Unveiling supply chain efficiency: exploring ABC-VED analysis studies on drug inventory management in India

About one-third of annual hospital budget is spent on buying materials and supplies including medicines. In any health facility, be it small health center or a big teaching institution, drugs forms an essential and indispensable element. Non-availability of drugs particularly in the developing countries is due to lack of proper material management. A poor management in a public pharmaceutical supply can result in wastage or blockade of financial resources, irrational utilization of drugs, shortage or overage of essential drugs, increased holding cost, and reduction in flexibility and decline in quality of health care services. Adaptation of a scientific approach of inventory management in healthcare manages all the issues regarding stocking of pharmaceutical items, ensuring safety, stability, efficacy, availability and maintenance of quality of drugs to provide better healthcare services. This review will focus on inventory management and its importance with special emphasis on always better control-vital, essential, desirable (ABC-VED) analysis technique on essential medicine concept and report of various research studies conducted on ABC-VED analysis in different parts of country.

Genetic diversity of four broodstocks of tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) from Antioquia, Colombia / Diversidad genética de cuatro grupos de reproductores de tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) de Antioquia, Colombia / Diversidade genética de quatro estoques de reprodutores de tilápia (Oreochromis sp.) de Antioquia, Colombia

Abstract Background: Tilapia is the most farmed fish in Colombia. However, the genetic diversity and structure of broodstocks in the hatcheries of Antioquia province remains unknown. Objective: To analyze the genetic diversity and structure of one Nile and three red tilapia broodstocks in Antioquia, Colombia. Methods: Fish were genotyped using 24 microsatellite markers of 13 linkage groups in five multiple reactions. Genetic diversity metrics were estimated and null alleles were detected. Analysis of Molecular Variance and analysis of number of clusters were used to describe the relationship between broodstocks. Results: Two microsatellites could not be amplified, and 22 were polymorphic. Average number of alleles per locus ranged 5.77 to 7.91. Locus UNH211 had the most alleles (17), whereas OMO032 had the fewest (4). Except for GM234 and OMO032, the analyzed loci had at least one private allele per population. Average effective number of alleles (3.37-4.03) was always less than the number of observed alleles. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with heterozygote deficiencies were registered. Nine markers showed evidence of null alleles. The expected heterozygosity (0.65 to 0.67 per broodstock) was significantly higher than the observed heterozygosity (0.601 to 0.649) in the four populations. The fixation index for all broodstocks (excluding null alleles) was 0.0766 (95% confidence interval, 0.05092 to 0.10289). According to the molecular variance analysis, the greatest variation was between individuals rather than between groups of broodstocks or individuals within broodstocks. The genetic distance between the Nile and red broodstocks ranged from 0.43 to 0.54. Conclusions: Overall, these findings provide baseline information about the genetic diversity and structure of tilapia broodstocks in Antioquia, Colombia, useful for the management of hatcheries.

Resumen Antecedentes: La tilapia es el pez más cultivado en Colombia; sin embargo, hay gran desconocimiento sobre la estructura genetica actual de los reproductores. Objetivo: Analizar la diversidad y estructura genética de los reproductores de tres granjas de tilapia roja y una de tilapia Nilótica en Antioquia, Colombia. Métodos: Se utilizaron 24 microsatélites de 13 grupos de ligamiento amplificados en cinco reacciones múltiples. Se calcularon diferentes medidas de diversidad y se detectaron alelos nulos. Se utilizó un análisis de varianza molecular y uno de número de grupos para describir las relaciones entre las granjas de reproductores. Resultados: Dos marcadores no fueron amplificados y los 22 restantes fueron polimórficos. El promedio de alelos por locus varió entre 5,77 y 7,91. El mayor número de alelos (17) se encontró en el locus UNH 211, mientras que el menor se observó en OMO032 (cuatro). Veinte loci presentaron por lo menos un alelo privado. El número de alelos efectivos promedio fue menor al número de alelos observado y estuvo entre 3,37 y 4,03. Se registraron desviaciones significativas en el equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg, en su mayoría con deficiencias de heterocigotos. Se encontraron evidencias de alelos nulos en nueve marcadores. La heterocigosidad observada estuvo entre 0,601 y 0,649. El índice de fijación fue de 0.0766 (intervalo de confianza de 95%, entre 0,05092 y 0,10289). Según el análisis de varianza molecular, la mayor fuente de variación se encontró entre individuos. El valor de la distancia de Nei entre los reproductores Nilóticos y rojos estuvo entre 0,43 y 0,54. Conclusión: Los resultados de la presente investigación proveen una línea base acerca de la diversidad y estructura genética de los reproductores de tilapia en Antioquia, Colombia, y son útiles para el manejo de granjas dedicadas a la reproducción de tilapia.

