Qualidade de vida e comportamentos durante a pandemia da COVID-19: Um estudo transversal / Quality of life and behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

Pesquisa transversal com objetivo de analisar a associação entre qualidade de vida e comportamentos desenvolvidos por indivíduos hipertensos durante o período de isolamento social, devido à pandemia da COVID-19. O estudo foi realizado através de ligações telefônicas e avaliou adultos cadastrados na atenção primária de saúde. A prática de atividade física foi avaliada pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física, sendo somadas a duração e a frequência das atividades e o tempo total sentado durante a semana e fim de semana. A qualidade de vida foi analisada através do Sistema Descritivo ­ EQ-5D, considerando o score utilidade e o estado geral de saúde. Presença de doenças e comportamentos durante o isolamento social, assim como aspecto emocional e ambiente para realização de atividades físicas foram analisados. Foram utilizados os testes t de Studant e ANOVA one way para comparação de grupos e ANCOVA para comparações entre os grupos ajustadas. A significância estatística foi pré-fixada em valores inferiores a 5%. Foram entrevistados 659 hipertensos, com idade entre 41 e 93 anos. Observou-se maior qualidade de vida naqueles que praticaram exercício físico (p = 0,015), que não relataram ter a saúde emocional afetada pela pandemia (p = 0,001) e que responderam ter ambiente favorável em casa para prática de atividade física, (p = 0,001). Em conclusão, a qualidade de vida associou-se aos comportamentos positivos dos participantes durante a pandemia, como a prática de atividade física, contudo é necessário que os órgãos públicos se atentem aos baixos níveis de atividade física da população provocados pela pandemia

Cross-sectional research with the objective of analyzing the association between quality of life and behaviors developed by hypertensive individuals during the period of social isolation, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was carried out through telephone calls and evaluated adults registered in primary health care. The practice of physical activity was assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, adding the duration and frequency of activities and the total time sitting during the week and weekend. Quality of life was analyzed using the Descriptive System ­ EQ-5D, considering the utility score and general health status. Presence of diseases and behaviors during social isolation, as well as the emotional aspect and environment for carrying out physical activities were analyzed. Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA were used for group comparisons and ANCOVA for adjusted between-group comparisons. Statistical significance was pre-set at values below 5%. 659 hypertensive adults aged between 41 and 93 years were interviewed. A better quality of life was observed in hypertensive individuals who practiced physical exercise (p = 0.015), who did not report having their emotional health affected by the pandemic (p = 0.001) and who responded that they had a favorable environment at home for the practice of physical activity, (p = 0.001). In conclusion, QoL was associated with the positive behaviors of the participants during the pandemic, such as the practice of physical activity, however, it is necessary for public agencies to pay attention to the low levels of PA in the population caused by the pandemic

Condiciones sociodemográficas y perfil de salud de los adultos mayores indígenas del departamento de Nariño / Sociodemographic Conditions and Health Profile in the Indigenous Elderly of the Department of Nariño / Condições sociodemográficas e perfil de saúde nos idosos indígenas do departamento de Nariño

Resumen Introducción: en América Latina, la etnicidad es un determinante crítico de pobreza, desigualdad y exclusion social; además, puede constituir una situación doble de vulnerabilidad, pues los grupos poblacionales minoritarios requieren atención diferencial. El presente estudio determina los factores sociodemográficos y el perfil de salud de un grupo de adultos mayores indígenas. Materialesy métodos: estudio analítico de tipo descriptivo transversal, con una muestra por conveniencia de 518 adultos mayores ambulatorios indígenas de la exprovincia de Obando, Nariño, Colombia. Mediante una encuesta personal, se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y de antecedentes médicos. La valoración nutricional se realizo con el Mini Nutritional Assessment; la evaluación cognitiva, con el Mini-Mental State Examination; los sintomas depresivos, con la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica de Yesavage; y la capacidad funcional con el índice de Barthel y la escala de Lawton y Brody. Finalmente, con respecto al análisis estadístico, se empleó el enfoque del análisis de clases latentes, con el objetivo de identificar subgrupos o clases, de acuerdo con los patrones de comorbilidad. Resultados: en cuanto a los datos sociodemográficos, el 44.6 % son de género femenino, el 40.2 % es analfabeta, el 63.5 % está casado, el 91.7 % reside en áreas rurales, y el 53.43 % no posee ingresos. En cuanto a los antecedentes médicos, el 47.7 % tiene artritis, seguido por el 23 %, que tiene cataratas. El 26 % presenta riesgo nutricional; un 65 %, sintomatología depresiva; el 54 %, deterioro cognitivo; y el 35 %, dependencia funcional. El análisis de clases latentes mostro predominio de comorbilidad en un 55 %. Conclusión: en la población de adultos mayores indígenas prevalecen condiciones sociodemográfi-cas y de salud precarias que tienen mayor incidencia que en otros grupos etáreos.

