Entre territórios pandêmicos: cartografia de um Consultório na Rua durante a pandemia de covid-19 / Exploring pandemic territories: cartography of a street clinic during the covid-19 pandemic / Entre territorios pandémicos: cartografía de un Consultorio en la Calle durante la pandemia de covid-19

O objetivo do presente artigo foi realizar uma cartografia de um Consultório na Rua, durante o período da pandemia de covid-19. A cartografia foi produzida por uma vivência no consultório de um município de grande porte no sul do Brasil, de agosto de 2021 a janeiro de 2022. Foi perceptível que a locomoção e o funcionamento do serviço reconhecem outros territórios das Pessoas em Situação de Rua, muitas vezes não percebidos por outros pontos do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram encontradas tanto as barreiras já estabelecidas historicamente quanto as emergentes da pandemia. Foi vivenciado que a esta população não utiliza o território do modo que a cidade racionalizada planeja, sendo, portanto, singular. O reconhecimento do serviço, aliado à compreensão de como as Pessoas em Situação de Rua vivem no território urbano, em cada realidade, mostrou-se essencial para a produção de cuidado.

The objective of this article was to conduct a cartographic study of a street clinic during the covid-19 pandemic. The cartography was based on an experiential approach in a street clinic located in a major city in southern Brazil, between August 2021 and January 2022. It became evident that the flows and operation of the service acknowledged the alternative territories inhabited by the homeless population, often overlooked by other parts of Brazil's Unified Health System. Both historically established barriers and those emerging from the pandemic were encountered. It was observed that the homeless population does not conform to rationalized urban plans, displaying unique patterns of engagement with the urban territory. Recognizing the significance of the service, coupled with a comprehensive understanding of the unique living conditions of homeless individuals, proved indispensable for the provision of effective care.

El objetivo de este artículo fue realizar una cartografía de un Consultorio en la Calle durante el período de la pandemia del covid-19. La cartografía fue producida por una experiencia en un Consultorio en la Calle en una gran ciudad del sur de Brasil, de agosto de 2021 a enero de 2022. Se pudo observar que la locomoción y operación del servicio reconocen otros territorios habitados por personas en situación de calle, a menudo no percibidos por otros puntos del Sistema Único de Salud. Se encontraron barreras, tanto históricamente establecidas como emergentes debido a la pandemia. Se constató que la población en situación de calle no utiliza el territorio de la forma planificada por la ciudad racionalizada. El reconocimiento del servicio, junto con la comprensión de cómo viven las personas en situación de calle en el territorio urbano en cada realidad, se mostró fundamental para la producción del cuidado.

"A rua é nóis": sobre a saudade da partilha do comum / "We are the streetz": about missing the sharing of common things / "La calle somos nosotros": sobre echar de menos una vida compartida

Com base em uma experiência de atendimento psicológico on-line a mulheres negras quilombolas, no contexto da pandemia, pretendemos: 1) refletir sobre casa e rua na realidade da população negra, guiados pelas noções de "forma social escravista" e de "reterritorialização", ambas de Muniz Sodré, destacando, do interior dessas reflexões e a partir das elaborações teóricas de Carl Gustav Jung (no campo da psicologia analítica), e de Achille Mbembe e Muniz Sodré (no campo das relações étnico-raciais), dois conceitos em construção para a compreensão do sofrimento sociorracial: trauma racial e sombra branca; 2) refletir sobre o lugar da "partilha do comum" no cuidado à saúde mental da população negra de zonas rurais e urbanas. Do ponto de vista teórico-metodológico, trabalhamos ao modo de uma comunicação rapsódica, no sentido grego da palavra (raptein = coser): costurando história de caso e proposições conceituais.

Based on an online psychological care experience for black quilombola women in the context of the pandemic, we intend to: 1) reflect upon home and street in the reality of the black population, guided by the notions of "slavery social form" and "re-territorialization", both by Muniz Sodré, highlighting, from within these reflections and from the theoretical elaborations of Carl Gustav Jung (in the field of analytical psychology), and of Achille Mbembe and Muniz Sodré (in the field of ethnic-racial relations), two concepts under construction to understand socio-racial suffering: racial trauma and white shadow; 2) reflect on the place of "sharing of common things" in mental health care for the black population in rural and urban areas. From a theoretical-methodological point of view, we worked in the form of a rhapsodic communication, in the Greek sense of the word (raptein = to sew): weaving together case histories and conceptual propositions.

