Vibration sensation associated with motor function has specific frequency characteristics in community-dwelling older Japanese adults / 体力科学

Vibration sensation is related to motor function. However, it is unclear which vibration frequencies are associated with motor function. Therefore, in this cross-sectional study, we investigated whether a specific frequency of vibration sensation could explain motor functions. Thirty-two community-dwelling Japanese healthy older adults aged 70 years or older participated in the present study. Grip strength, one-leg standing time, and 10-m walking time were evaluated as indicators of motor function. Vibratory (40, 128, and 256 Hz) and tactile sensory tests were examined as sensory functions. Grip strength per body weight was significantly correlated with sex, body mass index, falls efficacy scale, vibration sensation with 40 and 128 Hz, and 10-m walking time (P < 0.05). Furthermore, one-leg standing time showed a correlation between vibration sensation (128 and 256 Hz) and fall history (P < 0.05). However, 10-m walking time was significantly correlated with only the grip strength to body weight ratio. Multiple regression analysis showed that vibration sensation with 128 Hz (β = 0.427) and sex (β = -0.335) (P < 0.05) were significant independent variables associated with grip strength to body weight ratio. Vibration sensation with 256 Hz (β = 0.465) and age (β = -0.343) (P < 0.05) were significant independent variable associated with one-leg standing time. No significant variables were identified for the 10-m walking time. Vibration sensation associated with motor function shows specific frequency characteristics in community-dwelling older Japanese adults.

Evaluation Method of Static Balance Ability Based on Human Pelvic Center Measurement / 中国医疗器械杂志

This study evaluates the static balance ability of human body based on lower limb rehabilitation robot.According to the balance parameters obtained from the movement trajectory of the center of human pelvis, SPSS statistical software was used to verify that there was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.01). Principal component analysis is used to allocate the weight of each parameter and establish the comprehensive evaluation value. The comprehensive evaluation value of the control group was 0.383±0.038, and the experimental group was 0.875±0.136. When the subject's comprehensive evaluation value is between 0.739 and 1.011, it indicates the presence of balance dysfunction, and when it is between 0.345~0.421, it indicates that the balance of the lower limbs of the subject is normal. Experimental results show that this evaluation method can objectively and quantitatively reflect the static equilibrium state of human body.

Static balance and limits of stability in patients with cervical vertigo / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To analyze the characteristics of static balance and limits of stability (LOS) in patients with cervical vertigo (CV). Methods From January, 2020 to August, 2021, 30 CV patients in our hospital (vertigo group) and 30 healthy people (control group) were selected and tested with PRO-KIN system, under the conditions of eyes open and closed. The standard deviation of the vertical and horizontal amplitude, the mean of vertical and horizontal sway velocities, the area of the movement, the length of the movement, and LOS at eight directions, The Romberg ratios of the area and the length were caculated. Results All the indicators of the static balance were higher under eyes closed than under eyes open in both groups (|Z| > 2.138, P < 0.05); whether under the eyes open or closed, the static balance indicators were higher in the vertigo group than in the control group (|Z| > 2.004, P < 0.05), except for the mean of horizontal sway velocities (|Z| < 1.026, P > 0.05). The LOS and total LOS completion percentage in the front (upper right, right above, upper left) were lower in the vertigo group than in the control group (|Z| > 2.240, P < 0.05). Conclusion The static balance abilities decrease for CV patients, and the balance control depends on visual compensation. The range of LOS reduces, means a higher risk of falling.

Relationship between physical activity level and balance in middle-aged and older women / Relação entre o nível de atividade física e equilíbrio em mulheres na meia-idade e idosas

Abstract Introduction: Physical exercise may improve motor skills, such as static standing balance. However, the association between physical activity level based on activities of daily living and static balance is unknown. Objective: To assess the association between the physical activity level and static balance in middle-aged and older women. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 589 community-dwelling women. Static balance was assessed using the single-leg stance test (SLST) with eyes open and closed. Physical activity level was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form and classified as high, moderate, or low. Kruskal-Wallis test compared balance performance between participants with different physical activity levels. Multiple quantile regression analyses assessed the association between variables adjusted for age, family income, educational level, body mass index, comorbidities, and parity. Results: Participants with low physical activity level showed worse SLST performance with eyes open and closed than participants with high physical activity level in the bivariate analysis. However, physical activity level and SLST performance were not associated in the analysis adjusted for covariates. Conclusion: Our results suggested that only being active in daily living activities is not associated with better standing balance in middle-aged and older women. Specific physical exercise programs should be implemented to improve balance in this population.