Abstract Introduction: In Latin America, ethnicity is a critical determinant of poverty, inequality, and social exclusion. This is a situation of double vulnerability, since it is a population group that requires differential attention. The present study determines the socio-demographic factors and health profile in a group of indigenous older adults. Materials and methods: The paper presents an analytical study of transversal descriptive type, with a convenience sample of 518 indigenous outpatients from the Exprovince of Obando Nariño, Colombia. Through a personal survey, sociodemographic and medical background data were collected, the nutritional assessment was performed with the Mininutritional scale, for the cognitive evaluation the Minimental questionnaire was used, as well as the Yesavage test for depressive symptoms. Finally, functional capacity was measured through Barthel's index and Lawton's and Brody's scale. Regarding the statistical analysis, the latent class analysis approach was used to identify subgroups or classes according to comorbidity patterns. Results: 46.7 % are female, 40.2 % are illiterate, 63.5 % are married, 91.7 % live in rural areas, and 53.43 % have no income. Arthritis occurs in 47.7 %, followed by Cataracts (23 %>), (26 %>) evidence nutritional risk, (65 %>) depressive symptomatology, (54 %>) cognitive impairment, and functional dependency presents (35 %>). The analysis of latent classes showed the predominance of comorbidity by 55 %>. Conclusion: Poor sociodemographic and health conditions prevail in the population of indigenous older adults with a highest incidence than in other age groups.

Resumo Introdução: na América Latina, a etnicidade é um determinante crítico de pobreza, desigualdade e exclusão social; paralelamente, se gera uma situação de dupla vulnerabilidade, pois trata-se de um grupo populacional que requere atenção diferencial. O presente estudo determina os fatores sociodemográficos e perfil de saúde em um grupo de idosos indígenas. Materiais e métodos: estudo analítico de tipo descritivo transversal, com uma amostra por conveniência de 518 idosos ambulatórios indígenas da antiga província de Obando, Nariño, na Colômbia. Mediante uma enquete pessoal recolhem-se dados sociodemográficos e de antecedentes médicos, a valoração nutricional se realiza com escala Mini Nutricional, para a avaliação cognitiva utiliza-se o questionário Mini Mental, o Teste Yesavage para sintomas depressivos. Finalmente, a capacidade funcional mede-se através do índice de Barthel e Escala de Lawton e Brody. Respeito à análise estatística se empregou o enfoque da análise de classes latentes para identificar subgrupos ou classes de acordo com os patrões de comorbidade. Resultados: o 44.6 % são de gênero feminino, um 40.2 % é analfabeta, são casados o 63.5 %, reside em área rural o 91.7 %, e o 53.43 % no possui ingressos. Se apresenta artrite em um 47.7 %, seguido de Cataratas (23 %), o 26 % evidencia risco nutricional, um 65 % evidencia sintomatologia depressiva, o 54 % deterioro cognitivo e dependência funcional apresenta um 35 %. A análise de classes latentes mostrou predomínio de comorbidade em um 55 %. Conclusão: na população de idosos indígenas prevalecem condições sociodemográficas e de saúde precárias de mais incidência que em outros grupos etários.

Relationship Between the Changes of Cardiovascular Health Indicator and Arteriosclerosis in Middle and Elder Population / 中国循环杂志

