Características de las mujeres usuarias del método anticonceptivo de esterilización femenina

Introducción: La esterilización femenina es un método anticonceptivo permanente, cuya elección representa una decisión transcendental en la vida de la mujer; influenciada por el contexto y las cualidades personales. Objetivo: Describir las características de las mujeres usuarias del método anticonceptivo de esterilización femenina. Métodos: Estudio de tipo descriptivo basado en la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar del 2021. De las bases de datos se seleccionaron a 2 306 mujeres de 20 a 49 años, usuarias de esterilización femenina, en quienes se analizaron las características sociodemográficas, reproductivas y propias del método. Se estimaron recuentos no ponderados y ponderados con intervalos de confianza al 95 %. Resultados: Respecto a las características sociodemográficas, el 51 % tiene de 40 a 49 años, 87,9 % es de zona urbana, 42,8 % tiene nivel de estudios secundarios y 11,4 % es muy pobre. En relación con el perfil reproductivo, 61,7 % tiene de 3 a 4 hijos, 3,7 % recibió la visita de un personal de salud para hablar de planificación familiar y 29,2 % tiene antecedente de aborto. Referente a las características relacionadas al método, el 5,7 % no fueron informadas acerca de que no podrían tener más hijos y 19,9 % tenía de 2 a 3 años de haberlo realizado. Conclusión: Las mujeres, en su mayoría, son adultas, de buen nivel educativo y residen en zonas urbanas. Además, tienen de 3 a más hijos y saben que no pueden tener más después de la esterilización femenina.

Introduction: Female sterilization is a permanent contraceptive method, whose choice represents a transcendental decision in a woman's life, influenced by her context, and her personal qualities. Objective: To describe the characteristics of women users of the female sterilization contraceptive method. Methods: Descriptive study based on the Demographic and Family Health Survey of 2021. From the databases, 2 306 women between 20 and 49 years of age were selected as users of female sterilization, in which the sociodemographic, reproductive and method-specific characteristics were analyzed. Unweighted and weighted counts with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Regarding sociodemographic characteristics, 51% were aged 40 to 49 years, 87.9% were urban, 42.8% had secondary education and 11.4% were very poor. Regarding the reproductive profile, 61.7% have 3 to 4 children, 3.7% have been visited by health personnel to discuss family planning and 29.2% have a history of abortion. Regarding the characteristics related to the method, 5.7% were not informed that they could not have more children and 19.9% had had an abortion 2 to 3 years before. Conclusion: Most of the women are adults, well-educated and live in urban areas. In addition, they have 3 or more children and know that they cannot have more children after female sterilization.

Paro cardiaco inesperado en unidad de cuidados posanestésico en paciente post esterilización tubárica / Unexpected cardiac arrest in post-anaesthesia care unit after tubal sterilisation

Paro cardiaco en salas de recuperación posanestésica, entidad poco frecuente en esterilizacion tubaria. Factores descencadenantes como sobresedación, bloqueo espinal alto, uso de opioides, toxicidad sistémica por anestésicos locales. La ligadura tubárica como prevención de embarazo definitivo, se realiza preferentemente con bloqueo raquídeo. Paciente de 35 años en su puerperio de 12 horas, se somete a salpingoclasia bilateral bajo anestesia raquidea, con dosis de fentanil de 20 mcg y bupivacaina pesada de 12 mg. Nivel de dermatoma alcanzado de T6 (ideal para el procedimiento quirúrgico), sin ninguna otra administración medicamentosa. En la unidad de recuperación posanestésica presenta paro cardiaco con inicio inmediato soporte vital avanzado con buenos resultados posteriores. Se le practican los exámenes complementarios e interconsultas correspondientes. Paciente con alta hospitalaria sin secuelas neurológicas a los 4 días posteriores al evento. Se recomienda prevenir y tratar la causa de todo evento cardiaco.

Cardiac arrest in post-anesthetic recovery period, a rare entity in sterilization tubal . Descending factors such as over-sedation, high spinal block, use of opioids, systemic toxicity from local anesthetics. Tubal ligation as prevention of definitive pregnancy, is preferably performed under spinal anesthesia. A 35-year-old patient in his 12-hour puerperium, undergoes Sterrilization Tubal under spinal anesthesia, with fentanyl doses of 20 mcg and hiperbaric bupivacaine of 12 mg. Dermatome level reached of T6 (ideal for the surgical procedure), without any other drug administration. In the post-anesthesia recovery period, she presented cardiac arrest with immediate initiation of advanced life support with good later results. Complementary exams and corresponding consultations are given. Patient released from hospital with no neurological sequelae 4 days post the incident. It is recommended to prevent and treat the cause of all cardiac events.