Resumo Introdução: O exercício físico pode melhorar as habilidades motoras, como o equilíbrio estático na posição ortostática; no entanto, a associação do nível de atividade física durante as atividades de vida diária e o equilíbrio estático não é conhecida. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre o nível de atividade física e o equilíbrio estático em mulheres de meia-idade e idosas. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 589 mulheres residentes na comunidade. O equilíbrio estático foi avaliado usando o teste de equilíbrio unipodal com os olhos abertos e fechados. O nível de atividade física foi avaliado usando o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física - versão curta e classificado em alto, moderado e baixo. O teste de Kruskall Wallis comparou o desempenho no teste de equilíbrio unipodal de participantes com diferentes níveis de atividade física. Modelos de regressão quantílica avaliaram a associação entre as variáveis ajustada pelas covariáveis idade, renda familiar, escolaridade, índice de massa corporal, condições crônicas e paridade. Resultados: Na análise bivariada, as mulheres com baixo nível de atividade física mantiveram o equilíbrio em pé com os olhos abertos e fechados por um tempo menor do que aquelas classificadas como alto nível de atividade física. No entanto a associação entre nível de atividade física e performance no teste de equilíbrio estático não foi significativa na análise ajustada para as covariáveis. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que apenas ser ativa nas atividades de vida diária não está associado a um melhor equilíbrio em mulheres de meia-idade e idosas. Programas específicos de exercício físico devem ser implementados visando um melhor desempenho do equilíbrio nesta população.

The effects of training on different surfaces, on balance and gait performance in stroke hemiplegia / Efectos del entrenamiento sobre el equilibrio y el desempeño de la marcha en diferentes superficies de apoyo en la hemiplejia inducida por accidente cerebrovascular / Efeitos do treinamento em diferentes superfícies de apoio sobre o equilíbrio e o desempenho da marcha em hemiplegia por acidente vascular cerebral

ABSTRACT Although many studies have focused on balance exercises for elderly or stroke patients, no comprehensive studies have investigated the use of training on different surfaces (TDS) with analysis of gait performance in elderly male stroke patients. The active properties of balance and subjective reporting of functional gait ability were used to identify the effects of TDS. Static balance (SB), dynamic balance (DB) and gait analysis was measured in 30 elderly stroke patients. The patients were divided into the TDS group (n=15) and a control group (CG, n=15). Fifteen elderly stroke patients underwent TDS five times a week for 12 weeks. The data was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Significant differences were observed between the two groups (TDS and Control): SB (p < 0.0001), DB (OSI: p < 0.0001, APSI: p < 0.001, MLSI: p < 0.004) and gait analysis (right: temporal step time: p < 0.0001, temporal cycle time: p < 0.001, temporal double support time: p < 0.0001; left: temporal step time: p < 0.0001, temporal cycle time: p < 0.0001, temporal double support time: p < 0.0001). TDS in elderly male stroke patients suggests that the characteristics of gait performance in these patients may be improved by increasing static balance, dynamic balance and gait velocity. It is hoped that the results of this trial will provide new information on the effects of TDS on balance stability and gait ability in stroke patients, through changes in stability of the lower extremities. Level III, Case-control Study.