Con base en una experiencia de atención psicológica en línea con mujeres negras quilombolas en la pandemia, pretendemos: 1) reflexionar sobre hogar y calle en la realidad de la población negra, guiándonos por nociones de "forma social esclavista" y "reterritorialización", de Muniz Sodré, destacando, en de esas reflexiones y a partir de las elaboraciones teóricas de Carl Gustav Jung (en el campo de la psicología analítica), y de Achille Mbembe y Muniz Sodré (en el campo de las relaciones étnico-raciales), conceptos en construcción para comprender el sufrimiento socio-racial: trauma racial y sombra blanca; 2) reflexionar sobre el lugar de "vida compartida" en el cuidado de la salud mental de la población negra de zonas rurales y urbanas. Desde el punto de vista teórico-metodológico, trabajamos sobre la base de una comunicación rapsódica, en el sentido griego de la palabra (raptein = coser): tejiendo el relato del caso y proposiciones conceptuales.

Spatial and temporal analysis of MDR-TB epidemic based on SaTScan in Nanning in 2017 - 2021 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objectives To analyze the spatial and temporal aggregation of multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-TB) incidence in Nanning at the township / street scale from 2017 to 2021, to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of the spread of MDR-TB in Nanning, and to provide a scientific reference basis for the health administrative departments to achieve the precise implementation of MDR-TB prevention and control. Methods Based on the data of MDR-TB cases in Nanning from 2017 to 2021, the spatial-temporal scanning analysis software SaTScan v9.7 was used to retrospectively detect and analyze the areas where MDR-TB cases gathered. Results Through simple spatial scanning analysis, it was found that there were three first-class aggregation areas (the aggregation center was Fujiayuan Street, Jiangnan District, 2017, Xinyang Street, Xixiangtang District, 2019, and Zhonghe Town, Yongning District, 2020), and one second-class aggregation area (the aggregation center was Jinchai Town, Mashan County, 2020). Simple time scanning showed that the clustering occurred from May 2019 to December 2020. Temporal and spatial aggregation analysis showed that Xinyang Street in Xixiangtang District was the center of the first-class aggregation area, Zhonghe Town in Yongning District was the center of the second-class aggregation area, and Jinchai Town in Mashan County was the center of the third-class aggregation area. Conclusion The multidrug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis epidemic in Nanning is distributed in an aggregated manner, especially in Xinyang Street, Xixiangtang District, which has the highest spatial and temporal aggregation. It is necessary to focus on and take regional prevention and control measures to control the epidemic.

Acesso e qualidade da alimentação: percepção da população em situação de rua / Acceso y calidad de la alimentación: percepción de personas en situación de calle / Access to food and food quality: perception of the homeless population

Resumo Objetivo Compreender a percepção do acesso e da qualidade da alimentação para a população em situação de rua. Métodos Estudo descritivo qualitativo, realizado em um Centro de Referência da População de Rua na região centro-sul de Belo Horizonte (MG). Utilizou-se roteiro semiestruturado para a realização das entrevistas de 18 participantes. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre dezembro de 2020 e janeiro de 2021. A análise temática do material, proposta por Bardin, possibilitou a elaboração de três categorias empíricas. Resultados O público entrevistado era masculino, com idade média de 43 anos e tempo médio de situação de rua de 44,6 meses. O acesso à alimentação foi proveniente das doações de alimentos, refeições em instituições governamentais e aquisições ao dispor de renda. Foram relatadas dificuldades quanto à quantidade e qualidade dos alimentos, à aquisição das refeições nos fins de semana, aos sentimentos de medo e angústia perante a fome, à falta do alimento e pelo estigma social, agravados pela COVID-19. Conclusão Diante do cenário de iniquidades sociais, o direito ao acesso à alimentação não é garantido, sendo necessária a implementação de políticas públicas de proteção social que garantam os direitos básicos.

Resumen Objetivo Comprender la percepción del acceso y de la calidad de la alimentación según personas en situación de calle. Métodos Estudio descriptivo cualitativo, realizado en un Centro de Referencia de Personas de la Calle en la región centro-sur de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais). Se utilizó un guion semiestructurado para realizar entrevistas a 18 participantes. La recopilación de datos se realizó entre diciembre de 2020 y enero de 2021. El análisis temático del material, propuesto por Bardin, permitió la elaboración de tres categorías empíricas. Resultados El público entrevistado era masculino, de 43 años de edad promedio y tiempo promedio de situación de calle de 44,6 meses. El acceso a la alimentación fue proveniente de donaciones de alimentos, comidas en instituciones gubernamentales y adquisiciones al disponer de ingresos. Las personas relataron dificultades con relación a la cantidad y calidad de los alimentos, a la adquisición de comida los fines de semana, a los sentimientos de miedo y angustia ante el hambre, a la falta de alimentos y al estigma social, agravados por el COVID-19. Conclusión Ante el escenario de iniquidades sociales, el derecho al acceso a la alimentación no está garantizado, por lo cual es necesario implementar políticas públicas de protección social que garanticen los derechos básicos.