Objective: To investigate the changes of cardiovascular health indicator and arteriosclerosis in middle and elder population. Methods: A total of 4190 subjects with the average age of (49.78 ± 9.74) years by 3 physical examinations in Kailuan group from 2006 to 2011 were randomly stratiifed for arm ankle arterial pulse wave velocity (baPWV) examination. According to 7 AHA cardiovascular health indicators of non-smoking, normal BMI, active excise, healthy diet, normal cholesterol, blood pressure and fasting blood glucose, each indicator had 3 conditions as ideal, general and poor by scores of 2, 1 and 0 respectively. Based on the 1st and 3rd physical examinations, the changes of cardiovascular health scores (△CHS), the subjects were divided into 8 groups as△CHS≤-4,-3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2 and△CHS≥3, n=241, 368, 611, 855, 911, 647, 354 and 203 respectively. The impacts of△CHS on baPWV values were studied by liner and Logistic regression analyses. Results: As△CHS increased by △CHS ≤ -4, -3,-2,-1,0,1, 2 and△CHS ≥ 3, the baPWV values were decreased accordingly by cm/s as (1590.78 ± 17.93), (1566.4 ± 14.5), (1552.83 ± 11.25), (1536.59 ± 9.51), (1508.85 ± 9.21), (1499.81 ± 10.93), (1485.92 ± 14.82) and (1475.85 ± 19.57) respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that with adjusted confounding factors, as△CHS increasing 1 score, baPWV increasing 15.58 cm/s (B=15.58, P Conclusion: △CHS was negatively related to baPWV in middle and elder subjects, improving cardiovascular health indicator may decrease arteriosclerosis occurrence.

Salud bucal y nivel de información en los adultos mayores. Área Norte. Sancti Spíritus. 2011 / Buccal health and level of information in old people. North area. Sancti Spíritus. 2011

Fundamento: En el envejecimiento aumenta el riesgo de adquirir enfermedades e incapacidades, y con ello la necesidad de trazar metas para mejorar la salud del adulto mayor Objetivo: Determinar nivel de información sobre la salud bucal en los adultos mayores. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en una población constituida por 175 pacientes mayores de 60 años de ambos sexos que solicitaron atención estomatológica. Se describieron las variables: edad, sexo enfermedades bucales, factores de riesgo y nivel de información sobre salud bucodental. Resultados: Los entrevistados, en su mayoría, tenían entre 60 y 69 años, y predominaban ligeramente las mujeres, fue la caries dental la enfermedad bucal que más se diagnosticó, lo que coincide con el factor de riesgo biológico que más se encontró. La mayoría conocen las principales funciones de los dientes y dentro de las enfermedades bucales todos reconocen la caries dental, muy pocos reconocen la frecuencia en que debe ser el cepillado de dientes naturales y prótesis. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los entrevistados tienen un deficiente nivel de información en relación con la salud bucal.

Background: In the aging the risk of acquiring illnesses and inabilities increases and with it the necessity to trace goals to improve the health of the mature person Objective: to determine level of information about the buccal health in the mature persons. Methodology: It was carried out an observational, descriptive and traverse study in a population constituted by 175 patients older than 60 years old of both sexes that requested stomatological attention. The variables were described: age, sex buccal illnesses, factors of risk and level of information about buccaldental health. Results: The interviewers, in their majority, had between 60 and 69 years old, and prevailed lightly women; it was the dental cavity the buccal illness that was more diagnosed, what coincides with the factor of biological risk that was more found. Most knows the main functions of the teeth and inside the buccal illnesses all recognize the dental, very few recognize the frequency in which brushing of natural teeth and prosthesis should be done. Conclusions: Most of the interviewers have a faulty level of information in connection with the buccal health.

Investigation and Analysis of Physical and Mental Health of Nurses / 中国医科大学学报

Objective to investigate the situation of occupational health of nurses,so as to provide a reference for protecting the health of nurses. Methods Cluster sampling method was employed in this study. totally 1 204 nurses of two three-level general hospital and a cancer hospital in Bei-jing were randomly surveyed with homemade health of nurses′cross-sectional questionnaire,and a nurse medical examination report was access at the same time. Results there was statistically significant difference in the incidence of nurses work pressure and work fatigue in different hospitals and different departments(P < 0.05). 95.18% of the nurses undergo regular medical examinations,of which 56.97% were found abnormal. the dif-ferences in the incidence rate of abnormal medical examination results in nurses were statistically significant among different hospital and different de-partments(P < 0.05). Conclusion Great job stress and work fatigue are observed in nurses,and they have health problems. It is necessary for the hospital to take appropriate interventions to improve physical and mental health nurses.