RESUMEN Aunque muchos estudios se han centrado en los ejercicios de equilibrio para pacientes de edad avanzada y/o con accidentes cerebrovasculares, ningún estudio exhaustivo ha investigado el uso del entrenamiento en diferentes superficies de apoyo (TDS) para analizar el desempeño de la marcha en pacientes masculinos de edad avanzada con accidentes cerebrovasculares. Se utilizaron las propiedades activas del equilibrio y el informe subjetivo de la capacidad funcional de la marcha para identificar los efectos del TDS. Se midieron el equilibrio estático (SB), el equilibrio dinámico (DB) y el análisis de la marcha en 30 pacientes ancianos con ACV. Los pacientes fueron divididos en grupo TDS (GTDS, n = 15) y grupo de control (CG, n = 15). Quince pacientes de edad avanzada con ACV fueron sometidos a TDS cinco veces por semana durante 12 semanas. Los datos se analizaron mediante un análisis de desviación de medidas repetidas. Se observaron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos (TDS y Control): SB (p <0,0001), DB (OSI: p <0,0001, APSI: p <0,001, MLSI: p <0,004) y análisis de la marcha (derecha: tiempo de paso temporal: p <0,0001, tiempo de ciclo temporal: p <0,001, tiempo de doble apoyo temporal: p <0,0001; izquierda: tiempo de paso temporal: p <0,0001, tiempo de ciclo temporal: p <0,0001, tiempo de doble apoyo temporal: p <0,0001). El TDS en pacientes masculinos de edad avanzada con ACV sugiere que las características de desempeño de la marcha pueden mejorar con el aumento del equilibrio estático, el equilibrio dinámico y la velocidad de la marcha. Se espera que los resultados de este estudio proporcionen nueva información sobre los efectos del TDS en la estabilidad del equilibrio y en la capacidad de andar en pacientes con ACV a través de cambios en la estabilidad de las extremidades inferiores. Nivel de evidencia III, Estudio de caso-control.

RESUMO Embora muitos estudos tenham se concentrado em exercícios de equilíbrio para idosos e/ou pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral, nenhum estudo abrangente investigou o uso do treinamento em diferentes superfícies de apoio (TDS) para analisar o desempenho da marcha em pacientes idosos do sexo masculino com AVC. As propriedades ativas do equilíbrio e o relato subjetivo da capacidade funcional da marcha foram usados para identificar os efeitos do TDS. O equilíbrio estático (SB), o equilíbrio dinâmico (DB) e a análise da marcha foram medidos em 30 pacientes idosos com AVC. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupo TDS (GTDS, n = 15) e grupo controle (GC, n = 15). Quinze pacientes idosos com AVC foram submetidos a TDS cinco vezes por semana durante 12 semanas. Os dados foram analisados por meio de análise de variância de medidas repetidas. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos (GTDS e controle): SB (p < 0,0001), DB (OSI: p < 0,0001, APSI: p < 0,001, MLSI: p < 0,004) e análise da marcha (direita: tempo do passo: p < 0,0001, tempo da passada (ciclo): p < 0,001, tempo de duplo apoio: p < 0,0001; esquerda: tempo do passo: p < 0,0001, tempo da passada (ciclo): p < 0,0001, tempo de duplo apoio: p <0,0001). O TDS em pacientes idosos do sexo masculino com AVC sugere que as características de desempenho da marcha podem ser melhoradas com o aumento do equilíbrio estático, equilíbrio dinâmico e da velocidade da marcha. Espera-se que os resultados deste estudo forneçam novas informações sobre os efeitos do TDS na estabilidade do equilíbrio e na habilidade de marcha em pacientes com AVC, por meio de mudanças na estabilidade dos membros inferiores. Nível de evidência III, Estudo de caso controle.

Scientific training of sports medicine for balance of knee joint muscle strength of athletes / Treinamento científico de medicina esportiva para equilíbrio da força muscular da articulação do joelho de atletas / Entrenamiento científico de la medicina deportiva para el equilibrio de la fuerza muscular de la articulación de la rodilla de los atletas