Abstract Objective To understand the perception of access to food and food quality for the street population. Methods This qualitative descriptive study was performed in a Reference Center for the Homeless Population in the south-central region of Belo Horizonte (MG). A semi-structured script was used to conduct interviews with 18 participants. Data collection occurred between December 2020 and January 2021. The thematic analysis of the material, as proposed by Bardin, made it possible to elaborate three empirical categories. Results The public interviewed was male, with a mean age of 43 years, and a mean time on the streets of 44.6 months. Access to food came from donations, meals at government institutions, and acquisition when income was available. Difficulties were reported regarding the quantity and quality of food, acquisition of meals on weekends, feelings of fear and anguish in the face of hunger, lack of food, and social stigma, which were aggravated by COVID-19. Conclusion As in this scenario of social inequalities the access to food is not guaranteed, implementing public policies of social protection is necessary to guarantee basic rights.

Evaluación de las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de puestos de venta de ceviche de chochos (Lupinus mutabilis) ubicados en las calles de Riobamba-Ecuador y análisis bacteriológico del producto y sus ingredientes

Los alimentos expendidos en la vía pública constituyen una fuente de ingreso para familias en países en vías de desarrollo, sin embargo, pueden ser fuentes potenciales de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos. En Riobamba-Ecuador entre los alimentos de mayor consumo en la vía pública está el plato típico "ceviche de chochos (Lupinus mutabilis)", nutritivo, sensorialmente agradable y con precio accesible. Este estudio evaluó la calidad microbiológica y condiciones sanitarias de 10 puestos de venta. Se realizó el análisis microbiológico a 100 muestras correspondientes a: ceviche e ingredientes por separado (jugo de tomate, chochos desamargados, piel cocida de cerdo y cebollas). Estas muestras se tomaron en dos días diferentes y se cuantificó aerobios mesófilos, enterobacterias y Staphyloccocus aureus. Las condiciones sanitarias de los puestos de venta fueron evaluadas mediante una lista de verificación que incluyó los siguientes parámetros: diseño, ubicación, manipulador, preparación, transporte, comercialización y saneamiento. Los resultados revelan que todas las muestras estaban contaminadas con enterobacterias y S. aureus, 80% presentaban aerobios mesófilos > 6 log10 UFC/g, siendo el ingrediente chocho desamargado, el que aportó mayor carga microbiana en 6 de los 10 puestos de venta. Los resultados de la lista de verificación muestran que las principales deficiencias son: la no utilización de agua potable circulante y la manipulación de manera conjunta de los alimentos y el dinero. En conclusión, existe gran fluctuación del cumplimiento de cada parámetro dentro de las Prácticas Correctas de Higiene por puesto de venta, creando focos o entradas de contaminantes, que se evidencia en los altos recuentos de microorganismos indicadores de calidad sanitaria en el producto final.

Street food constitutes a source of income for several families in the world, mainly in developing countries and emerging economies; however, it can be a potential source of foodborne diseases. In Riobamba-Ecuador, among the most consumed food streets is the typical dish "ceviche de chochos (Lupinus mutabilis) ", a nutritious and pleasant sensory dish at an affordable price. In this study, the microbiological load and sanitary conditions of 10 lupine ceviche stalls were evaluated. Samples of ceviche and its ingredients (tomato juice, debited lupins, pork skin, and onions). These samples (n= 100) were taken on two different days and analysed to quantify mesophilic aerobes, enterobacteria, and S. aureus. The sanitary conditions of the stalls were analysed using a check list consisting of sections focused on design, location, handler, preparation, transportation, marketing and sanitation. The results show that 100% of the samples were contaminated with enterobacteria and S. aureus, 80% of these had mesophilic aerobics > 6 log CFU / g, and the debittered lupin ingredient is the one that provides the highest microbial load in 6 of the 10 stalls evaluated. The results of the check list showed that the main deficiencies are the non-use of circulating drinking water and the joint manipulation of food and money. In conclusion, there is a great fluctuation in the compliance of the Good Hygiene Practises parameters in each street food stall. It causes multiple foci or entrances of contaminants, which is evidenced in the high counts of microorganisms that are indicators of sanitary quality in the final product.

Contenido de sodio en preparaciones de consumo frecuente fuera del hogar en tres zonas de Lima Metropolitana, Perú / Sodium content in commonly consumed away-from-home food in three areas of Metropolitan Lima, Peru

El objetivo fue caracterizar el contenido de sodio en preparaciones de consumo frecuente fuera del hogar en tres zonas de Lima Metropolitana. Se realizó un estudio transversal para el cual se identificaron veinte preparaciones de consumo frecuente según el lugar de expendio. La determinación del contenido de sodio se obtuvo mediante espectroscopía de absorción atómica en preparaciones recolectadas en el 2019. La mediana del contenido de sodio en productos de venta ambulatoria fue 492,36 mg/100 g (RIQ: 83,93 - 918,78); 471,37 mg/100 g, en preparaciones tradicionales y típicas (RIQ: 76,04 - 765,39); y 471,06 mg/100 g (RIQ: 115,31 - 695,18), en comidas rápidas. El 65% de las preparaciones fueron consideradas altas en sodio según los parámetros peruanos, mientras que el 30% de las preparaciones también presentaron un alto contenido, de acuerdo con los parámetros del Reino Unido. La mayoría de las preparaciones expendidas y consumidas fuera del hogar presentan un elevado contenido de sodio. Es esencial involucrar a todos los actores que participan en la preparación de alimentos para el consumo fuera del hogar, con el fin de sensibilizarlos e incluirlos en la promoción de políticas enfocadas en la reducción del consumo de sodio.