Factores asociados a la no realización de la esterilización quirúrgica en mujeres gran multíparas de la serranía peruana, 2017 / Factors associated with not performing surgical sterilization in great multiparous women of the Peruvian highlands, 2017

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar las características sociodemográficas, los antecedentes gíneco-obstétricos, la percepción y los conocimientos previos asociados a no realizarse la esterilización quirúrgica en mujeres gran multíparas internadas en un hospital de la provincia de Huancayo. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de tipo cuantitativo, prospectivo y de corte transversal, que se realizó en las mujeres gran multíparas internadas en el Hospital Regional Docente Materno Infantil "El Carmen" de Huancayo; que cumplieran con los criterios de inclusión. Se aplicó un instrumento de recolección de tipo encuesta. Se realizó una estadística descriptiva, así como, el análisis bivariado y multivariado. Resultados: Un 73% de las mujeres encuestadas no se realizaría la esterilización quirúrgica a futuro, sin embargo, a un 90% le gustaría recibir más información al respecto. Los factores estadísticamente significativos asociados a no realizase la esterilización quirúrgica fueron: No haber utilizado ningún método anticonceptivo anteriormente (RPa: 1,35; IC 95%: 1,01-1,82; p: 0,042), no saber si desea tener más hijos (RPa: 1,58; IC 95%: 1,22-2,03; p <0,001), pensar que realizarse la esterilización quirúrgica iría en contra de sus derechos (RPa: 1,24; IC 95%:1,05-1,46; p: 0,008) y pensar que la esterilización quirúrgica produce alteraciones menstruales (RPa: 1,11; IC 95%:1,17-1,34; p: 0,027). Conclusiones: Muchas mujeres encuestadas no optarían por la esterilización quirúrgica a futuro, debido a diversos factores, muchos de ellos modificables con una adecuada capacitación e intervención del personal de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: Determine sociodemographic characteristics, gynecological-obstetric history, perception and previous knowledge associated with not performing surgical sterilization in large multiparous women admitted to a hospital in the province of Huancayo. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, prospective and cross-sectional study, was carried out on large multiparous women hospitalized in the gynecology and obstetrics services of the Regional Maternal and Child Teaching Hospital "El Carmen" of Huancayo; that met the inclusion criteria. A survey-type collection instrument was applied. A descriptive statistic was carried out, as well as the bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: 73% of the women surveyed would not undergo surgical sterilization in the future, however, 90% would like to receive more information about it. The statistically significant factors associated with not performing surgical sterilization were: Not having used any contraceptive method previously (RPa: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.01-1.82, p: 0.042), not knowing if you want having more children (RPa: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.22-2.03, p <0.001), thinking that performing surgical sterilization would be against their rights (RPa: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.05-1.46; p: 0.008) and to think that surgical sterilization produces menstrual alterations (RPa: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.17-1.34, p: 0.027). Conclusions: Many women surveyed would not opt for surgical sterilization in the future due to various factors, many of them modifiable with adequate training and intervention of health personnel.

Initial experience with hysteroscopic tubal occlusion (Essure®) / Experiência inicial com a oclusão tubária por via histeroscópica (Essure®)

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate results of early tubal occlusions performed by hysteroscopy (Essure®). Methods This prospective study included 38 patients, 73.7% of them were white, mean age 34.5 years, they have had on average 3 pregnancies and 2.7 of deliveries. A total of 86.8% of patients previously prepared the endometrium. All procedures were carried out at outpatient unit without anesthesia. Results Insertion rate of the device was 100% at a mean time of 4 minutes and 50 seconds. Based on the analogical visual scale, average pain reported was three, and 55.3% of women did not report pain after the procedure. After 3 months, 89.5% of patients were very satisfied with the method. Simple radiographs of the pelvis showed 92.1% of topical devices, and one case of unilateral expulsion had occurred. A four years follow-up did not show failure in the method. Conclusions Tubal occlusion through hysteroscopy at outpatient unit and without anesthesia was a quickly and well-tolerated procedure. No serious complications were seen, the success rate was high, and patients were satisfied.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar os resultados das primeiras oclusões tubárias realizadas pela via histeroscópica (Essure®). Métodos Estudo prospectivo com 38 pacientes, sendo 73,7% caucasianas, com média de idade de 34,5 anos, e com 3 gestações e 2,7 partos em média. Do total, 86,8% das pacientes fizeram preparo prévio do endométrio. Todos os procedimentos foram ambulatoriais e sem anestesia. Resultados A taxa de inserção do dispositivo foi de 100%, com tempo médio de 4 minutos e 50 segundos. Segundo a Escala Visual Analógica, a dor média obtida foi de três, e 55,3% das mulheres não referiram qualquer dor após o método. Ocorreu um caso de reflexo vagal e 89,5% das pacientes retornaram às atividades normais no mesmo dia. Após 3 meses, 89,5% das pacientes encontravam-se muito satisfeitas com o método. A radiografia simples da pelve evidenciou 92,1% de dispositivos tópicos, ocorrendo um caso de expulsão unilateral. Após 4 anos de seguimento, não houve falha do método. Conclusão A oclusão tubária por via histeroscópica em regime ambulatorial e sem anestesia foi um procedimento rápido, bem tolerado, isento de complicações graves e com alta taxa de sucesso e satisfação das pacientes.

