ABSTRACT
Aim: The study was aimed at evaluating some pharmacognostic parameters and investigates the anti-diabetic activity of ethanol extract of Triumfetta cordifolia leaf Methods: The pharmacognostic profiling of Triumfetta cordifolia leaves was carried out using some standard pharmacognostic tools for crude drug standardization such as qualitative and quantitative microscopy, analytical evaluation and phytochemical screening. The plant material was extracted using cold maceration method in ethanol and fractionation was carried out using n-hexane, ethylacetate and butanol. The acute toxicity study was done following standard method. Diabetes in albino wistar rats was intraperitoneally induced using 120 mg/kg body weight of alloxan monohydrate. The diabetic rats where treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of the crude extract and 400mg/kg of each of the fractions. Glibenclamide was used as the standard drug (5 mg/kg) and diabetic rats without treatment as negative control. The procedure was also similarly performed using the non-diabetic rats. The administration of all treatments was done orally, once daily for 21 days and blood sera of the blood samples from rats across the groups were collected at the end of the treatment period and the concentrations of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were evaluated. Results: The results of the qualitative microscopic evaluation of Triumfetta cordifolia leaf revealed paracytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, wavy wall epidermal cells and prismatic calcium oxalate. Quantitative microscopic study gave 23.67 ± 0.58 stomata number, 0.023 ± 0.00058 stomata index, 18.33 ± 1.53 Palisade ratio and 10.67 ± 0.58 vein-islet number while the analytical standard revealed 9.3 total ash, 3.5 water soluble ash and 1.34 acid insoluble ash. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, Tannins, flavonoids steroids and terpenoids in the Triumfetta cordifolia leaves ethanol extract (TCEE). A significant reduction (P?0.05) in fasted blood sugar level of diabetic rats was observed during treatment with Triumfetta cordifolia leaves extract and the blood sugar level lowering potential was comparable to the glibenclamide’s group. There was improvement of body weight in TCEE treated groups and ethylacetate fraction group. The Leaf extract of Triumfetta cordifolia showed a high significant (P?0.05) ameliorating potential on liver’s degenerating hepatocytes evidenced by the comparable reduction in AST, ALT and ALP levels with the glibenclamide’s and diabetic’s groups. Conclusion: The overall results showed that Triumfetta cordifolia leaf possesses blood sugar lowering and liver hepatocytes regenerating potentials while the pharmacognostic profiling of the plant can serve as a reference and guide for future researchers.
ABSTRACT
Aims: This study investigated leaf epidermal features as taxonomic markers in delimiting two West African species (M. elegans and M. erythrophylla) and two Philippine infraspecific species (M. “Doña Aurora” and M.“Doña Luz”) of Mussaenda L. in Nigeria and their ecological significance. Study Design: The experiment adopted a Completely Block Design (CBD) of four plant taxa from two study locations with 10 replicates each, totaling 80 samples. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, between June and September, 2010. Methodology: Fresh leaves were collected from the Tropical Rainforest (TRF) and Derived Savanna (DS) vegetations of Nigeria under the same weather conditions. Leaf epidermal strips were prepared by clearing method, stained with Safranin and observed under the light microscope. Results: The stomata are of the paracytic type borne on polygonal to irregularly shaped, wavy epidermal cells. Simple trichomes were also a common feature in all taxa. Mussaenda erythrophylla has significantly (P ˂ 0.05) the least dense stomata (84.51 ± 0.73 mm-2) while M. “Doña Aurora” has the densest stomata (230.98 ± 2.67 mm-2). M. elegans and M. “Doña Aurora” have significantly the highest stomata index (28.48% and 28.98% respectively) while M. “Doña Luz” has the lowest (24.31%). Samples from the TRF have significantly higher density, index and size of stomata in M. elegans and M. “Doña Luz” than those from DS. Quantitative trichome parameters also vary among the taxa. The fewest trichomes were observed in M. elegans (7.90 ± 0.14 and 11.75 ± 0.21) while they are most abundant in M. “Doña Luz” (11.77 ± 0.11 and 18.90 ± 0.51). Ecological conditions affected these variables as trichomes were more abundant in the specimens collected from DS locations. Conclusion: Epidermal features are proven significant tools in taxonomic delimitation and as environmental indicators in predicting climatic changes and environmental pollution.
ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas de las derivaciones fecales y urinarias, las características demográficas de los pacientes ostomizados y las características de los productos utilizados en un Centro Especializado en Cuidado de Heridas y Ostomías de la Ciudad de México. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal en el cual se revisaron los expedientes clínicos de personas ostomizadas atendidas durante el año 2016. Resultados: Se analizaron 143 expedientes. La media de edad fue de 56.3±15.2 años. El diagnóstico más común fue el cáncer de colon (27.8%). Las características presentes en mayor proporción fueron: colostomías descendentes (44.7%), regulares (56.6%), diámetro medio de 30±8 mm; ángulo de drenaje al centro (36.4%), de una boca (69.2%), sin marcaje quirúrgico (55.2%), mucosa viable (100%), planos (49.6%), efluente pastoso (51.0%). El 51.7% de los pacientes presentaron complicaciones estomales y el 54.5% complicaciones de la piel periestomal, las cuales fueron resueltas en el 68.0% de los casos, en un tiempo medio de 16.3± 11.5 días. Conclusión: Los resultados del presente estudio aportan evidencia respecto a la necesidad permanente de desarrollar profesionales de Enfermería especializados en terapia enterostomal e incorporarlos al Sistema Nacional de Salud como miembros indispensables del equipo multidisciplinario.
Objective: To describe the epidemiologic characteristics of fecal and urinary derivations, the demographic characteristics of ostomized patients, and the characteristics of utilized products, in a Specialized Center of Wounds and Ostomy Care in Mexico City. Methodology: This is a descriptive, retrospective, and transversal study in which, clinical registers of ostomized patients in 2016 were reviewed. Results: 143 registers were reviewed. The mean age was 56.3±15.2. The most common underlying diagnosis was colon cancer (27.8%). The most prevailing characteristics were: descending colostomy (44.7%), regular (56.6%), median diameter 30±8mm, angle of drainage at center (36.4%), one mouth (69.2%), without surgical mark (55.2%), viable mucous membrane (100%), planes (49.6%), and thick discharge (51.0%). Fifty one point seven percent of the patients showed stomal complications and 54.7% showed peristomal skin complications, which were further solved in 68.0% of these cases in a mean time of 16.3±11.5 days. Conclusion: The results of this study provided evidence regarding the permanent need to prepare enterostomal therapy specialized nursing professionals and incorporate them into the National Health System as indispensable members of the multidisciplinary teams.
Objetivo: Descrever as características epidemiológicas das derivações fecais e urinarias, características demográficas dos pacientes ostomizados e características dos produtos utilizados em um Centro Especializado em Cuidado de Feridas e Ostomias da Cidade do México. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e transversal onde se revisaram os expedientes clínicos de pessoas ostomizadas atendidas durante o ano de 2016. Resultados: Analisaram-se 143 expedientes. A média de idade foi de 56.3±15.2. O diagnóstico mais comum foi o câncer de cólon (27.8%). As características presentes em maior proporção foram: colostomias descendentes (44.7%), regulares (56.6%), diâmetro médio de 30±8 mm; ângulo de drenagem ao centro (36.4%), de uma boca (69.2%), sem marcação cirúrgica (55.2%), mucosa viável (100%), planos (49.6%), efluente pastoso (51.0%). O 51.7% dos pacientes apresentaram complicações estomacais e o 54.5% de complicações da pele periestomal, as quais foram resolvidas no 68.0% dos casos, em um tempo médio de 16.3±11.5 dias. Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo aportam evidência respeito à necessidade permanente de desenvolver profissionais de Enfermagem especializados em Terapia Enterostomal e incorporá-los ao Sistema Nacional de Saúde como membros indispensáveis da equipe multidisciplinar.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Patients , Ostomy , Epidemiologic Study CharacteristicsABSTRACT
Trichoderma species are able to persist on living sapwood and leaves of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in an endophytic relationship. In this research, we evaluated the ability of Trichodema asperellum introduced at the incision site in the bark for side grafting with the concentration of 4 g/10 mL, 4 g/100 mL, and 4 g/1,000 mL (suspended in water) in suppressing vascular streak dieback (VSD) incidence and promoting growth of side grafts in the field. The incidence of VSD in two local clones of cacao, MCC1 and M04, without application of T. asperellum was 71.2% and 70.1% at 21 wk after grafting, respectively. However, when the two clones were treated with a concentration of 4 g/10 mL T. asperellum, the incidence was 20.6% and 21.7%, respectively, compared to 29.1% and 20.9% at 4 g/100 mL and 18.2% and 15.6% at 4 g/1,000 mL. By comparing to the control, the treatment with the same concentrations of T. asperellum listed above, the total number of stomata in MCC1 decreased by 41.9%, 30.2%, and 14.0% and in M04 by 30.5%, 21.9%, and -2.5% (exception), respectively. Otherwise, the total area of stomata opening increased by 91.4%, 99.7%, and 28.6% in MCC1 and by 203.8%, 253.5%, and 35.9% in M04, respectively. Furthermore, the number of buds and branches treated with a mixture concentration on the the two clones increased by 90.7% and 21.7%, respectively. These data showed that the application of T. asperellum to cacao scions while grafting can decrease VSD incidence in side grafts and increase growth of grafts in addition to decreasing total number of stomata, increasing total area of opened stomata, and increasing number of buds and branches.