The aim of this study was to characterize the sodium content in commonly consumed away-from-home food in three areas of Metropolitan Lima. We conducted a cross-sectional study, in which twenty frequently consumed foods were identified according to the place of sale. Sodium content was determined through atomic absorption spectroscopy in preparations collected in 2019. The median sodium content in street food products was 492.36 mg/100g (IQR: 83.93 - 918.78), 471.37 mg/100 g in artisanal food (IQR: 76.04 - 765.39) and 471.06 mg/100 g in fast food (IQR: 115.31 - 695.18). Sixty-five percent of the foods were classified as having high sodium content according to Peruvian regulations, while 30% of the preparations had high sodium content, according to UK parameters. Most food sold and consumed away from home have high sodium content. It is essential to engage all stakeholders involved in food preparation for away-from-home consumption in order to raise awareness and involve them in the promotion of policies aimed at reducing sodium intake.

TRANSIENT STRUCTURES FOR STREET VENDORS: VIABLE DESIGN INTERVENTIONS

The commercial sector in India is ever-changing with a visible divide in different aspects of the operations, this leads to the creation of different sectors of the economy namely the 'formal' and the 'informal sector'. There is a wide disparity in documentation and assessment needs of the commercial setups involved in different types of activities in such 'unorganized' or 'informal' units. The Government of NCT of Delhi data on street vendors indicates that Delhi has an estimate of over 4 lakh vendors who are working in the informal sector as street vendors, roadside tea sellers, small roadside nursery owners, etc. all these setups require a special type of planning & consideration as these vendors have limited resource availability, with many of these street vendors finding accommodations in their mobile carts, and unplanned roadside setups. The state of livelihood and resource access remains limited for these 'informal' vendors. Issues such as the access to 'safe' infrastructure, permits & certification to operate as street vendors limit their social and economic well-being. Such concerns require significant social and design interventions to ensure the social, physical, and economic well-being of the vendors on 'the streets'.

Las que sobran: un análisis de la diversidad de las mujeres habitantes de la calle en cinco ciudades colombianas

Este artículo profundiza en el conocimiento de las mujeres habitantes de la calle de las cinco ciudades más densas del país, teniendo como telón de fondo las relaciones patriarcales de desigualdad que permean los diferentes momentos de la habitanza de la calle empezando por la decisión de salir a vivir en esta. Con la información disponible de los censos de habitantes de la calle de 2017 y 2019 realizados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE) en Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla y Bucaramanga, indaga las diversas formas femeninas de habitar la calle y las condiciones en que esta se lleva a cabo. Apunta básicamente a eliminar la masculinización de la habitanza de la calle, visibilizando la presencia de mujeres diversas en ciclos de vida y con vivencias expulsoras antes y de hábitos de subsistencia y manutención durante su permanencia en la calle.

This article delves into the knowledge of women living on the streets of the five densest cities in the country, taking as a background the patriarchal relations of inequality that permeate the different moments of street life starting with the decision to go out to live in this. With the information available from the censuses of street dwellers of 2017 and 2019 carried out by DANE in Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla and Bucaramanga, it investigates the various female ways of inhabiting the street and the conditions in which it is carried out. It basically aims to eliminate the masculinization of street living, making visible the presence of diverse women in life cycles and with expeller experiences before and of subsistence and maintenance habits during their stay on the street.

Control microbiológico de alimentos en la vía pública en Cuenca, Ecuador

El comercio ambulante de alimentos listos para el consumo ha crecido exponencialmente a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, la falta de condiciones óptimas de preparación y expendio de estos alimentos pueden afectar su inocuidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la calidad microbiológica de 19 tipos de alimentos (n= 417), con y sin tratamiento térmico, expendidos en espacios públicos en Cuenca, Ecuador. Según el grupo de alimentos, se analizaron aerobios mesófilos, coliformes/Escherichia coli, mohos y levaduras, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Listeria spp., Clostridium perfringes y Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Para la identificación y recuento de los microorganismos se aplicaron normativas nacionales y, en casos de ausencia, se adoptaron normas de otros países. Como resultado, el 55,4% de las muestras se consideraron no aptas para el consumo. S. aureus fue el microorganismo patógeno presuntivo de mayor prevalencia (81,7%). El incumplimiento de las normativas fue significativamente mayor entre los alimentos sin tratamiento térmico (54,1%) en comparación con aquellos térmicamente tratados (24%) y los que combinan ingredientes con y sin tratamiento (21,9%) (p<0,001). Se destaca el alto porcentaje de incumplimiento de alimentos sin tratamiento térmico que son manipulados en su preparación, como los jugos. Además, se observó que el tratamiento térmico no garantizó la inocuidad, sugiriendo una posible recontaminación del alimento luego de su preparación hasta su expendio y consumo, por medios ambientales y/o adición de otros ingredientes contaminados. Este estudio recalca la necesidad de acciones concretas con este sector, basados principalmente en capacitación, infraestructura e inclusión, para garantizar la salud de los consumidores.