Esterilização histeroscópica ambulatorial pelo procedimento Essure: stent tubário / Outpatient hysteroscopic sterilization by the Essure procedure: stent tubal

A esterilização cirúrgica é um dos métodos contraceptivos mais populares. Métodos tradicionais de esterilização permanente (por exemplo, ligadura tubária abdominal ou laparoscópica) utilizam a anestesia geral ou regional, necessitando de incisão na parede abdominal ou introdução de trocaters, expondo a paciente aos riscos intrínsecos ao procedimento cirúrgico e à obrigatoriedade da recuperação pós-operatória. A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) dos Estados Unidos aprovou em 2002 o sistema de stent tubário Essure. O Essure oclui as trompas estimulando a fibrose tecidual e a subsequente cicatrização. Esse é um artigo de revisão, que tem o objetivo de apresentar esse método aos tocoginecologistas brasileiros, como uma alternativa eficaz e segura para uso na nossa população. O Hospital da Mulher Mariska Ribeiro é atualmente Centro de Referência no Brasil para o Essure já tendo realizado cerca de 1000 procedimentos.

Surgical sterilization is a popular contraceptive method. Traditional methods of permanent sterilization (eg, abdominal or laparoscopic tubal ligation) use general or regional anesthesia, requiring incision in the abdominal wall or introduction of trocars, exposing the patient to the inherent risks of the surgical procedure and the requirement of postoperative recovery. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States in 2002 approved the Essure tubal stent system. The Essure occludes the fallopian tubes stimulating tissue fibrosis and subsequent healing. This is a review article, which aims to present this method to Brazilian obstetricians and gynecologists as an effective and safe alternative for use in our population. The Hospital da Mulher Mariska Ribeiro is currently a Reference Center in Brazil for the Essure having already performed about 1000 procedures.

Clinical study of the effect on reproductive potential of salpingectomy in child-bearing period women / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To analyze the effect on reproductive potential of salpingectomy in child-bearing period women.Methods Two hundred and forty-six tubal pregnancy patients were chosen,among whom 164 patients performed salpingectomy were classified as research group,and 82 patients retained ipsilateral tubal through conservative treatment were classified as control group.The levels of sex hormone,ovarian volume,sinus number of follicle,ovulation rate,reproductive outcome and reproductive status were compared between 2 groups.Seven patients were lost in research group,and 3 patients were lost in control group.Results One,three and six months after β-human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) put back,the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),luteinizing hormone (LH) in research group were significantly higher than those in control group,FSH:(10.00 ±4.82) U/L vs.(6.69 ± 2.71) U/L,(9.11 ± 3.77)U/L vs.(6.81 ± 2.80) U/L,(8.30 ± 3.49) U/L vs.(6.41 ± 2.41) U/L;LH:(8.74 ± 3.56) U/L vs.(6.10 ± 2.59)U/L,(9.42 ± 3.09) U/L vs.(5.79 ± 2.10) U/L,(7.96 ± 2.53) U/L vs.(6.50 ± 2.71) U/L,and there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.05).One and three months after β-hCG put back,the serum levels of estradiol (E2) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in research group were significantly lower than those in control group,E2:(111.44 ± 22.24) pmol/L vs.(128.22 ± 24.01) pmol/L,(108.74 ± 21.67) pmol/L vs.(126.30 ± 23.78) pmol/L;AMH:(3.22 ± 0.85) μ g/L vs.(3.64 ± 0.87) μ g/L,(3.67 ± 0.94) μ g/L vs.(3.83 ± 1.12) μ g/L,and there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.05).Six months after β-hCG put back,there was no statistical difference in the serum levels of E2 and AMH:(127.85 ± 24.42) pmol/L vs.(131.28 ± 25.54) pmol/L and (4.35 ± 1.34) μ g/L vs.(4.47 ± 1.76) μ g/L,P ＞ 0.05.In salpingectomy patients,the ovarian volume and the sinus number of follicle at lesion side (salpingectomy side) after treatment of 6 months were significantly lower than those in no lesion side:(8.86 ± 2.36) cm3 vs.(9.74 ± 2.31) cm3 and (5.10 ± 1.14) pieces vs.(7.26 ± 2.52) pieces,and there were statistical differences (P ＜ 0.05).After treatment of 2 years,the rate of ectopic pregnancy in control group was significantly higher than that in research group:12.66％ (10/79) vs.5.10％(8/157),and there was statistical difference (P ＜ 0.05).Especially,the patients who retained ipsilateral tubal conservative treatment had higher ectopic pregnancy rate:8.86％ (7/79) vs.0,and there was statistical difference (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Salpingectomy can affect the reproductive potential,but it can decrease the probability of ectopic pregnancy.Whether patients with tubal pregnancy need to be treated by salpingectomy,depends on the extent of tubal lesions and fertility desire of the patients.

