First Report of Potato Stem-End Rot Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in Korea

In this study, we identified the causative agent of stem-end rot in potatoes that were grown in Gangwon alpine areas of Korea in 2013. The disease symptoms included appearance of slightly sunken circular lesion with corky rot on the potato surface at the stem-end portion. The fungal species isolated from the infected potatoes were grown on potato dextrose agar and produced white aerial mycelia with dark violet pigments. The conidiophores were branched and monophialidic. The microconidia had ellipsoidal to cylindrical shapes and ranged from 2.6~11.4 x 1.9~3.5 microm in size. The macroconidia ranged from 12.7~24.7 x 2.7~3.6 microm in size and had slightly curved or fusiform shape with 2 to 5 septate. Chlamydospores ranged from 6.1~8.1 x 5.7~8.3 microm in size and were present singly or in pairs. The causal agent of potato stem-end rot was identified as Fusarium oxysporum by morphological characterization and by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS4) regions of rRNA. Artificial inoculation of the pathogen resulted in development of disease symptoms and the re-isolated pathogen showed characteristics of F. oxysporum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report that potato stem-end rot is caused by F. oxysporum in Korea.

Metodologia de inoculação de fungos causadores da podridão peduncular em mamão / Inoculation methodology's of papaya fruits with fungi causing stem-end-rot

A podridão peduncular, uma das principais doenças associadas à pós-colheita do mamão (Carica papaya L.), tem sido pouco investigada no que se refere a aspectos ecológicos e epidemiológicos nas condições brasileiras. Para que estudos sejam conduzidos nas referidas áreas é necessário que se disponham, a priori, de metodologias adequadas que permitam a reprodução dos sintomas dessa doença em condições de laboratório. No presente trabalho, o objetivo foi estabelecer um método de inoculação de frutos de mamão com o intuito de se reproduzir os sintomas da podridão peduncular, por meio de três procedimentos: 1) corte do pedúnculo seguido por deposição de um disco de micélio do fungo; 2) deposição de suspensão de conídios na região do pedúnculo, seguido por ferimento, e 3) aplicação de suspensão de conídios na região peduncular sem ferimento. Foram utilizados os fungos: Phoma caricae-papayae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Botryodiplodia theobromae e Fusarium solani, sendo os frutos inoculados, submetidos a temperaturas de 20 e 25ºC. Os resultados indicaram que não houve efeito das temperaturas testadas no desenvolvimento dos fungos, nos diferentes métodos de inoculação. A maior severidade da podridão peduncular (notas de 1 a 5) foi observada em frutos inoculados pelo método de injeção no pedúnculo, independente do patógeno utilizado. Os fungos C. gloeosporioides e P. caricae-papayae foram os que apresentaram as maiores médias de severidade da doença seguido por B. theobromae e F. solani.

The stem-end-rot, one of the major post-harvest diseases in papaya (Carica papaya L.), has not been very well investigated concerning ecological and epidemiological aspects of the Brazilian conditions. So that studies can be developed in the referred to areas, it is necessary to use the right methodologies that allow the reproduction of the symptons of this disease in laboratory conditions. This study aimed to stablish a method for inoculating papaya fruits to reproduce the symptons of the stem-end-rot through tree procedures: 1) cut of the stem followed by deposition of fungal mycelium in agar discs; 2) deposition of the spore suspension into the stem's region followed by injuries, and 3) application of spore suspension in the stem's region without injuries. The inoculation was performed with the fungi P. caricae-papayae, C. gloeosporioides, B. theobromae e F. solani, and inoculated fruits were placed under temperatures of 20º and 25ºC. The results indicate that there were no effects of the tested temperatures in the development of all fungi, in the different methods of inoculation. The highest severity of stem-end-rot (score 1-5) was observed in fruits inoculated by the methods of injection in the stem, independing of the fungus used. The fungi C. gloeosporioides and P. carica-papaya presented the highest levels of severity in the disease followed by B. theobromae and F. solani.