Street-vending trade in ready-to-eat foods has grown exponentially, worldwide. However, the lack of optimal conditions for the preparation and sale of these foods can affect their safety. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of 19 types of foods (n= 417), with and without heat treatment, sold in public spaces in Cuenca, Ecuador. According to the food group, mesophilic aerobes, coliforms/Escherichia coli, molds and yeasts, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Listeria spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were examined. For microorganisms identification and counting, national regulations were applied and, in cases of absence, regulations from other countries were adopted. As a result, 55,4% of the samples were considered inadequate for consumption. S. aureus was the most prevalent presumptive pathogenic microorganism (81.7%). Non-compliance with regulations was significantly higher among foods without heat treatment (54.1%) compared to those heat treated (24%) and those that combine ingredients with and without treatment (21.9%) (p<0.001). The high percentage of non-compliance with foods without heat treatment that is handled for preparation, such as juices, stands out. In addition, it was observed that the heat treatment did not guarantee safety, suggesting possible food recontamination after preparation until sale and consumption, due to environmental means and/or the addition of other contaminated ingredients. This study emphasizes the need for concrete actions in this sector, mainly based on training, infrastructure, and inclusion, to guarantee consumers' health.

Consumo de drogas: enfrentamiento a un problema latente / Drug use: confronting a latent problem i: en

Algunas situaciones ponen en riesgo a Cuba en cuanto al uso de drogas, entre ellas el aumento del turismo, las relaciones con países que poseen altas tasas de consumo, la ubicación geográfica en corredores de narcotraficantes y la alta prevalencia de drogas porteras. Al respecto, el Sistema Nacional de Salud debe estar preparado para la prevención del problema y la atención a los afectados, de manera que resulta necesario mantener una información actualizada sobre los factores de riesgo y los principales productos utilizados por los consumidores. En la presente revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema se busca llamar la atención de los trabajadores de la salud en tal sentido, se ofrecen datos sobre la magnitud del problema y se abordan elementos de sus antecedentes, así como de la clasificación de las drogas, los factores de riesgo asociados a su consumo y las bases jurídicas para su control en Cuba.

Some situations put Cuba at risk for drug use, such as an increase in tourism, relations with countries that have high rates of substance abuse, the geographic location in drug trafficking corridors, and the high prevalence of "opening doors" drugs. In this regard, the National Health System must be prepared to prevent the problem and care for those affected, so it is necessary to maintain updated information on risk factors and main products used by consumers. In the present literature review on the subject, it is sought to draw the attention of health workers to this point, data on the magnitude of the problem and elements of its background are offered, as well as drug classification, the risk factors associated with its use and the legal bases for its control in Cuba.

Os burocratas de nível de rua: possibilidades para os estudos em implementação de políticas públicas de esporte e lazer / Street-level bureaucracy: possibilities of studies in implementation of public policies for sports and leisure / os burócratas a pie de calle: posibilidades de estudio en la implementación de las políticas públicas de deporte y ocio

Considerando os estudos de implementação de políticas públicas, a teorização sobre os burocratas de nível de rua, de Michael Lipsky, é fundamental para entender os dilemas dos serviços públicos. Porém, essa temática ainda é pouco difundida nos estudos sobre as políticas públicas de esporte e lazer. Nesse ensaio objetivamos apresentar uma possibilidade de leitura da implementação de políticas públicas de esporte e lazer por meio do arcabouço teórico dos burocratas de nível de rua. Desse modo, compreendemos que os estudos em políticas públicas de esporte e lazer aliados à teorização dos burocratas de nível de rua poderão ser um caminho para o melhor entendimento dos fatores que impactam na tomada de decisões dos agentes esportivos que estão em contato com os cidadãos (Au)

Considering public policy implementation studies, Michael Lipsky's theorizing about street-level bureaucracy is critical to understanding public service dilemmas. However, this theme is still not widespread in studies on public sports and leisure policies. In this essay the main objective is introduce a possibility of public sports and leisure policies reading of implementation based on street level bureaucracy studies. Thereby studies on public sports and leisure policies, combined with the theorizing of street-level bureaucracy, may be a way to better understand the major factors that impact the decision-making by sports agents who are in contact with citizens (AU).