Clinical and psychological repercussions of videolaparoscopic tubal ligation: observational, single cohort, retrospective study / Repercussões clínicas e psíquicas da ligadura tubária videolaparoscópica: estudo observacional de coorte única, retrospectivo

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Tubal ligation is one of the most commonly used contraceptive methods worldwide. Since the controversy over the potential effects of tubal sterilization still continues, this study aimed to evaluate the clinical and psychological repercussions of videolaparoscopic tubal ligation. DESIGN AND SETTING: Observational, single cohort, retrospective study, conducted in a tertiary public hospital. METHODS: A questionnaire was applied to 130 women aged 21-46 years who underwent videolaparoscopic tubal ligation by means of tubal ring insertion or bipolar electrocoagulation and sectioning, between January 1999 and December 2007. Menstrual cycle interval, intensity and duration of bleeding, premenstrual symptoms, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, noncyclic pelvic pain and degree of sexual satisfaction were assessed in this questionnaire. Each woman served as her own control, and comparisons were made between before and after the surgical procedure and between the two techniques used. RESULTS: The clinical and psychological repercussions were significant, with increases in bleeding (P = 0.001), premenstrual symptoms (P < 0.001), dysmenorrhea (P = 0.019) and noncyclic pelvic pain (P = 0.001); and reductions in the number of sexual intercourse occurrences per week (P = 0.001) and in libido (P = 0.001). Women aged ≤ 35 years at the time of sterilization were more likely to develop menstrual abnormalities. The bipolar electrocoagulation method showed greater clinical and psychological repercussions. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the technique used, videolaparoscopic tubal ligation had repercussions consisting of increased menstrual flow and premenstrual symptoms, especially in women aged ≤ 35 years, and also had a negative influence on sexual activity. .

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A ligadura tubária é um dos métodos contraceptivos mais utilizados em todo o mundo. Como a controvérsia sobre seus possíveis efeitos ainda continua, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as repercussões clínicas e psíquicas da laqueadura videolaparoscópica. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo observacional de coorte único, retrospectivo, conduzido em hospital público terciário. MÉTODOS: Foi aplicado um questionário a 130 mulheres, entre 21-46 anos, submetidas à ligadura tubária videolaparoscópica, pelas técnicas de eletrocoagulação bipolar/secção ou inserção do anel tubário, entre janeiro de 1999 e dezembro de 2007. Nesse questionário avaliou-se: intervalo do ciclo menstrual, intensidade e duração do sangramento, sintomas pré-menstruais, dismenorreia, dispareunia, dor pélvica não cíclica e grau de satisfação sexual. Cada mulher serviu como seu próprio controle, foi realizada análise comparativa entre os períodos pré- e pós-cirúrgico e entre as duas técnicas utilizadas. RESULTADOS: As repercussões clínicas e psicológicas mostraram-se significativas, com aumento de sangramento (P = 0,001), de sintomas pré-menstruais (P < 0,001), dismenorreia (P = 0,019), dor pélvica não cíclica (P = 0,001), e redução no número de relações sexuais por semana (P = 0,001) e na libido (P = 0,001). Mulheres com idade ≤ 35 anos, no momento da laqueadura, mostraram-se mais propensas a desenvolverem alterações menstruais. A técnica de eletrocoagulação bipolar mostrou maiores repercussões clínicas e psíquicas. CONCLUSÃO: A ligadura tubária videolaparoscópica, independentemente da técnica, repercutiu com ...

Esterilização histeroscópica de paciente com dispositivo intrauterino Mirena® / Hysteroscopic sterilization of patient with intrauterine device Mirena®

A esterilização tubária é o procedimento definitivo mais utilizado no mundo para controle da fecundidade. A ligadura laparoscópica é segura, porém invasiva e com possíveis riscos cirúrgicos e anestésicos. A via histeroscópica permite a oclusão tubária em ambiente ambulatorial, sem incisões ou anestesia. Um microdispositivo (Essure®) é inserido diretamente no interior das tubas e suas fibras internas de poliéster causam sua obstrução em até 3 meses. Durante esse período, deve ser mantido o método contraceptivo temporário utilizado pela paciente. Várias mulheres utilizam o sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel, denominado comercialmente Mirena®. O objetivo neste estudo foi de avaliar a possibilidade de inserção do Essure® sem a remoção do dispositivo intrauterino e a tolerância da paciente ao procedimento. O dispositivo foi colocado com sucesso em paciente portadora do Mirena® sem necessidade de retirada do mesmo. Após 3 meses o dispositivo intrauterino foi retirado sem intercorrências.