ABSTRACT Introduction: As skiers need to complete their movements in high mountains and snow, the athlete's landing's stability is directly related to the movement's success. The stable landing action wins high scores for the athletes' participating actions and protects their safety. Objective: This article analyzes the characteristics of lower limb muscle strength and static balance ability of female freestyle skiing aerials athletes to provide athletes with targeted strength training, evaluation of muscle effects after training, and athlete selection to provide a scientific basis valuable Theoretical reference. Methods: The paper uses isokinetic testing and balance testing methods to study the characteristics of the hip and knee flexor and extensor strengths of the Chinese great female freestyle skiing aerials athletes and the static balance characteristics in four standing positions. Results: The right flexor-extensor force, flexor-extensor force ratio, and average power value of the right hip joint were slightly greater than the left flexor power. The left and right knee joint extensor unit peak weight moments and the left and right average power values were all four indicators. Greater than the flexor, at different test speeds of 60°/s (slow speed) and 240°/s (fast), the peak flexion and extension torque per unit weight, the average power of flexion and extension, the force of flexion and extension, and the average power appear with the increase of the test speed as a significant difference. Conclusions: The research in the thesis recommends reasonable weight control and balanced training of muscle strength, using the condition of moderately increasing exercise speed, to strengthen the training of lower limb extensor strength, provide targeted strength training for athletes, evaluate the muscle effect after training and providing the scientific basis and valuable theoretical reference. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: Como os esquiadores precisam completar seus movimentos em altas montanhas e neve, a estabilidade de pouso do atleta está diretamente relacionada ao sucesso do movimento. A ação de pouso constante ganha altas pontuações para os participantes e protege sua segurança. Objetivo: este artigo discute as características da força muscular das extremidades inferiores e habilidade de equilíbrio estático de atletas de esqui estilo livre para fornecer aos atletas treinamento de força específico e avaliação pós-treino dos efeitos musculares em atletas selecionados para fornecer uma base científica de referência teórica valiosa. Métodos: O artigo usa testes isocinéticos e métodos de teste de equilíbrio para estudar as características de força dos flexores e extensores de quadril e joelho de grandes atletas chinesas de esqui estilo livre e as características de equilíbrio estático em quatro posições de pé. Resultados: A força flexor-extensora direita, a relação da força flexor-extensora e o valor médio da potência da articulação do quadril direito foram ligeiramente maiores do que a potência do flexor esquerdo. Os momentos máximos de peso da unidade extensora da articulação do joelho esquerdo e direito e os valores médios das potências esquerda e direita foram os quatro indicadores. Maior que o flexor, em diferentes velocidades de teste de 60 ° / s (velocidade lenta) e 240 ° / s (rápido), o torque máximo de flexão e extensão por unidade de peso, a força média de flexão e extensão, a força de flexão e extensão, e a potência média aparece com o aumento da velocidade de teste como uma diferença significativa. Conclusões: A pesquisa na tese recomenda o controle de peso razoável e o treinamento de força muscular balanceado, utilizando a condição de aumentar moderadamente a velocidade do exercício, para fortalecer o treinamento de força extensora de membros inferiores, fornecer treinamento de força específico para atletas, avaliando o efeito muscular após formar e fornecer a base científica e um valioso referencial teórico. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos- investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: Como los esquiadores necesitan completar sus movimientos en alta montaña y nieve, la estabilidad del aterrizaje del atleta está directamente relacionada con el éxito del movimiento. La acción de aterrizaje estable gana puntuaciones altas para las participantes y protege su seguridad. Objetivo: Este artículo analiza las características de la fuerza muscular de las extremidades inferiores y la capacidad de equilibrio estático de las atletas de esquí de estilo libre para proporcionar a los atletas un entrenamiento de fuerza específico y una evaluación de los efectos musculares después del entrenamiento en atletas seleccionados para proporcionar una base científica de referencia teórica valiosa. Métodos: El artículo utiliza pruebas isocinéticas y métodos de prueba de equilibrio para estudiar las características de la fuerza de los flexores y extensores de cadera y rodilla de las grandes atletas chinas de esquí de estilo libre femenino y las características del equilibrio estático en cuatro posiciones de pie. Resultados: La fuerza flexora-extensora derecha, la relación de fuerza flexora-extensora y el valor de potencia promedio de la articulación de la cadera derecha fueron ligeramente mayores que la potencia del flexor izquierdo. Los momentos de peso máximo de la unidad extensora de la articulación de la rodilla izquierda y derecha y los valores de potencia promedio izquierda y derecha fueron los cuatro indicadores. Mayor que el flexor, a diferentes velocidades de prueba de 60 ° / s (velocidad lenta) y 240 ° / s (rápido), el par máximo de flexión y extensión por unidad de peso, la potencia promedio de flexión y extensión, la fuerza de flexión y extensión, y la potencia media aparecen con el aumento de la velocidad de prueba como una diferencia significativa. Conclusiones: La investigación en la tesis recomienda un control de peso razonable y un entrenamiento equilibrado de la fuerza muscular, utilizando la condición de aumentar moderadamente la velocidad del ejercicio, para fortalecer el entrenamiento de la fuerza extensora de las extremidades inferiores, proporcionar entrenamiento de fuerza específico para los atletas, evaluar el efecto muscular después del entrenamiento y proporcionar la base científica y una valiosa referencia teórica. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos- investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Static Stability and Stability Limit for Patients with Scoliosis / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To investigate the balance in young adult with scoliosis. Methods:From June to December, 2020, 30 college students with scoliosis in the outpatient department of Rehabilitation Department of Kunming Medical University Hospital were as the patients, and 30 normal peers were as the controls. They were measured with Pro-Kin balance test system to assess the static stability of both feet standing with eyes opened and closed, and the static and dynamic limit of stability (LOS) of both feet standing. Results:The moving distance of center of pressure (COP) on the Y-axis was longer in the patients than in the controls with both eye-opened and eye-closed (t > 2.022, P < 0.05). The static and dynamic LOS was less in the patients than in the controls (t > 3.365, P < 0.01). For static LOS, it was less in all the directions except left-forward and backward (t > 2.410, P < 0.05); for dynamic LOS, it was less in the directions of forward, right, left and left-forward (t > 2.446, P < 0.05). Conclusion:Both static and dynamic balance is deficient for yong adults with scoliosis, which may result in risk of fall.