Considerando los estudios sobre la implementación de políticas públicas, la teorización sobre los burócratas a pie de calle, de Michael Lipsky, es fundamental para comprender los dilemas de los servicios públicos. Sin embargo, este tema aún está poco difundido en los estudios sobre políticas públicas de deporte y ocio. En este ensayo, pretendemos presentar una posibilidad de lectura de la implementación de las políticas públicas de deporte y ocio a través del marco teórico de los burócratas a pie de calle. Así, entendemos que los estudios sobre políticas públicas de deporte y ocio aliados a la teorización de los burócratas de calle pueden ser una forma de comprender mejor los factores que inciden en la toma de decisiones de los agentes deportivos que están en contacto con los ciudadanos (AU).

Atuação da APS em tempos de crise: uma análise da discricionariedade dos profissionais de saúde na pandemia da COVID-19 / The role of PHC in times of crisis: an analysis of discretion of health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo Crises são eventos excepcionais que alteram os arranjos estruturais sob os quais a burocracia de nível de rua (BNR) atua normalmente, gerando insuficiência de recursos, suspensão de regras e de rotinas, e alteração das práticas de trabalho. Essas características ressaltam a importância do espaço de discricionariedade, uma vez que decisões rápidas precisam ser tomadas em um contexto atravessado pela imprevisibilidade. Neste artigo, analisamos o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil na discricionariedade dos profissionais de saúde da atenção primária à saúde (APS). Portanto, o objetivo do artigo é entender quais fatores impactaram a discricionariedade dos BNRs da APS, examinando aspectos organizacionais, emocionais e científicos. Para isso, analisamos os dados de um questionário, com respostas abertas e fechadas, com 1218 profissionais que atuavam na APS em março de 2021. Os resultados mostram que, diferente do esperado, a discricionariedade dos BNRs não se transforma em uma panaceia pela crise. Uma grande parcela dos profissionais seguiu operando dentro das regras, o que demonstrou a tendência dos BNRs de buscar respaldo para sua atuação, seja por melhores condições organizacionais, pela redução de incerteza ou por amparo na ciência.

Abstract Crises are exceptional events that alter the structural arrangements under which street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) normally operate, generating resource shortages, the suspension of rules and routines, and changes in work practices. These characteristics highlight the importance of room for discretion, since quick decisions need to be made in a context pervaded by unpredictability. This study analyzed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil on the discretion of primary health care workers, seeking to understand which factors influence the exercise of discretion, focusing on organizational, emotional and scientific aspects. We used data from an online survey comprising open- and closed-ended questions conducted in March 2021 with 1218 primary care workers. The results show that, unexpectedly, discretion of SLBs does not become a panacea for the crisis. A large portion of professionals continued to operate within the rules, demonstrating a tendency to seek support at work, either through better organizational conditions, the reduction of uncertainty or from science.

Survey on the willingness to re-donate blood and its influencing factors of street blood donors / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the re-donation willingness and its influencing factors of street blood donrs, so as to stable the team of blood donors and enhance the efficiency of blood collection. 【Methods】 From July 2021 to December 2022, 1 210 blood donors were randomly selected from 5 street blood donation sites affiliated to Nantong Central Blood Station, and their willingness to re-donate blood and influencing factors were surveyed via telephone interviews within 24 hours and 2 to 3 weeks after blood donation. The frequency and type of adverse donation reactions (ADRs) was gathered. 【Results】 Among 1 210 street blood donors, 590 were first-time blood donors, accounting for 48.76% (590/1 210), and 620 were repeated blood donors, accounting for 51.24% (620/1 210). The response rate of this survey was 96.03% (1 162/1 210), and the incidence of delayed ADRs was 1.29% (15/1 162) according to telephone interviews after blood donation. Among the 620 repeated blood donors, "health promotion" (61.77%, 383/620) was the most important reason for willingness of redonation(P<0.05), and the top of the list for on-site experience was "blood donation locations" (56.61%, 351/620) (P< 0.05). 【Conclusion】 The intention of blood donors, location of blood donation sites, service and publicity of blood donation are the main factors that affect the re-donation of blood donors. It's vital to increase the proportion of blood re-donation, and promote the development of voluntary blood donation by improving blood donation service, policy popularization and incentive measures.