Resumo Antecedentes: A tilápia é o peixe mais cultivado na Colômbia. É importante examinar a diversidade genética de peixes reprodutores. Objetivo: Avaliar a diversidade e estrutura genética de três estoques de reprodutores de tilápias vermelhas e um de tilápia Nilótica em Antioquia, Colômbia. Métodos: Utilizaram-se 24 microssatélites de 13 grupos de ligação em cinco reações múltiplas. Métricas de diversidade genética foram estimadas e alelos nulos foram detectados. Análise da Variância Molecular e análise do número de clusters foram utilizados para descrever a relação entre os estoques. Resultados: Dois marcadores não foram amplificados e vinte e dois microssatélites analisados mostraram-se polimórficos. O número médio de alelos por locus variou entre 5,77 e 7,91. O Locus UNH211 apresentou o maior número de alelos (17), enquanto o OMO032 apresentou o menor número (4). Exceto GM234 e OMO032, os loci analisados mostrou um pelo menos um alelo privado por população. O número efetivo médio de alelos (3,37-4,03) foi sempre menor do que o número de alelos observados. Foram observados desvios significativos do equilíbrio Hardy-Weinberg e deficiência de heterozigotos. Nove loci mostraram evidências de alelos nulos. A heterozigosidade esperada (0,6504-0,6748 por população) foi significativamente maior do que a heterozigosidade observada (0,601-0,649). O índice de fixação foi de 0,0766 (intervalo de confiança de 95%, 0,05092-0,10289). De acordo com a análise da variância molecular, a maior variação foi entre indivíduos. Adistância genética entre o Nilo e os reprodutores vermelhos variou de 0,43 a 0,54. Conclusão: No geral, esses resultados fornecem informação básica sobre sobre diversidade e estrutura genética de reprodutores de tilápia em Antioquia, Colômbia, e são significativos para o manejo de plantéis de reprodutores.

Una nueva visión en la gestión de la logística de aprovisionamientos en la industria biotecnológica cubana / A new vision in the management of supply logistics in the cuban biotechnological industry

El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer una nueva metodología en la gestión logística de los aprovisionamientos para las industrias biotecnológicas cubanas que funcionan esencialmente con un ciclo completo de desempeño empresarial, desde la investigación básica de nuevos biofármacos, hasta llegar a la fabricación y comercialización de sus productos, donde la amplia y compleja gama de surtidos a suministrar en un contexto adverso para el país, conlleva a utilizar diferentes métodos de gestión de los aprovisionamientos en correspondencia con su destino y frecuencia de uso. De esta manera, se propone dividir las materias primas y materiales a proveer en: 1) insumos de proyectos, que emplean de forma esporádica pequeñas, pero múltiples variedades de mercancías 2) insumos de procesos, que se caracterizan por consumir altos volúmenes de productos, pero poco diversos, como sucede en las actividades de producción. Finalmente, se evalúa la implementación de este procedimiento en una de las entidades biotecnológicas de mayor prestigio en Cuba, el Centro de Inmunología Molecular, demostrando las ventajas y alcance de esta propuesta que permitió elevar la efectividad en la gestión de los aprovisionamientos, y de esta manera la eficiencia empresarial(AU)

The objective of this work is to propose a new methodology for the logistics management of supplies in Cuban biotechnological industries. They work essentially on a full cycle of enterprise performance, from basic research to the manufacture and marketing of new biopharmaceuticals products. The wide and complex range of supply requirements, in an adverse country-wide context, leads to the use of different methods for managing supplies, in accordance with their destination and frequency of use. We propose to divide the supplies and materials into two categories: 1) supplies for projects, for those that are highly varied, used sporadically and in small quantities, 2) process supplies, for those that are regularly used in large volumes -such as manufacture process-, and a relatively small variety of supply types. The implementation of this methodology is assessed in one of the most prestigious biotechnological entities in Cuba, the Molecular Immunology Center. The effectiveness in the management of supplies was increased, and therefore, business efficiency(AU)

Real Stock Management of Drugs Based on HIS of Out-patient Pharmacy in General Hospital / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To upgrade the management of the out-patient pharmacy and provide all the patients, doctors and nurses with good service. METHODS: HIS was applied to the real stock management of the out-patient pharmacy in our hospital. RESULTS: Due to the HIS, the amount of drugs was identical with the account; the overstock and stocktaking error rate were greatly decreased, and the account was clear & the supervision was easy. CONCLUSION: The work efficiency and quality of the out-patient pharmacy was greatly improved by the scientific normalized management.

Experience with Central Dispensing Mode by Applying “Army No.1” System / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To implement scientific drug control in inpatient dispensary by means of “Army No.1” system and to establish digitalized drug quality control system. METHODS: The “Army No.1” network system was put into wide operation in our hospital to establish interconnection among doctor workstation, nurse workstation and pharmacy workstation. Hence, the central dispensing mode was established. RESULTS: The operation of Army No.1 system not only relieved the workload of both clinic and pharmacy, increased whose working efficiency and transparency but also reduced overstock and run-off of drugs and enforced drug monitoring; meanwhile it facilitate the carrying out of pharmaceutical care and evaluation of drug utilization. CONCLUSIONS: Central dispensing mode in inpatient dispensary drug control by means of “Army No.1” system is advisable and which deserves generalization.

Inventory Management of Medical Consumables in Inpatient Area / 医疗卫生装备

With wide application of medical consumables, inventory management of medical consumables has important significance. The principle and two specific methods for keeping inventory level are introduced to give specific requirements of stock materials keeping and quality management. How to set up scientific management processes is more discussed in order to protect the work development of clinical medical care in health and safety in related crow, such as patient and user, and improve the efficiency and reduce labor intensity of care, so that the quality of medical care can reach to a new level.