Characteristics of Short-Term Static Balance in Obese Children / 医用生物力学

Objective To explore the characteristics of short-term static balance of obese children by comparing the excursion of center of pressure (COP) in obese and non-obese children under six kinds of standing circumstances. Methods By using the Footscan balance plate system, parameters of COP excursion for 47 obese children and 50 non-obese children standing on both feet or single foot with eyes open or eyes closed for 10 seconds were obtained, respectively. Results The maximum COP displacement in anterior-posterior direction of obese children was significantly greater than that of non-obese children during standing on both feet with eyes closed. During standing on left foot with eyes open, the sway velocity of obese boys was significantly lower than that of non-obese boys; the maximum COP displacement in medial-lateral direction of obese boys was significantly lower than that of non-obese boys and the maximum displacement of COP in medial-lateral direction of obese girls was significantly greater than that of non-obese girls. The sway velocity of boys was significantly greater than that of girls during standing on left foot with eyes closed. Conclusions In short period of time, the static balance of obese children in anterior-posterior direction was worse than that of non-obese children during standing on both feet with eyes closed. Obesity had different impacts on static balance of different genders. The performance of static balance for obese boys was better than that of non-obese boys, while the performance of static balance for obese girls was worse than that of non-obese girls during standing on left foot with eyes open. Girls had a better static balance performance than boys during standing on left foot with eyes closed. There were no significant differences in static balance performance between boys and girls under the other circumstances. As static balance of children is affected by obesity and gender, it is suggested that different methods of losing weight should be considered for obese children of different genders.

Various Static And Dynamic Balance Measuring And Training Mechanical Tools In Patients With Clinical Conditions: A Literature Review

Background: Balance is defined as the ability to maintain a position within the limits of stability or base of support. It is indicated that postural control system plays an important role in maintenance of balance on the small support base. The complexity of balancing processes makes it challenging to assess balancing abilities in a concise, holistic approach. This study extends previous efforts by reviewing a large number of papers that use of various mechanical tools to assess postural balance and by providing a detailed overview of the common mechanical tools used to assess postural balance and gait. Methods: We searched the electronic database. The literature search produced a total of 302 items. After removal of duplicates, posters, other studies not mention mechanical tools to evaluate static and dynamic balance in clinical conditions, 28 papers met the inclusion criteria for this review. Results: This search selected 7 tools to assess trunk control in various clinical conditions: Inertial balance sensor, Computerised dynamic posturography, Biodex Balance System, Force plate., MatScan® pressure mat, Microsoft Kinect’s built-in RGB-D sensor and Clinical Test of sensory integration using Chinese lantern. Conclusion: Inertial as well as Microsoft Kinect’s built-in RGB-D sensors are cost effective, time effective, does not need a specific set up, analysis static balance as well as the gait parameters. This can therefore be chosen over other mechanical tools due to its better convenience and efficiency.