Subject(s)
Cacao , Clone Cells , Incidence , Transplants , TrichodermaABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of the peritoneal lymphatic stomata on intra-abdominal infection and the regulatory mechanism of angiotensin Ⅱ receptor specific inhibitor PD123319 on peritoneal lymphatic stomata.Methods The experimental study was adopted.Forty rats were divided into the control group,sham operation group,intra-abdominal infection group and intra-abdominal infection drug intervention group by the random number table,every group had 10 rats.The classic appendix perforation (CLP) intraabdominal infection model was established in the abdominal infection group.After establishing the model of abdominal infection,PD123319 solution was injected intraperitoneally immediately (0.2 g/kg) in the abdominal infection drug intervention group.Abdominal cavity of the rats in the sham operation group was opened,and then was shut after flipping the intestine.The rats in the control group,sham operation group and intra-abdominal infection group were treated with intraperitoneal injection of 1ml stroke-physiological saline solution.After 2 hours,the rats were sacrificed,and peritoneal tissue was taken for the following tests.(1) The aperture size and distribution density of peritoneal lymphatic stomata were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).(2) The nitric oxide (NO) concentration in the peritoneal tissues was detected using nitric oxide nitric acid reduction method.(3) The expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Phospho-eNOS (P-eNOS) were detected by the Western blot.(4) The intracellular Ca2+ concentration were detect by flow cytometry.Measurement data with normal distribution were presented as-x ± s.The comparison among groups was analyzed using the ANOVA and pairwise comparison was analyzed by the LSD test.Results (1) The aperture size and distribution density of the peritoneal lymphatic stomata in the control group,sham operation group,intra-abdominal infection group and intra-abdominal infection drug intervention group were respectively (2.3 ± 0.4) μm,(2.5 ± 0.5)μm,(4.7 ±0.5)pm,(3.8 ±0.5)pm and (2.0 ±0.8) × 108/m2,(2.1 ±0.7) × 108/m2,(6.2 ± 1.3) × 108/m2,(4.6 ± 1.4) × 108/m2,with statistically significant differences among the 4 groups (F =98.130,56.780,P ＜ 0.05).There were statistically significant differences in the aperture size and distribution density of the peritoneal lymphatic stomata between the intra-abdominal infection group and control group or intra-abdominal infection drug intervention group (t =11.586,8.573,3.854,3.098,P ＜ 0.05) and no statistically significant differences between the control group and sham operation group (t =1.281,0.514,P ＞0.05).(2) The concentrations of NO in the peritoneal tissues in the control group,sham operation group,intra-abdominal infection group and intra-abdominal infection drug intervention group were respectively (0.380 ± 0.024) μmol/gprot,(0.450 ±0.020) μmol/gprot,(1.253 ±0.033) μmol/gprot and (0.579 ±0.035) μmol/gprot,with a statistically significant difference among the 4 groups (F =52.725,P ＜ 0.05).There were statistically significant differences in the concentration of NO between the intra-abdominal infection group and control group or intra-abdominal infection drug intervention group (t =10.536,67.798,P ＜ 0.05) and no statistically significant difference in the concentration of NO between the control group and sham operation group (t =2.007,P ＞ 0.05).(3) The results of Western blot showed that the expressions of eNOS and P-eNOS in the control group,sham operation group,intra-abdominal infection group and intra-abdominal infection drug intervention group were respectively (0.591 ± 0.028)U/mg,(0.603 ± 0.007) U/mg,(0.615 ± 0.027) U/mg,(0.626 ±0.026) U/mg and (0.578 ±0.003)U/mg,(0.603 ± 0.071) U/mg,(0.773 ± 0.033) U/mg,(0.710 ± 0.012) U/mg,with no statistically significant difference in the expression of eNOS among the 4 groups (F =0.902,P ＞ 0.05) and with a statistically significant difference in the expression of P-eNOS among the 4 groups (F =205.062,P ＜ 0.05).There were statistically significant differences in the expression of P-eNOS between the control group and sham operation group or intra-abdominal infection group (t =7.678,13.322,P ＜ 0.05) and between the intra-abdominal infection group and intraabdominal infection drug intervention group (t =4.035,P ＜0.05).(4) The results of flow cytometry showed that Ca2+ concentration in the control group,sham operation group,intra-abdominal infection group and intraabdominal infection drug intervention group were respectively 82.200％ ± 0.060％,81.730％ ± 0.052％,21.980％ ± 0.010％,29.500％ ± 0.004％,showing a statistically significant difference between the 4 groups (F =21 271.030,P ＜ 0.05).There were statistically significant differences in the Ca2+ concentration between the intra-abdominal infection group and control group (t =164.750,P ＜ 0.05) and between the intra-abdominal infection group and intra-abdominal infection drug intervention group (t =21.338,P ＜ 0.05),and no statistically significant difference between the control group and sham operation group (t =1.861,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The intra-abdominal infection could increase aperture size and distribution density of peritoneal lymphatic stomata,and PD123319 may be through inhibiting the activation of NO synthase to decrease the concentration of NO,enhance the concentration of Ca2+ in peritoneal mesothelial cells and reduce the opening of peritoneal lymphatic stomata.
