolase cellulase, and the membrane component cholesterin, the hemolytic activity of ASV was significantly inhibited. Conclusions : The results of this study provide fundamental information about A. planci spine venom. The hemolytic activity was affected by pH, temperature, metal ions, EDTA, cholesterin, proteases, and glycoside hydrolases. ASV hemolysis was inhibited by Cu2+, cholesterin, -chymotrypsin, and cellulose, factors that might prevent the hemolytic activity of venom and provide the medical treatment for sting.
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The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, is a major coral predator widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific region, where population outbreaks have caused dramatic impacts on coral reefs. In the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) A. planci occurs at low population densities; it has been significantly abundant only in Panama and Cocos Island. We have recently found two individuals of A. planci at Malpelo Island, a small oceanic island with significant coral communities located off the Colombian Pacific coast. The recent discovery of A. planci at Malpelo is significant in light of recent reports of its increased frequency of observation at Cocos Island and occurrence at the Galapagos Islands. The individuals found at Malpelo have been repeatedly sighted since 2004, actively feeding on nine species of coral. Although densities of A. planci are low at Malpelo and other oceanic islands of the TEP, these islands may act as stepping stones for the colonization of other coral reef areas in the region. However, the low densities of A. planci suggest that it currently poses no threat to coral reefs in the TEP. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (Suppl. 1): 139-143. Epub 2010 May 01.
La estrella de mar corona de espinas Acanthaster planci, es un importante depredador de coral ampliamente distribuido en la región del Indo-Pacifico, donde explosiones poblacionales han causado dramáticos impactos sobre los arrecifes coralinos. En el Pacifico Oriental Tropical (POT) A. planci ocurre con densidades poblacionales bajas; solamente en Panamá e Isla de Cocos su abundancia ha sido significativa. Nosotros encontramos recientemente al menos dos individuos de A. planci en la Isla de Malpelo, una pequeña isla oceánica con comunidades coralinas importantes localizada en el Pacífico Colombiano. El hallazgo de A. planci en Malpelo es significativo a la luz de reportes recientes de un incremento en su frecuencia de observación en Isla de Cocos y su registro en Galápagos. Los individuos encontrados en Malpelo han sido repetidamente observados alimentándose activamente de nueve especies de coral desde 2004. Aunque las densidades de A. planci son bajas en Malpelo y otras islas oceánicas del POT, éstas pueden actuar como trampolín de dispersión para la colonización de otras áreas arrecifales en la región. Sin embargo, las bajas densidades de A. planci sugieren que actualmente ella no representa amenaza alguna para los arrecifes del POT.
Subject(s)
Animals , Anthozoa , Coral Reefs , Starfish , Colombia , Pacific Ocean , Population DensityABSTRACT
The chemical constituents of starfish Asterias amurensis have been extensively studied in China. Some unique and new chemical constituents have been isolated from Asterias amurensis ; they included saponins, sulfated sterols, amyloses, steroids, amino acids, etc. Many of them have anti-bacterial activities and hemolysis effects. We reviewed the related literatures published home and abroad, hoping to provide more evidence for further development of Asterias amurensis.
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Whole-body extracts in methanol were obtained from the starfish Stellaster equestris. The crude toxin was fractionated stepwise using diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose column chromatography. The crude toxin was lethal to male albino mice at a dose of 1.00 mL (containing 531.0 µg/mL protein) when injected intraperitoneally (IP) but the toxicity was abolished in all cases except one upon fractionation. The crude toxin and all the adsorbed fractions exhibited potent hemolytic activity on chicken, goat and human blood. However, group B human erythrocytes were resistant to lysis by all fractions and group O by most of the fractions. Paw edema in mice was caused by the crude toxin and all fractions. Pheniramine maleate and piroxicam blocked the toxicity when administered earlier than, or along with, the crude or fractionated toxins but not when administered after the envenomation. Pretreatment with either of these drugs also blocked edema formation.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Starfish , Toxicity , EdemaABSTRACT
In this paper, a review and prospect to the progress in the studies on the chemical structures, pharmacological activities, methods of isolation and structural elucidation of as-terosaponins from starfish were reported.
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Marine Glycosphingolipids(GSLs) compounds mainly come from marine ogranisms of marine sponge and starfish. The advances of study on GSLs compounds in recent two decades were reviewed. The relationship between chemical structure and biological functions of GSLs compounds was also described.