Correlation Of Static Balance With Knee Proprioception In Elderly

Background: Balance in the human body is maintained by the coordinated integration of sensory input from somatosensory, vestibular and visual system. This coordinated response to stimuli must be transmitted to appropriate muscles to maintain or to correct balance. Both static and dynamic stabilizers provide support to the normal knee joint where static stabilizers include ligament, meniscus and joint capsule which provide stabilization to the joint. Altered response in these sensory inputs may affect balance. Proprioceptive feedback is received from the sensory receptors present in the joint to maintain knee joint position, which gets altered due to microtrauma in the aging process, which thus affects balance. In elderly, this loss of balance is correlated with increased risk of falls. So, it is important to study the correlation between static balance and knee proprioception in elderly. Purpose of the study: To understand the correlation of static balance with knee proprioception. Methodology: It was an Observational cross- sectional study in which 70 subjects were enrolled as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria, after which a written informed consent was taken. Knee proprioception error was assessed in standing position using a goniometer. Static Balance was assessed using Tandem Stance Time. Results: The study showed negative correlation between Right knee proprioception error and tandem stance time, r= -0.1207 and left knee proprioception error and tandem stance time, r= -0.1222. Conclusion: Thus, the study concluded that there is negative correlation between knee proprioception error and static balance, i.e. lesser the knee proprioception error better is the static balance.

Comparison Of Static Balance In Male Football And Gymnastic Players By Using Balance Error Scoring System

Background: Balance is a combination of automatic reactions of the body combined with external environmental factors. Balance can be sharpened by adding physical and mental training routines as a part of sports rehabilitation. It is as much a leant skill as it is innate function of the body. Even though the contact sports like football require more of dynamic balance training it is essential for them to have the static balance skills for a penalty strike or during shoot out. It is in these situations that the static balance is maximally challenged. While in the case of gymnastic players their static balance is challenged during maintaining certain postures or while landing. It is widely believed that gymnastic players are more flexible and adapt to automatic situations however football players are equally required static balance skills. This study was an attempt to compare their respective balance skills. Aim: To compare a static balance of male football & gymnastic players by using balance error scoring system. Objectives: To assess and compare static balance in gymnastics and football players. Materials and Methods: Clinical trial. All the subjects were selected by snowball sampling method. Results: The result of this study by paired t-test showed that the static balance has significant difference between football and gymnastics players (P= <0.00001) showed a significant difference. Conclusion: The above study concludes that football players displayed inferior static balance compared with gymnastics players by using balance error scoring system.

Influence of Common Exercise Methods on Static Balance Ability in Elderly Women / 医用生物力学

Objective To explore the differences in the static balance ability of elderly women performing Tai Chi, square dance, and fitness walking as long-term exercises. Methods A total of 128 healthy elderly women were selected as the subjects. The subjects were classified into the Tai Chi, square dance, fitness walking, and control groups based on their daily main fitness items. The average swing speed (avg.v) of the subjects, swing angle, outer area (area), and total length of the swing (TL) were measured by a balance tester during double-feet standing with eyes closed and right-foot standing with eyes opened, and the test time was 10 s. Results There were significant differences in the values of each balance index of the Tai Chi, square dance, fitness walking, and control groups during double-feet standing with eyes closed and right-foot standing with eyes opened(P<0.05). There were significant differences in the avg.v, TL, and area index values of the Tai Chi and square dance groups (P<0.05) in case of right-foot standing with eyes opened. In both the states,the four balance indices of the Tai Chi group were significantly smaller than those of the fitness walking group (P<0.05).There were significant differences in the area, TL, and avg.v index values of the square dance and fitness walking groups (P<0.05) for the right-foot standing with eyes opened. Conclusions The static balance abilities of elderly women performing Tai Chi, square dance, and fitness walking over a long term were better than those in the absence of regular exercises. The elderly women associated with long-term Tai Chi exercises exhibited a better static balance ability than those performing square dance and fitness walking exercises, and elderly women associated with long-term square dance exercises showed a better static balance ability than those with fitness walking exercises.

The Circadian Effects on Postural Stability in Young Adults

PURPOSE: Few studies have addressed the effect of diurnal circadian rhythms on postural stability, and thus the aim of the present study was to examine circadian effects on static and dynamic postural stability in young adults. METHODS: Twenty-four subjects (9 men, 11 women: age=22.20±1.77, height=167.20±10.47, weight=59.85±10.66) from a university community volunteered for this study. Static and dynamic balance testing, which recorded using a Good Balance system (Good Balance, Metitur Ltd, Finland) was conducted at 9:00, 13:00, and 17:00 hours on two consecutive days, and the sequencing of static and dynamic balance tests were randomized. Results were analyzed using the non-parametric one-way repeated Friedman test in SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA), and variable found to be significant were subjected to Wilcoxon post hoc testing. RESULTS: Static and dynamic balance showed significant difference at the three times assessments (test at 9:00, 13:00, and 17:00) during circadian. In the post hoc test of static (anteroposterior distance, mediolateral distance and COP (center of pressure) velocity) and dynamic balance (performance time), 13:00 was the longer and faster than 9:00. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that control of postural balance is influenced by diurnal circadian rhythms, and confirm that control of postural balance is more effective and better performance in the 09:00 hours than 13:00 hours or 17:00 hours.