ABSTRACT
The foliar epidermal and stomata study of the Stachytarpheta species present in Awka, south eastern Nigeria was carried out using standard anatomical procedure. The genus is a family of Verbenaceae and has three species in it which are present in the region. They include Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Stachytarpheta cayannensis and Stachytarpheta angustifolia. The study showed that epidermal cell shape, stomatal type and stomata shape both on adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the three plants were almost similar with little variation in S. cayannensis. The analysis of variance of stomata length, stomata size and epidermal cell size showed no significant difference between Stachytarpheta species (p>0.05) but thickness of upper epidermis, lower epidermis, stomata width and stomata index showed a significant difference between Stachytarpheta species (p<0.05). Finally, most of these characters studied were important taxonomic tools in the delimitation of the three species. Duncan multiple range test however, revealed the species relationship. Therefore, this study showed more affinity between S. jamaicensis and S. angustifolia, hence, delimiting S. cayannensis.
ABSTRACT
The systematic analysis between 15 different species and one species with two accessions in Solanum has been carried out and need all over revisions and investigations. In continuation to our previous morphometric analysis, currently stomatal variation is analyzed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. In addition to classical anomocytic and anisocytic stomatal types, new types of stomata (anisotricytic, paratetracytic, diacytic and paracytic) are noticed for the first time in the genus Solanum. The scanning electron microscopic study reveals the nature of stomatal pore, nature of peristomatal rims as well as the presence of epicuticular wax deposits and wax flakes which are of taxonomic significance. This study also indicates that foliar stomatal characteristics are valuable taxonomic traits, which can be utilized to address the taxonomic issues within the genus.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Taking annual Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (Tetrastigma Radix) from three habitats, Taizhou, Minhou, and Shunchang, as materials to study the effects of different light intensity stress on the stomatal shape and leaf transpiration. Methods: The stomata, leaf transpiration rate, net photosynthetic rate, and stomal structure of T. hemsleyanum were observed using a scanning [0-2000 μmol/(m2·s)] to explore the optimal light intensity. Results: The stomata with surround and parallel distribution types were only distributed in the lower epidermis in the leaves of T. hemsleyanum; The transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthetic rate of T. hemsleyanum from the two habitat regions (Minhou and Taizhou) by rising after falling with the 30℃ stress, which suggested the stress could make the light intensity heavier. At the same time, the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthetic rate of T. hemsleyanum from the habitat region Shunchang were rising. The stomatal type of leaves was 600 μmol/(m2·s) in Minhou, and 1900 μmol/(m2·s) in Shunchang, when the water utilization ratio of T. hemsleyanum leaves from the three habitats was higher. Conclusion: Different habitats and light intensity are the important factors of leaves transpiration in natural world, which is more beneficial to the growth of the root crops and suitable for the accumulation of flavonoids in plants.