Tubal sterilization is the definitive procedure most often used worldwide to control fecundity. Laparoscopic ligature is safe, but invasive and with possible surgical and anesthetic risks. The hysteroscopic approach enables tubal occlusion at outpatient's setting without the need of incisions or anesthesia. A microdevice (Essure®) is inserted directly into the tubes and its polyethelene fibers cause obstruction of tubes in about three months. During this period, it is recommended that patients continue the use of a temporary birth control method. Several women use the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, which is called in the market as Mirena®. This report evaluated the possibility of inserting Essure® without remove the intrauterine device; patient tolerance to the procedure was also assessed. The tubal device was successfully placed in the patient without the need to remove Mirena®. After three months the intrauterine device was removed with no intercurrent events.

Laqueadura tubária: caracterização de usuárias laqueadas de um serviço público / Tubal ligation: the characterization of sterilized users of a public service / Ligadura de trompas: caracterización de usuarias intervenidas en un servicio público

Objetivou-se traçar o perfil anticoncepcional pregresso de mulheres laqueadas e verificar associações entre variáveis educacionais, sexuais, obstétricas e a idade de realização da laqueadura tubária (LT). A pesquisa, de caráter documental retrospectiva, foi realizada no Centro de Parto Natural Lígia Barros Costa (CPN) em Fortaleza-CE, com 1423 prontuários, datados de 2005 a 2008, sendo 277 de mulheres laqueadas. Na análise aplicou-se cálculo de frequências, teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e correlação de Pearson/Spearman. As mulheres laqueadas revelaram perfil de baixa escolaridade, uniões maritais e escassa utilização pregressa de outros métodos, sendo a camisinha e o anticoncepcional oral os mais frequentes. Números de gestações e abortos se associaram com a idade de realização da LT, ao contrário das variáveis escolaridade e idade da coitarca. Sabedores dessa situação, os enfermeiros poderão aperfeiçoar seu olhar em relação às mulheres que almejam realizar a LT, fortalecendo estratégias educativas e promovendo maior diversidade contraceptiva à clientela.

The purpose of this study was to trace the contraceptive history of sterilized women and identify the associations between educational, sexual and obstetric variables and the women's age when they underwent the procedure for tubal ligation (TL). This is a retrospective documentary study performed at the Lígia Barros Costa Natural Birthing Center in Fortaleza, Ceará, with 1423 records, dating from 2005 to 2008, 277 of which referred to sterilized women. Data analysis involved applying the calculation of frequencies, Pearson's chi-square test and correlation of Pearson/Spearman. Sterilized women represented a population with low education, marital union, and a history of infrequent use of other contraceptive methods other than condoms and the pill. Numbers of pregnancies and abortions/miscarriages were related with the age of TL, unlike the variables of education and the age of the first sexual intercourse. With this knowledge at hand, nurses can improve their look towards women looking forward to TL, and thus strengthen education strategies and promote greater diversity in the alternatives for contraception.

Se objetivó trazar el perfil anticonceptivo previo de mujeres con ligadura y verificar asociaciones entre variables educacionales, sexuales, obstétricas y la edad en que se realizaron la ligadura de trompas (LT). La investigación, de carácter documental retrospectiva, fue efectuada en el Centro de Parto Natural Lígia Barros Costa (CPN) en Fortaleza-CE-Brasil, con 1423 historias clínicas, con fechas entre 2005 y 2008, encontrándose entre ellos los correspondientes a 277 mujeres con ligadura. En el análisis se aplicó el cálculo de frecuencia, test Qui-cuadrado de Pearson y correlación de Pearson/Spearman. Las mujeres con ligadura respondieron a un perfil de baja escolaridad, uniones maritales y escasa utilización previa de otros métodos, resultando el preservativo y el anticonceptivo oral los más frecuentes. El número de gestaciones y abortos se asociaron con la edad de realización de la LT, al contrario de las variables escolaridad y edad de la primera relación sexual. En conocimiento de tales situaciones, los enfermeros podrán perfeccionar su visión sobre las mujeres que aspiran a realizarse una LT, fortaleciendo estrategias educativas y promoviendo mayor diversidad anticonceptiva a las pacientes.