Effect of the Type and Positon of Scoliosis on the Static Balance of Adolescents

PURPOSE: This paper provides basic clinical data on the treatment of scoliosis patients by analyzing the effects of the type and position of scoliosis on the static balance using Tetrax on adolescents who have balance disorders as a consequence of structural changes, such as scoliosis. METHODS: A total of 110 adolescents were divided into 6 groups according to the radiographs and 60 adolescents were sampled, 10 each for each group. The static balance was measured and analyzed on the existence of sight using Tetrax. RESULTS: The changes followed by existence of sight in static balance group showed a significant difference statistically in Stability index in all groups (p < 0.001). The changes in the static balance in each group in terms of the stability index were significant in all groups, where the experiments were performed under the eyes opened and eyes-closed condition (p < 0.01)(p < 0.001). The post-hoc comparison revealed the stability index to be the highest in the eyes-opened condition in group III, but not in group IV. In the eyes-closed condition, group III showed the highest stability index of all the groups. CONCLUSION: Adolescents with lumbar scoliosis had a lower static balance in single scoliosis with the eyes-closed condition or had little movement compensation. In addition, unlike the other normal scoliosis, back scoliosis has negative effects on the posture because it causes an increase in the disturbance of posture. Therefore, future studied will be needed to examine the imbalance of posture in people suffering from back pain.

Effects of 3D Stabilization Exercise on the Muscle Activity and Static Balance of Patients with Lumbar Instability

PURPOSE: The paper presents an intervention for clinical applications in the future by examining the effects of 3D stabilization exercise on patients with lumbar instability, which causes problems in the muscles and balance, and analyzing the effects of balanced lumbar muscles on the static balance. METHODS: After collecting samples randomly from thirty patients with lumbar instability, fifteen patients selected for 3D stabilization exercise were placed in the stability group and fifteen patients selected for Swiss ball exercise were placed in the ball exercise group. The intervention program was applied for thirty minutes a session, once a day, three days a week for four weeks. Before the intervention, the lumbar muscle activity and static balance were measured. After four weeks, they were re-measured in the same way and the data were analyzed. RESULTS: In relation to the within-group changes in muscle activity, all groups except for the LEO and REO groups showed significant differences. Regarding the between-group changes in muscle activity depending on the left and right difference, ES, RA, and TrA but not EO showed significant differences. In addition, there were significant differences in the between-group change in static balance. CONCLUSION: 3D stabilization exercise improves the muscle activity by promoting a balanced posture of lumbar muscles and changing senses, such as a proprioceptor but this had a positive influence on the static balance by controlling the balance of muscles.

Effects of different biofeedback training techniques on the static balance of hemiplegic patients / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To compare the static standing balance of stroke patients after different biofeedback protocols.Methods Thirty-two stroke patients were randomly divided into a knowledge of performance (KP) group,a knowledge of results (KR) group and a control group.All 3 groups received 4 weeks of conventional rehabilitation training plus another 30min of static standing balance training per day.The KP group received audio-visual feedback in real time during the training.The KR group received section result feedback.The control group received no feedback during the extra balance training.Before and after the training,the performance of the 3 groups was evaluated using Berg's Balance Scale (BBS) and a portable biofeedback device.Results Average BBS performance improved significantly more in the KP group (3.08± 1.08) than in KR group (1.30±0.67) and control group (1.20± 0.79) (P＜0.05).No significant difference was detected between the KR and control groups (P＞0.05).The average improvements of the KP group in terms of Standing with Eyes Closed and Tandem Standing (0.92±0.79 and 0.83± 0.39) were significantly highcr than those in the KR (0.30± 0.48 and 0.20± 0.42) and control groups (0.01 ± 0.01 and 0.40±0.52) (P＜0.05).Average trunk angular displacements in all four directions [Anterior (2.83±0.93;6.15± 1.85),Posterior (2.56±0.88;5.97±1.74);Left (2.86±1.16;6.49±2.42),Right (2.68±1.43;5.98±2.05)] in the KP group was significantly higher than in the others (P＜0.05).No significant differences were detected between the KR and control groups in BBS results or in posture.Conclusions Static standing training should incorporate real time biofeedback.It is then more effective than conventional standing training or training with section results feedback.It is worth spreading in clinical applications.