ABSTRACT
Global warming and its origins triggered the beginning to considerable discussion in the last century. Studies of climate models presented in multidisciplinary scientific reports suggest that anthropogenic activities, particularly the emission of gases from the greenhouse effect, are greatly responsible for the current climate changes. The increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) atmospheric concentration has been in discussion in the news, scientific meetings and in public policy debates in several countries. Apart from its impact on global warming, the rising atmospheric CO2 has alerted the scientific community to the need to investigate any morpho-physiological alterations in the plants, given their direct influence on photosynthesis. This article aims to discuss cellular aspects related to plant growth, their behavior of cuticular waxes and the responses of the stomatal development arising from the chemical change to the atmosphere, which are the causes of serious concern and discussion.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To study the leaf epidermis of wild and micropropagated Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. (D. bulbifera) in order to document useful diagnostic features that may be employed for correct crude drug identification and to clear any taxonomic uncertainties in the micropropagated medicinal plant. Methods:Growth responses of micropropagated D. bulbifera were observed on Murashige Skoog medium supplemented with 6-benzylamino purine (1.0 mg/L)+α-naphthaleneacetic acid (0.2 mg/L)+cysteine (20 mg/L) using nodal segments as explants. Leaves of the wild and micropropagated plants were studied microscopically. Results: More than 80%shoot regeneration and formation of 10%-30%whitish-brown callus were observed within 3 weeks. The highest root proliferation was obtained from Murashige Skoog medium of 6-benzylamino purine (0.05 mg/L) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (0.01 mg/L) with mean root length of (27.00±1.25) mm and elongated single shoot of mean length (38.00±11.09) mm. Leaf epidermal features that revealed similarities between the wild and micropropagated plants included amphistomatic condition, presence of mucilage, glandular unicellular trichome with multicellular head, polygonal cells with smooth walls, stomata type and shape. Slight variations included thick cuticular wall with closed stomata in wild plant compared to thin walled opened stomata in the in vitro plant. Opening of stomata accounted for larger average stomata sizes of (7.68±0.38) μm and (6.14±0.46) μm on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, respectively of the micropropagated plant compared to the wild. Conclusions: The diagnostic features obtained in the study could serve as a basis for proper identification for quality control for standardization of the medicinal plant.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To carry out a pharmacobotanical study of Lonchocarpus cyanescens (Schum & Thonn) Benth (L. cyanescens) and Leptoderris micrantha Dunn (L. micrantha) which are two key medicinal plants from the family Fabaceae.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The epidermal peel was obtained by soaking the leaf in concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) in a petri dish. Both surfaces were carefully mounted on clean glass slides and dehydrated by ethyl alcohol, and stained with safaranin O for 2 min. Transverse sections of plant leaf were obtained by free hand sectioning. Phytochemical screening for various constituents was carried out on the powdered leaves. Other parameters such as, moisture content, ash value, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, water and alcohol extractive values were obtained by standard techniques.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF THE SPECIES INCLUDE: the presence of stomata on both surfaces of L. cyanescens and the absence in L. micrantha. Presence of larger epidermal cells in both upper and lower surfaces of L. cyanescens [(35.25±1.64)×(31.25±2.36), (43.0±2.63)×(39.5±5.11)] respectively compared to L. micrantha. Glandular multicellular trichomes are present in L. micrantha but absent in L. cyanescens. Numerous trichomes surround the transverse section of the leaf of L. micrantha but absent in L. cyanescens. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that both species contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, steroids and flavonoids.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The microscopic and phytochemical data provided in this study are useful for the standardization of the medicinal plants.</p>
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the leaf epidermis of wild and micropropagated Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. (D. bulbifera) in order to document useful diagnostic features that may be employed for correct crude drug identification and to clear any taxonomic uncertainties in the micropropagated medicinal plant.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Growth responses of micropropagated D. bulbifera were observed on Murashige Skoog medium supplemented with 6-benzylamino purine (1.0 mg/L)+α-naphthaleneacetic acid (0.2 mg/L)+cysteine (20 mg/L) using nodal segments as explants. Leaves of the wild and micropropagated plants were studied microscopically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>More than 80% shoot regeneration and formation of 10%-30% whitish-brown callus were observed within 3 weeks. The highest root proliferation was obtained from Murashige Skoog medium of 6-benzylamino purine (0.05 mg/L) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (0.01 mg/L) with mean root length of (27.00±1.25) mm and elongated single shoot of mean length (38.00±11.09) mm. Leaf epidermal features that revealed similarities between the wild and micropropagated plants included amphistomatic condition, presence of mucilage, glandular unicellular trichome with multicellular head, polygonal cells with smooth walls, stomata type and shape. Slight variations included thick cuticular wall with closed stomata in wild plant compared to thin walled opened stomata in the in vitro plant. Opening of stomata accounted for larger average stomata sizes of (7.68±0.38) µm and (6.14±0.46) µm on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, respectively of the micropropagated plant compared to the wild.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The diagnostic features obtained in the study could serve as a basis for proper identification for quality control for standardization of the medicinal plant.</p>