Contrast analysis of different laparoscopic surgical treatments for tubal pregnancy outcome and repregnancy / 中国医师进修杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the outcome and repregnancy after different laparoscopicsurgical treatments for tubal pregnancy,and analyse the influential factors. MethodsIn 56 tubal pregnancypatients,28 cases performed laparoscopic salpingostomy (group A) and 28 cases peoformed laparoscopicsalpingectomy (group B). The perioperative condition, the rate of repregnancy and re-ectopic pregnancy was compared and analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to detect the effect on subsequent repregnancyof influential factors such as pelvic adhesion. ResultsMore bleeding and longer operative time were needed in group A than group B, there were significant differences between two groups (P ＜ 0.05 ). In follow-up of 6months to 6 yeats,the rate of repregnancy in group A and group B was 46.4％(13/28) and 32.1％(9/28)respectively,there was no significant difference between two groups (P ＞0.05). The rate of re-ectopic pregnancy in group A and group B was 10.7％ (3/28) and 28.6％ (8/28) respectively,there was significant difference between two groups (P ＜0.05). In the single factor analysis,the repregnancy in group A was significantly associated to pelvic adhesion and patency of the contralateral oviduct (P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusions The rate of repregnancy of laparoscopic salpingostomy is higher than laparoscopic salpingectomy for tubal pregnancy. Each of pelvic adhesion and the patency of the contralateral oviduct is a factor that affects the postoperative fertility. The conservation operation is not recommended for those patients with extensive pelvic adhesion or seriously destroyed tube but normal contralateral oviduct.

The comparison of efficacy of female sterilization by modified Uchida technique and silver clips in China / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To compare efficacy of female sterilization by modified Uchida technique and silver clips and to evaluate the influence on operation procedure and clinical effect with or without surgery training of service providers. Methods A comparative, multicenter clinical trial was performed in 18 county and township-level service centers. Totally 2198 women underwent sterilization from these 18 study center were divided into 1116 women sterilized by modified Uchida technique and 1082 women by silver clips.Those 18 centers were classified into 9 training groups which provide surgical skills of sterilization and other contents and 9 non training groups. Clinical documents of sterilization were recorded. All women were followup at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Results There were no complications during surgery by both sterilization. The failure rate was 2.03% (22/1082) in silver clip method and the mean operative time were ( 12. 4 ± 6. 4 ) minutes in training group and ( 14. 4 ± 8. 1 ) minutes in non training group. In modified Uchida method, the failure rate was 0. 18% (2/1116) and the mean operative time were (16. 2 ± 4. 9)minutes in training group and (19.0 ±8.6) minutes in non training group. The mean operative time between two groups reached statistical difference ( all P ＜ 0. 05 ). Total ended rate in modified Uchida technique were 2. 2/hundred women year in training group and 2. 5/hundred women year in non training group, and the rate of silver slips were 3. 9/hundred women year and 4. 8/hundred women year, which did not show significant difference ( all P ＞ 0. 05 ). There was no significant difference in acceptability and side effects of all women between two methods (P ＞ 0. 05). The training of service providers could influence acceptability of women (P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusions Clinical efficacy was not influenced by those two methods. The operative time and acceptability were improved by training surgeons in silver clips method.

História reprodutiva de mulheres laqueadas / Reproductive history of women with tubal ligation / Historia de la reproducción de mujeres con ligadura de trompas

OBJETIVO: Investigar o perfil obstétrico de mulheres laqueadas e a existência de associação com variáveis sóciodemográficas e sexuais. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo, retrospectivo e documental, desenvolvido em um Centro de Parto Natural em julho de 2008, na cidade de Fortaleza-CE. A amostra foi composta por 277 prontuários de usuárias laqueadas. RESULTADOS: Houve alto número de gestações associado à baixa escolaridade, início precoce da vida sexual e escassa utilização pregressa de métodos contraceptivos reversíveis, alta freqüência de partos cesarianos e abortos. CONCLUSÃO: O perfil encontrado reafirma a necessidade de fortalecer as orientações e a troca de informação no planejamento famíliar entre profissionais de saúde e a população atendida, estimular a participação masculina e garantir o acesso aos diversos métodos contraceptivos.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the obstetric profile of women with tubal ligation and the existence of association with socio-demographic variables and sex. METHODS: This is a quantitative and retrospective documentary study, developed in a Natural Birth Center in July 2008 in the city of Fortaleza-CE. The sample was composed by 277 medical records of patients who had tubal ligation. RESULTS: There were a high number of pregnancies associated with: low education, early onset of sexual life, lack of prior use of reversible contraceptive methods, and high frequency of cesarean delivery and abortions. CONCLUSIONS: The profile found reaffirms the need of: strengthen the guidance and exchange of information on family planning among health professionals and their patients; encouraging male participation; and, guarantee access to the various contraceptive methods.