Comida de rua: perfil dos manipuladores de alimentos e necessidades de conhecimentos sobre a gestão do negócio e boas práticas de manipulação / Street food: food handlers profile and their needs knowledge about business management and good handling practices

Introdução: O consumo de comida de rua tem aumentado nos últimos anos, transformando este segmento em um importante comércio de alimentos, com geração de emprego e renda. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer o perfil socioeconômico e analisar a percepção sobre a gestão do negócio e boas práticas de manipulação dos manipuladores de comida de rua no município de Niterói/RJ, participantes de um curso on-line sobre boas práticas de manipulação no comércio de comida de rua. Método: A metodologia foi aplicada e descritiva, de abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Foi utilizado questionário on-line, com 56 perguntas, aplicado a 67 participantes do curso. Resultados: 86,4 % eram mulheres; faixa etária predominante entre 27 e 62 anos; renda média de até 3 salários mínimos; 35,8% relataram possuir ensino superior incompleto. Apenas 29,9% possuem registro MEI; 72,7% atuam nesse comércio por escolha; 46,3% fazem controle de estoque e 62,5% fazem controle de caixa; 67,2% possuem cursos na área de alimentação; e 47,8% afirmaram ter experiências anteriores. Conclusão: À medida que se observa a consolidação desse segmento, com um potencial de risco sanitário associado, assim como a insuficiência de trabalhos científicos na área, faz-se necessário ampliar os estudos sobre a formação dos manipuladores.

Introduction: The Consumption of street food has increased in recent years, transforming this segment into an important food trade, with job and income. Objective: This work aimed to know the socioeconomic profile and analyze the perception about business management and good handling practices of street food handlers in the city of Niterói/RJ, participants of an online course on good handling practices in the food trade. Methods: The methodology was applied and descriptive, with a qualitative and quantitative approach. An online questionnaire was used, with 56 questions, applied to 67 course participants. Results: 86.4 % were women; predominant age group between 27 and 62 years; average income of up to 3 minimum wages; 35.8 % reported having incomplete higher education. Only 29.9 % have a MEI record; 72.7 % work in this trade by choice; 46.3 % carry out inventory control and 62.5% carry out cash control; 67.2 % have courses in the field of food; and 47.8 % claimed to have previous experiences.Conclusions:As the consolidation of this segment is observed, with a potential associated health risk, as well as the lack of scientific work in this area, it is necessary to expand studies on the training of handlers.

Women's perception of urban insecurity in the Monterrey metropolitan area during COVID-19 / Percepción femenina de la inseguridad urbana en el área metropolitana de Monterrey en tiempos de COVID-19 / A percepção das mulheres sobre a insegurança urbana na área metropolitana de Monterrey em tempos de COVID-19

The purpose of this paper it to explore women's perception of urban insecurity prevailing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Monterrey metropolitan area (MMA) in Mexico. In recent decades, large cities have grown and with them, so has crime increased. As a result, the issue of urban insecurity has become important, particularly during this COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, a cross-sectional, descriptive, non-probabilistic study was conducted involving 69 women aged 18 to 58, with Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León being taken as the sample frame. Our findings show that 74% of the participants indicate that urban safety near their homes, ranges fair to very bad, while 81% feel the same about safety near their workplaces. Ninety-three per cent say that crime has increased. Meanwhile, 55% say that the situation has affected their quality of life severely to very severely, denoting the MAM population's transition from one of social well-being to one of vulnerability, which has been further aggravated by the health contingency.

Este artículo investiga la percepción femenina de la inseguridad urbana que prevalece durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en el área metropolitana de Monterrey (MAM) en México. En las últimas décadas las grandes urbes han crecido y con esto también se favorece la delincuencia. Por lo tanto, el tema de inseguridad urbana se ha tornado pertinente y, particularmente, ha sido de interés abordarlo durante esta pandemia de COVID-19. Para esto, se realizó un estudio de carácter transversal y descriptivo, no probabilístico, en 69 mujeres de 18 a 58 años, y se consideró la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León como el sitio de muestreo. En el presente documento los hallazgos muestran que 74% de las participantes indica que la seguridad urbana cercana a sus casas es regular a muy mala. Similar situación se presenta en sus lugares de trabajo, según afirma el 81%. El 93% asevera que los actos delictivos aumentaron. Entre tanto, el 55% dice que esta situación afectó de grave a muy gravemente su calidad de vida. Esta situación denota la transición de la sociedad en el MAM de bienestar social a otra de vulnerabilidad, que se ha incrementado por el escenario de la contingencia sanitaria que ha padecido.

Este artigo investiga a percepção das mulheres sobre a insegurança urbana prevalecente durante a pandemia COVID-19 na área metropolitana de Monterrey (MMA), no México. Nas últimas décadas, as grandes cidades cresceram e, com isso, a criminalidade também aumentou. Portanto, a questão da insegurança urbana tornou-se relevante e, particularmente, tem sido de interesse abordá-la durante esta pandemia da COVID-19. Para este fim, foi realizado um estudo transversal, descritivo e não-probabilístico entre 69 mulheres de 18 a 58 anos, e a Universidade Autônoma de Nuevo León foi considerada como o local de amostragem. Neste documento, os resultados mostram que 74% dos participantes indicam que a segurança urbana perto de suas casas é justa a muito ruim. Uma situação semelhante é encontrada em seus locais de trabalho, de acordo com 81%. Noventa e três por cento dizem que a criminalidade aumentou. Enquanto isso, 55% dizem que esta situação tem afetado seriamente a qualidade de vida deles. Esta situação reflete a transição da sociedade no MMA de uma situação de bem-estar social para uma situação de vulnerabilidade, que tem aumentado devido ao cenário de contingência de saúde que experimentou.