ABSTRACT
Justicia acuminatissima (Miq.) Bremek., Acanthaceae, is a subshrub found in northern Brazil, where it is widely used by the population of this region as an anti-inflammatory medicine. Despite this popular use, there is no pharmacognostical data to support the correct identification of this species. We therefore performed a morpho-anatomical, histochemical and phytochemical analysis of the leaves of this species, using well-known methods. The leaves are simple, exstipulate, green on the surfaces, and pubescent, with a lanceolate shape, crenate margin, pinnate venation and decussate phyllotaxy. The parenchyma is palisade and spongy, and its vascular system is bilateral. Glandular and non-glandular trichome and cystoliths were also detected. There are diacytic stomata on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of epidermis. Histochemical tests revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, amide and protein. Phytochemical tests showed the presence of coumarins, tannins, catechins, saponins and steroids.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study morpho-anatomical characters and physicochemical analysis of Fumaria indica (F. indica) (Hausskn.) Pugsley, (Fumariaceae), an important medicinal plant used extensively for treating a variety of ailments in various system of indigenous medicine.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Evaluation of the different parts of the plant was carried out to determine the morpho-anatomical, physicochemical, phytochemical and HPTLC fingerprinting profile of F. indica and other WHO recommended methods were performed for standardization.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Morpho-anatomical studies showed compound and pinnatifid leaf, 4 to 6 cm in length, linear and oblong in shape and anomocytic arrangement of stomata, thin walled parenchymatous cells, scattered, sclerenchymatous, capped vascular bundles and radiating medullary rays. Physicochemical studies showed foreign matter 0.2%, loss on drying 6.8%, total ash 16.77%, alcohol and water soluble extractives 8.92% and 20.26%, respectively, sugar 17.75%, starch 22.97% and tannins 2.37%. Phytochemical evaluation revealed the presence of carbohydrate, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and sterol. Thin layer chromatography was carried out with different solvents and the best solvent system was chloroform and methanol in 80:20 ratio and revealed 12 spots with different Rf value under UV light 366λ.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The results of the study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this plant material for future investigations and applications.</p>
Subject(s)
Fumaria , Chemistry , Cell Biology , Phenotype , Phytochemicals , Chemistry , Plant Extracts , Chemistry , Plant Leaves , Chemistry , Cell Biology , Plant Roots , Chemistry , Cell Biology , Plant Stems , Chemistry , Cell BiologyABSTRACT
Com o objetivo de determinar algumas características anatômicas e físico-químicas de duas cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha, cvs. Marandu e MG-5 Vitória, colhidas aos 45 e 65 dias após o plantio, sob doses crescentes de nitrogênio (N), foi conduzido um experimento em vasos, em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Ciência do Solo da Universidade Federal de Lavras-UFLA, Lavras, MG. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x2x5, sendo dois genótipos, duas idades de corte e cinco doses de N (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 mg/dm³), com quatro repetições, totalizando 20 tratamentos e 80 unidades experimentais (vasos). As variáveis estudadas foram: densidade de perfilhos, diâmetros polar e equatorial dos estômatos nas superfícies adaxial e abaxial das folhas, teores de PB, FDN e FDA e coeficientes de DIVMS. Os resultados obtidos permitem verificar que o aumento das doses de N influencia positivamente a produção de MS nas duas idades de corte. A idade de corte influencia o número de perfilhos, a densidade e os diâmetros polar e equatorial dos estômatos e a cv. Vitória mostra-se mais plástica nas características estomáticas comparada à cv. Marandu. As doses mais altas de N proporcionam aumentos nos teores de PB e DIVMS. Os menores intervalos entre corte proporcionam os menores teores de FDN e FDA.
With the objective of determining some anatomical and physicochemical characteristics of two cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha cvs. Marandu and MG-5 Vitória, harvested at 45 and 65 days after planting under growing doses of ,nitrogen (N), an assay was conducted in pots in greenhouse of the Science Department in the Federal University of Lavras - UFLA, Lavras, MG. An experimental randomized block design with the treatments arranged in a factorial scheme 2x2x5 was used, with, two genotypes, two cutting ages and five doses of N (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/dm³) with four replicates totalizing to 20 treatments and 80 experimental units (pots). The variables studied were: tiller density, polar and equatorial diameters of stomata on the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, CP, NDF and ADF contents and IVDMD coefficients. The results allow to verify that increased doses of N influences positively DM yield at the two cutting ages. The cutting age influences the number o tillers, the density and polar and equatorial diameters of stomata and the cultivar Vitória presents more plastic in the stomata characteristics compared to the cultivar Marandu. Higher doses of N cause increase in the contents of CP and IVDMD. Lower inter-curtting intervals promoted the lowest contents of NDF and ADF.