OBJETIVO: Investigar el perfil obstétrico de mujeres con ligadura de trompas y la existencia de asociación con variables socio-demográficas y sexuales. MÉTODOS: Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, retrospectivo y documental, desarrollado en un Centro de Parto Natural, en julio de 2008, en la ciudad de Fortaleza-CE. La muestra fue composta por 277 fichas médicas de pacientes que hicieron ligadura de las trompas. RESULTADOS: Hubo un alto número de gestaciones asociadas a: baja escolaridad, inicio precoz de la vida sexual, escasa utilización anterior de métodos contraceptivos reversibles, y alta frecuencia de partos por cesárea y abortos. CONCLUSIÓN: El perfil encontrado reafirma la necesidad de: fortalecer las orientaciones y el intercambio de informaciones en la planificación familiar entre profesionales de la salud y la población atendida; estimular la participación masculina; y, garantizar el acceso a los diversos métodos contraceptivos.

Reconstrução cirúrgica tubária e condições de realização das laqueaduras / Reconstrucción quirúrgica tubaria y condiciones de realización de las ligaduras / Tubal reconstructive surgery and conditions for implementation of ligation

Objetivou-se verificar idade materna, número de filhos, tipo de parto concomitante à laqueadura e prática anticoncepcional que a antecedeu; e identificar as razões que motivaram essas mulheres à laqueadura e à reconstrução cirúrgica tubária. Estudo transversal, de campo, realizado em ambulatório público de infertilidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, com 13 mulheres. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista, de janeiro a abril de 2009. Laqueaduras foram realizadas em mulheres com menos de 25 anos, menos de dois filhos, sem conhecimento e acesso aos métodos anticoncepcionais e na ocasião do parto. As mulheres apresentaram a negligência masculina com o exercício da paternidade, o desejo de não querer ter mais filhos e a pressão da patroa ou familiares como razões para laquearem. Para 11 mulheres, a mudança de cônjuge foi decisiva na busca pela reconstrução cirúrgica tubária, uma perpetuação do poder masculino à tomada de decisão das mulheres no campo reprodutivo.

El objetivo fue verificar edad materna, número de hijos, tipo de parto concomitante a la ligadura de trompas y a la práctica anticonceptiva que la precedió; e identificar las razones motivaron estas mujeres a la ligadura y reconstrucción quirúrgica de trompas. Estudio transversal, de campo, llevado a cabo en un ambulatorio público de esterilidad de Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil, con 13 mujeres. Los datos fueran colectados con entrevista, de enero a abril de 2009. Esterilizaciones fueran hechas en mujeres menores de 25 años, con menos de dos niños, sin conocimiento y acceso a los métodos contraceptivos y en el momento siguiente al parto. Las mujeres presentaron la negligencia masculina con el ejercicio de la paternidad, el deseo de no tener más hijos y la presión del jefe y de la familia como razones para hacer la ligación de trompas. A 11 mujeres, el cambio del cónyuge fue decisivo para la búsqueda por la reconstrucción quirúrgica, fuerte influencia masculina sobre las mujeres en el campo reproductivo.

It was aimed to verify maternal age, parity, mode of delivery concurrent to tubal ligation and the contraceptive practice that preceded it; and to identify the reasons that motivated these women to ligation and tubal reconstructive surgery. This is a cross-sectional field study, carried out in a public laboratory for infertility in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, with 13 women. Data were collected through interviews from January to April 2009. Ler foneticamenteTubal ligations were made on 25-year-old women or less, right after childbirth, mothers of two children or less, unaware of the contraceptive methods and/or how to obtain them. These women alleged male carelessness with fatherhood, the lack of desire for more children and pressure from families and employers as the reasons for the sterilizations. For 11 of these women, the change of male companion was decisive for looking for surgical reversion, the strong influence that partners have on women's decisions on the reproductive area.

Natural orifice surgery: new concept in minimally invasive surgery / Cirurgia por orifícios naturais: novo conceito em cirurgia minimamente invasiva

We present the concept of natural orifice surgery and of scarless operations, with their access routes, their multidisciplinary character, and challenges to their development. We point out the intra- and postoperative advantages. We emphasize the use of the vaginal route and posterior colpotomy in the application of natural orifice surgery in vaginal hysterectomies and surgical access to adnexa, which includes tubal ligation. We highlight the need for mastering these surgical modalities, which can bring great advantages to patients in Brazil.

Apresentamos, neste artigo, o conceito das cirurgias por orifícios naturais e das cirurgias "sem cicatriz", as suas vias de acesso, seu caráter multidisciplinar e os desafios de seu desenvolvimento. Apontamos as vantagens intra e pós-operatórias. Enfocamos a via vaginal e a colpotomia posterior na aplicação das cirurgias por orifícios naturais em histerectomias vaginais e acessos cirúrgicos aos anexos nos quais se inclui a laqueadura tubárea. Reforçamos a necessidade de nos inteirarmos destas modalidades de cirurgia que poderão trazer grandes vantagens para as pacientes no Brasil.