Conformance of the Food Vendor Carts Design to the Prescribed Standards as per Food Safety and Standards Regulations: Assessment from an Urban Area of North India

Background: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, is mandated with disseminating evidence-based standards, regulating the manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import of street food, for ensuring the availability of safe and wholesome food for human consumption and matters connected in addition to that or incidental to that. Hence, this study was conducted to ascertain the conformance of the design of street food vendor’s carts to the prescribed standards. Methods: We conducted a cross?sectional study in Chandigarh between July 2017 and March 2018 among 400 street food vendors. The primary dependent variable of the study was conformance. The carts were evaluated for their conformance to the standard recommended design based upon a checklist designed using the guidelines of Food Safety and Standards Regulations, 2011. Results: Almost half of the respondents had an experience of 6–15 years (48.5%) and were earning between Rs. 500 and 1000/day (56.3%). The majority of them (95%) were migrants from other states. Only 26.3% were using mobile vending sites. On regression analysis, better cart score was predicted by age, education, increasing experience, higher income, when food was prepared at home only, and with assistance in the form of helpers. Conclusions: This study indicates that although the policy was formulated 8 years back, the standards of street food carts were still below par in Chandigarh. The government should give technical specifications and ensure uniformity at the national level.

População em situação de rua, violações de direitos e modos (est)ético-políticos de resistência: a rua como palco da acontecimentalização da existência / Population in a street situation, violations of rights and aesthetic-ethical-political modes of resistance: the street as the stage for the realisation of existence

Este artigo é desdobramento de uma pesquisa sobre população em situação de rua e violações de direitos. Debateremos, aqui, um aspecto do referido estudo por nós considerado fulcral, a saber: os processos de resistências e os modos de enfrentamentos (est)ético-políticos produzidos por pessoas em situação de rua, frente às violações de seus direitos. Epistemologicamente, orientamo-nos principalmente pela teorização relativa às relações de poder desenvolvidas por Michel Foucault, articulando-a sucintamente à problemática da necropolítica, proposta por Achille Mbembe. A produção da matéria empírica da pesquisa ocorreu por meio de observações, conversas informais, registros em diário de campo e quatro interlocuções; com pessoas que estavam ou já estiveram em situação de rua há mais de três meses, e que viviam na região central de Florianópolis/SC. A perspectiva da análise de práticas discursivas e produção de sentidos foi a estratégia teórico-metodológica utilizada para a discussão da empiria. Buscou-se, por fim, lançar questionamentos e ampliar discussões acerca da população em situação de rua, suas resistências e enfrentamentos (est)éticos frente às violações de direitos, bem como problematizar as relações de poder que atravessam a vida na rua e, quiçá, romper com lógicas hegemônicas e universais acerca das possibilidades de existência dessas populações.

This article is an unfolding of a research on population in street situation and rights' violations. Here we discuss an aspect of the study that we consider to be pivotal, namely: processes of resistance and aesthetical-ethical-political modes of confrontation produced by people in street situation, in the face of their rights' violations. Epistemologically, we are mainly guided by the theorization concerning power relations developed by Michel Foucault, articulating it briefly to the problem of necropolitics, proposed by Achille Mbembe. The production of the empirical material of the research occurred through observations, informal conversations, field diary records and four interlocutions with people who were or had been in a street situation for more than three months, and who lived in the central region of Florianópolis/SC. The perspective of discursive practice analysis and sense production was the theoretical-methodological strategy used for empiric discussion. Finally, we sought to question and expand discussions about the population in a street situation, their resistance, and aesthetical-ethical confrontations in the face of rights' violations, as well as to problematize power relations that go throughout life on the street and, perhaps, to break with hegemonic and universal logics about the possibilities of existence of these populations.

Implications of Safe Street Foods in Dhaka City: An Opinion

Street foods play an important role in large group of economic people in the Dhaka city. And it is also the major source of income for floating vendors. Huge numbers of vendors sell dishes, snacks, fruits, and beverages in the megacity of Dhaka. The objective of this article is to promote and maintain the hygienic environment of selling street foods among vendors in Dhaka city. Contaminated foods cause various kinds of diarrheal diseases. To prevent this contagious disease food safety needs much more awareness. To ascertain safe street foods, the government and non-government organizations should implement rules and regulations strictly and appropriate programmes should be conducted. The various facets of street foods available in Dhaka city have been briefly described in the present article.