ABSTRACT
Wheat peptides (0.5 to 3 KDa Mr) mimick hormonal activity like that of gibberellins and forced open dark closed stomata. The deionized amphoteric peptides solution after passing through cation and anion exchanger resins was run through Amicon’s ultrafilters, 10, 3 and 0.5 kDa (Mr) cut off system. The 3 to 0.5 kDa fraction passed through sephadex LH-20 column and collected in 140 tubes (5 ml in each tube). The two fractions F 9 (91-100 tubes) and F 12 (121-130) were found much active on stomatal opening and -amylase activity, respectively and were ninhydrin positive. Capillary electrophoresis of F 9 fraction yielded several peptides ranging 1600 to 2200 (Mr) and F 12 fraction showed 1800 – 2800(Mr). Both the fractions were totally hydrolysed for amino acid analysis by HPLC. Most of the amino acids were present except cystein in both the fractions. The F 9 fraction, (peptide present in 10 μg fresh wt tissue per ml) induced the dark grown closed stomata to open upto 70%. In F 12 fraction, (peptide present in 10 μg fresh wt equivalent tissue per ml) showed -amylase induction which was much higher than GA3 (10-9 M). The peptide might be present in membrane and bound with GA that activated -amylase m-RNA synthesis. The peptide might act directly on -amylase gene.
ABSTRACT
The goal of this work was to test if the macro and micro morphological analysis of the leaf surface could provide vegetative diagnostic characters for some of the most common Lauraceae species in Southern Brazilian Seasonal Forests. The leaf printing technique with universal instantaneous adhesive was used for the epidermical microscopical analysis and external macroscospical analyses of leave were made. Microscopic evaluation revealed the visibility and contours of anticlinal walls of epidermical cell and stomata and shape of guard-cells. Macroscopic evaluation showed the absence or presence of characters such as hairiness, domatia and scents. The results showed that analyzed characters, together with other diagnostic characteristics, could contribute in taxonomic delimitation of some common Lauraceae species in the Southern Brazil.
Este trabalho teve por objetivo testar se a análise macro e micro morfológica da superfície foliar poderia prover caracteres diagnósticos vegetativos para algumas das espécies mais comuns de Lauraceae encontradas em Florestas Estacionais do sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se a técnica de impressão foliar com adesivo instantâneo universal para a análise microscópica da epiderme e procederam-se análises externas macroscópicas das folhas. Microscopicamente, foram utilizados a visibilidade e os contornos das paredes anticlinais das células epidérmicas, bem como a visibilidade dos estômatos e o formato de suas células-guarda. Macroscopicamente, verificaram-se a presença ou ausência de caracteres como pilosidade, domácias e odores. Os resultados obtidos no trabalho mostraram que os caracteres analisados, juntamente com outras características diagnósticas, podem contribuir na delimitação taxonômica de algumas espécies da família comuns no sul do Brasil.
ABSTRACT
Estudos sobre os fatores envolvidos na adaptação das plantas micropropagadas ao ambiente ex vitro são imprescindíveis para definir quais os procedimentos devem ser utilizados durante a fase de aclimatização. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a contribuição da densidade estomática e da presença de cera epicuticular no controle da perda de água, em folhas de bananeiras micropropagadas. Para tanto, brotações axilares oriundas da etapa de multiplicação in vitro foram enraizadas por 24 dias, em meio MS, contendo 1mg L-1 de ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) e 6g L-1 de ágar e, posteriormente, foram aclimatizadas por 120 dias. Os tratamentos consistiram de folhas formadas in vitro e em diferentes estádios de aclimatização, tais como: T1 - folhas de plantas ao final da fase de enraizamento in vitro; T2 - folhas persistentes de plantas aos 30 dias de aclimatização; T3 - novas folhas de plantas aos 30 dias de aclimatização (folhas de transição); T4 - folhas de transição de plantas aclimatizadas por 60 dias; T5 e T6 - novas folhas de plantas aclimatizadas por 60 dias e 120 dias, respectivamente. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: a densidade estomática, o conteúdo relativo de água e a presença de cera epicuticular. Foi verificado que folhas de plantas provenientes da fase de enraizamento in vitro, em ambiente mixotrófico, apresentam reduzido controle sobre a perda de água e alta densidade estomática. A reduzida transpiração das folhas formadas na fase de aclimatização pode ser atribuída ao menor número de estômatos por unidade de área foliar, à maior capacidade destes em restringir a perda de água e à presença de cera epicuticular.