Measure Static Balance Function with Active Balancer EAB-100: Reference Values and Clinical Significance / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To establish the reference values of static balance function with Active Balancer EAB-100 in healthy Chinese adults, and to screen the valuable indices for clinical work. Methods There were 227 healthy adults measured with Active Balancer EAB-100 when standing still with eyes opened and closed. All the data recorded were analyzed with SPSS 19.0, and the weight of every parameter was obtained with principal component analysis. Results The reference values of parameters for static balance function were established in healthy Chinese adults. The loadings of whole path length, rectangle area, circumference area, effective value area, deflection center displacement X, deflection center displacement Y, rectangle area of Romberg rate and circumference area of Romberg rate were more than average. Conclusion It is need to focus on whole path length, circumference area, deflection center displacement X, deflection center displacement Y, and effective value area and circumference area of Romberg rate much more in clinical practice for the static balance assessment.

Static Balance Evaluated by Maximum Angle of Center of Mass-Center of Pressure in People of Different Ages / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To compare the difference of static balance ability in different aged people, with the maximum angle of center of mass (COM) and center of pressure (COP). Methods 37 healthy people without cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases including 15 young people (18~40 years old), 10 middle age people (41~65 years old) and 12 old people (>65 years old) participated in this study. The maximum angle of COM-COP and the corresponding envelope areas were recorded in 4 standing posture: natural standing, close eyes standing, single leg standing and single leg standing with eyes closed. Results There was no significant difference in the maximum angle of COM-COP among 3 groups in 3 states (nature standing, close eyes standing, single leg standing with eyes closed) (P>0.05), but there was significant difference in the state of single leg standing (P<0.05) between the young and the old, and the middle-aged and the old. Conclusion The maximum angle of COM-COP in the state of single leg standing can sensitively detect the deterioration of stability of older people. It may be a new index of static balance in clinic.

Static Balance Evaluated by Maximum Angle of Center of Mass-Center of Pressure in People of Different Ages / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To compare the difference of static balance ability in different aged people, with the maximum angle of center of mass (COM) and center of pressure (COP). Methods 37 healthy people without cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases including 15 young people (18~40 years old), 10 middle age people (41~65 years old) and 12 old people (>65 years old) participated in this study. The maximum angle of COM-COP and the corresponding envelope areas were recorded in 4 standing posture:natural standing, close eyes stand-ing, single leg standing and single leg standing with eyes closed. Results There was no significant difference in the maximum angle of COM-COP among 3 groups in 3 states (nature standing, close eyes standing, single leg standing with eyes closed) (P>0.05), but there was significant difference in the state of single leg standing (P<0.05) between the young and the old, and the middle-aged and the old. Conclu-sion The maximum angle of COM-COP in the state of single leg standing can sensitively detect the deterioration of stability of older people. It may be a new index of static balance in clinic.

Measure Static Balance Function with Active Balancer EAB-100:Reference Values and Clinical Significance / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To establish the reference values of static balance function with Active Balancer EAB-100 in healthy Chinese adults, and to screen the valuable indices for clinical work. Methods There were 227 healthy adults measured with Active Balancer EAB-100 when standing still with eyes opened and closed. All the data recorded were analyzed with SPSS 19.0, and the weight of every pa-rameter was obtained with principal component analysis. Results The reference values of parameters for static balance function were estab-lished in healthy Chinese adults. The loadings of whole path length, rectangle area, circumference area, effective value area, deflection cen-ter displacement X, deflection center displacement Y, rectangle area of Romberg rate and circumference area of Romberg rate were more than average. Conclusion It is need to focus on whole path length, circumference area, deflection center displacement X, deflection center displacement Y, and effective value area and circumference area of Romberg rate much more in clinical practice for the static balance assess-ment.