Inequidades en mortalidad materna por departamentos en Colombia para los años (2000-2001), (2005-2006) y (2008-2009) / Inequality regarding maternal mortality in Colombian departments in 2000-2001, 2005-2006 and 2008-2009

Objetivo Describir las inequidades en mortalidad materna en Colombia para los años 2000-2001, 2005-2006 y 2008-2009. Métodos Estudio ecológico. Se estimaron las Razones de Mortalidad Materna (RMM) ajustadas por edad materna, para los Departamentos de Colombia, y para las causas de mortalidad materna. Se describen las principales causas de mortalidad para los periodos (2000-2001), (2005-2006) y (2008-2009). Se calculó el exceso de riesgo de muertes maternas en Colombia contra el mejor referente externo a través de la Fracción atribuible (FA). La FA se correlacionó con el indicador de necesidades básicas insatisfechas (NBI) por Departamentos Resultados Las RMM más altas en Colombia estuvieron entre 81 y 161, las más bajas entre 3 y 5. Las RMM más bajas en el mundo estuvieron entre 2 y 4 por 100.000 nacidos vivos para esos periodos. Las principales causas de mortalidad materna en Colombia fueron: hipertensión durante el embarazo, condiciones obstétricas no clasificadas, y complicaciones durante el parto. Se encontró un exceso de riesgo de mortalidad materna en Colombia en promedio del 86 %, cuando se comparó contra un referente externo. Se encontró una correlación entre la FA y el NBI. Conclusiones Existe una gran inequidad en la mortalidad materna dentro de Colombia y al comparar Colombia con los países desarrollados. Las inequidades en la mortalidad materna persisten a pesar de lo avanzado de la reforma del sistema de salud, lo que sugiere que ésta no ha sido efectiva en disminuir la mortalidad materna y sus inequidades.

Objective Describing inequality regarding maternal mortality in Colombia for 2000-2001, 2005-2006 and 2008-2009. Methods This was an ecological study. The maternal mortality rate (MMR) was estimated, adjusted for maternal age, Colombian department and causes of maternal mortality. The main causes of mortality were described for 2000-2001, 2005-2006 and 2008-2009. The excess of risk of maternal death in Colombia was calculated regarding the best external referent using the attributable fraction (AF). The AF was correlated with the indicator of unsatisfied basic needs (UBN) by department. Results The highest MMR in Colombia was between 81 and 161 per 100,000 live births and the lowest between 3 and 5; the lowest MMR in the world was between 2 and 4 per 100,000 live births for the same periods. The main causes of maternal mortality in Colombia were hypertension during pregnancy, unclassified obstetric conditions and complications when giving birth. An excess of risk of maternal mortality in Colombia was found (on average 86 %) when compared to an external referent. A correlation was found between AF and UBN. Conclusions Great inequality was found regarding maternal mortality in Colombia and when comparing Colombia to developed countries. Inequality regarding maternal mortality persists in spite of advances having been made regarding reform of the healthcare system, thereby suggesting that this has not been effective in reducing maternal mortality and its inequalities.

Associação entre o estado de saúde autorreferido de adultos e a área de localização do domicílio: uma análise de regressão logística ordinal usando a PNAD 2008 / Association between self-reported state of health among adults and the location of the home: ordinal logistic regression analysis using PNAD 2008

O ambiente urbano influencia a saúde e os comportamentos humanos, sendo necessário um melhor entendimento dos determinantes da saúde das populações que vivem nas cidades. A partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) 2008, usando modelos logísticos ordinais incorporando o plano amostral, o presente artigo avalia a associação entre a área de localização do domicílio (urbana e rural) e o estado de saúde autorreferido da população adulta brasileira, controlando para um conjunto de fatores individuais e do ambiente intradomiciliar e extradomiciliar. Os resultados indicam que ao controlar por fatores individuais e ambientais, a associação entre a área de localização do domicílio e o estado de saúde autorreferido dos adultos se modifica (passando de OR=1,51 para OR=0,96) e perde a sua significância estatística (p-valor=0,208). Entretanto, foram observadas interações estatisticamente significantes entre a área de localização do domicílio e as seguintes variáveis: sexo, cor/raça, morbidade autorreferida, posse de bens básicos e percentual de domicílios adequados quanto a qualidade de moradia.

The urban environment influences human health and behavior, and a clearer understanding of the health determinants of populations living in cities is needed. Using data from the National Household Sampling Survey (PNAD) 2008, with ordinal logistic models incorporating the sampling plan, this study assessed the association between the location of the home (urban or rural) and the self-reported state of health of the adult Brazilian population, taking into account a set of individual and environmental factors inside and outside the home. The results indicated that after allowing for individual and environmental factors, the association between the location of the home and the self-reported state of health is changing (going from OR = 1.51 to OR = 0.96) and losing its statistical significance (p-value = 0.208). However, statistically significant interactions were observed between the location of the home and the following variables: sex, color/race, self-reported morbidity, possession of basic goods and percentage of households with adequate living conditions.