Clinical study of laparoscopy in treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome after tubal ligation / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To observe clinical effects of round ligament ventrosuspension or shortening round ligament operation by laparoscopy on treating pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) after tubal ligation. Methods Thirty patients with PCS were treated in round ligament ventrosuspension or shortening round ligament operation by laparescopy. Follow-up was started from the third month after operative procedure to find out patients' symptoms ameliorated situations. Results Symptoms of all patients were ameliorated in various degrees after operations. The cure rate of the cases was 73.3%(22/30), and the rate of improvement was 20.0% (6/30), and the rate of inefficiency was 6.7% (2/30), and total effectiveness rate was 93.3% (28/30). Conclusions Laparoscopy is chosen to be a routine and first diagnosis or treatment means. Round ligament ventrosuspension or shortening round ligament operation by laparoscopy is a simple, high effective way of treating PCS after tubal ligation.

Fatores associados ao futuro reprodutivo de mulheres desejosas de gestação após ligadura tubária / Factors associated with the reproductive future of patients wishing pregnancy after being submitted to tubal ligation

OBJETIVO: analisar os fatores associados ao futuro reprodutivo de mulheres submetidas previamente à laqueadura tubária (LT), que desejavam nova gestação, atendidas em serviço público. MÉTODOS: realizou-se estudo prospectivo, no qual foram incluídos 98 pacientes, submetidas previamente a LT, que procuraram o serviço de reprodução humana no período de janeiro de 1996 a janeiro de 2004 desejando nova gestação. Utilizou-se, como instrumento de pesquisa, o seguimento dessas mulheres desde a primeira consulta, na qual solicitaram a reversão do procedimento, até a aplicação do questionário estruturado no final do período do estudo, abordando aspectos sociodemográficos das pacientes nos momentos da solicitação da laqueadura e da reversão do procedimento. RESULTADOS: a média da idade na época da ligadura era de 25 anos, sendo que 55,1 por cento tinham menos de 25 anos, 46,9 por cento tinham três ou mais filhos, e dez tinham apenas um filho. As causas mais comuns para a indicação da LT foram: desejo de contracepção (48 por cento), problemas financeiros (25,5 por cento), e problemas conjugais (15,3 por cento). As principais razões para tentativa de nova gravidez foram: novo matrimônio/novo parceiro (80,6 por cento), ter um novo filho com o mesmo parceiro (8,2 por cento), e morte de um filho (6,1 por cento). O tempo de arrependimento informado pela maioria das mulheres foi entre dois e quatro anos, e a procura pela reversão, no intervalo de seis a dez anos. Para 83,6 por cento da amostra, faltou informação a respeito da laqueadura e dificuldades da reversão. Em 20 pacientes foi realizada recanalização tubária e, das dez mulheres que ficaram grávidas, seis tiveram filhos a termo. Para oito pacientes foi indicada fertilização in vitro, e, destas, quatro mulheres ficaram grávidas e duas conceberam recém-nascidos a termo. CONCLUSÕES: LT em mulheres jovens, vulneráveis e não informadas a respeito do caráter definitivo do método pode aumentar a demanda...

PURPOSE: to analyze the factors associated with the reproductive future of patients wishing to become pregnant after having being submitted to tubal ligation (TL), attended at a public service. METHODS: a prospective study including 98 patients previously submitted to TL, who came to the Human Reproduction Center of the University Hospital of Brasilia (HUB), from January 1996 to January 2004, wishing to become pregnant again These patients were followed up from their first appointment till the end of the study, when they answered a structured questionnaire about the social demographic aspects at both the moment they asked for the TL and the reversion of the procedure. RESULTS: the patientsÆ average age at the TL procedure was 25 years old. Among them, 55.1 percent were younger than 25, 46.9 percent had three or more children, and ten of them had only one child. The most common reasons for the TL procedure were: contraception (48 percent), financial difficulties (25.5 percent) and marital problems (15.3 percent). The major causes for wishing a new pregnancy were: a new relationship/marriage (80.6 percent), the desire of having another child with the same partner (8.2 percent), and the death of a child (6.1 percent). The regret time informed by most of the patients was between two and four years, and the search for reversion was between six and ten years. About 83.6 percent of the sample referred lack of information about the procedure and the difficulties of reversion. Twenty patients were submitted to TL reversal procedure; from the ten who became pregnant, only six delivered babies, after a full-term pregnancy. Eight patients were referred to in vitro fertilization treatment, four of them became pregnant and two delivered healthy babies. CONCLUSIONS: TL in young vulnerable women, not informed about the definitive condition of the method, may increase the search for attended reproduction services and impair their reproductive,...