Studies concerning factors involved in the adaptation of micropropagated plants to ex vitro conditions are indispensable to define which procedures should be used during the acclimatization phase. The objective of this research was to evaluate the presence of stomata and epicuticular wax on water loss control in micropropagated banana plants. For 24 days axillary buds were rooted in MS medium supplemented with NAA (1mg L-1) and agar (6g L-1), and afterwards the plantlets were acclimatized for 120 days. The treatments consisted of the evaluation of in vitro leaves and at different acclimatization stages, as follows: T1 - leaves of plants at the end of the in vitro rooting phase T2 - persistent leaves of plants after 30 days of acclimatization; T3 - new leaves from plants after 30 days of acclimatization (transition leaves); T4 - transition leaves from plants after 60 days of acclimatization; T5 and T6 - new leaves from plants after 60 and 120 days of acclimatization, respectively. Data regarding stomatal density, relative water content and presence of epicuticular wax were also evaluated. It was verified that new leaves from plants rooted in vitro under mixotrophic condition presented hight stomatal density and hence a reduced control of water loss. The reduced transpiration of leaves formed during the acclimatization phase can be attributed to the small number of stomata per unit of leaf area associated to the largest capacity of these in restricting water loss, and the presence of epicuticular wax.
ABSTRACT
Considering the importance of knowledge of anatomical structures in the protocol definition for the micropropagation of the ipê-branco, this study compared the in vitro and ex vitro internal structure of leaves. For anatomical evaluations, the first leaf in vitro with 30 days of growth and adult plants were used. The anatomical study of leaves was based on microscope examination from cross-sectional and paradermic sections from the leaf blade. The leaf structures from plants ex vitro show uniseriate skin, and mesophyll with dorsiventral organization. They are hipostomatics and trichome is present in all faces. Leaves ex vitro was thicker that culture in vitro in limb, central nervure, epidermis and palisade and spongious parenchyma. In leaves in vitro, cuticle and sclerenchyma are absent. Leaves of ex vitro presented minor numbers of stomata and greater number of trichromes when compared with culture in vitro. Stomata of in vitro are larger than stomata ex vitro.
Este estudo teve como objetivo comparar a estrutura interna de folhas de ipê-branco cultivadas in vitro e ex vitro. Para as avaliações anatômicas foram utilizadas folhas do primeiro nó de ramos, da base para o ápice, com 30 dias de cultivo in vitro e de plantas de campo. O estudo anatômico foi feito por meio das secções transversais e paradérmicas das folhas. As folhas apresentam epiderme uniestratificada e mesofilo dorsiventral. São hipostomáticas e apresentam tricomas em todas as faces. Folhas de plantas cultivadas ex vitro, quando comparadas com in vitro, tiveram espessura do limbo foliar, nervura central da epiderme adaxial e abaxial e os parênquimas paliçádico e esponjoso maiores. Em folhas oriundas do cultivo in vitro, a cutícula e o esclerênquima são ausentes. Folhas de plantas cultivadas ex vitro apresentaram menor número de estômatos e maior número de tricomas, quando comparadas com o cultivo in vitro. Os estômatos de folhas cultivadas in vitro são maiores que os de folhas ex vitro
ABSTRACT
A micropropagação de anonáceas poderá contribuir para a obtenção de plantios mais homogêneos e a inserção de novas espécies em sistemas produtivos. Entretanto, plantas cultivadas in vitro freqüentemente exibem alterações anatômicas e sua quantificação poderá auxiliar na obtenção de protocolos de cultivo mais eficientes. Realizou-se neste trabalho o estudo comparativo da anatomia foliar de seis espécies de anonáceas cultivadas in vitro e em casa de vegetação. Annona coriacea foi a única espécie que não apresentou variação na densidade e na dimensão dos estômatos quando cultivada in vitro, enquanto que, Annona bahiensis, Annona glabra, Annona squamosa e Rolinia silvatica apresentaram aumento na densidade estomática e na redução na espessura das epidermes foliares nesse tipo de cultivo.
Micropropagation of Annonaceae can produce homogeneous plants and bring new species into commercial production. Plants cultivated in vitro, however, frequently demonstrate anatomical alterations, and the quantification of these changes should aid in determining more efficient culture protocols. The present work undertook a comparative study of the leaf anatomy of six species of Annonaceae cultivated in vitro and in greenhouses. Annona coriacea was the only species that did not show variations in the density or the dimensions of their stomata when cultivated in vitro, while Annona bahiensis, Annona glabra, Annona squamosa, and Rolinia silvatica demonstrated increases in leaf stomatal density and a reduction of the leaf epidermis under these conditions.