Diagnóstico por imagen de abscesos hepáticos y pulmonares por estreptococos del grupo viridans. Presentación de caso / Imaging diagnosis of liver and lung abscesses due to viridans streptococci. Case presentation

Resumen El Streptococcus viridans es conocido más comúnmente como agente infeccioso en las endocarditis, sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre su potencial infeccioso en otros órganos o sistemas, donde ha demostrado una elevada mortalidad. El reconocimiento del Streptococcus viridans como agente productor de abscesos en otras localizaciones como a nivel hepático o pulmonar, permitirá un diagnóstico oportuno mediante los distintos métodos de imagen, reduciendo las graves consecuencias para el paciente y los tiempos de hospitalización. Se presenta el caso de un paciente del sexo masculino de 33 años de edad sin antecedentes crónico degenerativos, que inició con sintomatología 7 meses previos a su ingreso, con fiebre intermitente, fatiga, astenia, anorexia y pérdida de peso. A la exploración física presentó dolor a la palpación media y profunda en hipocondrio derecho, en el panel de laboratorios presentó llamativa neutrofilia, en la tomografía de tórax y abdomen se mostró lesión cavernomatosa en pulmón y quistes complicados hepáticos, a los cuales se les realizó drenaje percutáneo guiado por ultrasonido, con envío de muestras a cultivo con resultado positivo para Streptococcus viridans, lo que permitió brindar el tratamiento dirigido al paciente, y que remitiera la enfermedad.

Abstract Streptococcus viridans is more commonly known as an infectious agent in endocarditis, however, little is known about its infectious potential in other organs or systems, where it has shown high mortality. The recognition of Streptococcus viridans as an abscess-producing agent in other locations, such as the liver or lungs, will allow timely diagnosis using different imaging methods, reducing serious consequences for the patient and hospitalization times. We present the case of a 33-year-old male patient with no chronic degenerative history, who started symptoms 7 months prior to admission, with intermittent fever, fatigue, asthenia, anorexia and weight loss, on physical examination he presented pain at the medium and deep palpation in the right hypochondrium, in the laboratory panel I present striking neutrophilia, in the tomography of the thorax and abdomen a cavernous lesion in the lung and complicated hepatic cysts are shown, to which percutaneous drainage guided by ultrasound is performed, with sending of cultured samples with a positive result for Streptococcus viridans. Thus, allowing treatment to be provided to the patient, thereby achieving remission of the disease.

Absceso cerebral en niños: experiencia en diez años en un hospital pediátrico de alta complejidad / Brain abscess in children: ten years of experience in a third level pediatric hospital

El absceso cerebral es una infección focal, que se presenta con una frecuencia de 0,3-1,3 casos cada 100000 personas/año.¹ Se describe la epidemiología, clínica y microbiología de 38 niños con diagnóstico de absceso cerebral internados entre el 1/4/2005 y el 31/12/2015 en el Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Veinticuatro pacientes fueron varones. La mediana de edad fue de 132 meses. Se detectaron factores predisponentes en 25 niños. La mediana de evolución entre el inicio de los síntomas y la consulta fue de 7 días. Hubo 27 casos con lesiones únicas. Se realizó un drenaje quirúrgico en 34 pacientes. Las bacterias más frecuentes fueron anaerobios, Streptococcus viridans y Staphylococcus aureus. La mediana de tratamiento antibiótico fue de 56 días y la mediana de internación fue de 43 días. La letalidad fue del 3%.

Brain abscess is a focal infection that occurs with a frequency of 0.3-1.3 cases per 100,000 people/year. We describe the epidemiology, clinical and microbiology characteristics of 38 children diagnosed with brain abscess hospitalized between 4/1/2005 and 12/31/2015 at Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P. Garrahan" in Buenos Aires City. Twenty-four patients were male. The median age was 132 months. Predisposing factors were detected in 25 children. The median evolution from onset of symptoms to the visit was 7 days. There were 27 cases with single lesions. Surgical drainage was performed in 34 patients. The most frequent bacteria were anaerobes, Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus aureus. The median of antibiotic treatment was 56 days and the median of hospitalization was 43 days. The lethality was 3%.

Clinical characteristics and microbiological spectrum of 144 cases of infective endocarditis / 中国感染与化疗杂志

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and microbiological pathogens associated with infective endocarditis (IE) in Chinese patients in a university hospital over a 10-year period.Methods We retrospectively evaluated 144 adult IE patients admitted to Peking University First Hospital from 2006 to 2015.Statistical analysis was performed to analyze data on demographics,clinical and laboratory findings,as well as microbiological pathogens.Results The mean age of the 144 patients was 46.6 years.The male to female ratio was 2.3.The most common underlying heart diseases were congenital heart disease (22.9％),followed by degenerative valvular disease (18.8％) and rheumatic heart disease (10.4％).The most common clinical manifestation was fever (91.7％),followed by cardiac murmur (90.3％) and anemia (76.4％).Mitral (40.3％) and aortic valves (39.6％) were most frequently affected.The right-sided IE cases were all found in patients with congenital heart disease.Positive blood culture was documented in 87 IE patients.Streptococcus viridans was the most common pathogen (55.2％,48 episodes),followed by Staphylococcus (24.1％,21 episodes).The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus was 38.1％.Forty-eight (94.1％) of the 51 strains of Streptococcus spp.were susceptible to penicillin.Conclusions Congenital heart disease and degenerative valvular disease have overtaken rheumatic heart disease as the major underlying heart diseases associated with IE.Streptococcus viridans is still the most common pathogen ofIE in China.

Cervical Epidural Abscess: Rare Complication of Bacterial Endocarditis with Streptococcus Viridans: A Case Report

Although many patients with infective endocarditis (IE) complain of joint, muscle, and back pain, infections at these sights are rare. The incidence of spinal abscess in cervical spine complicating endocarditis is very rare. Although the surgical management is the mainstay of treatment, conservative treatment can get success in selected patients. We report a patient with cervical epidural abscess due to Streptococcus viridans endocarditis. Both epidural abscess and IE were managed conservatively with intravenous antibiotics for 8 weeks, with recovery. It is important to remind spinal epidural abscess can occur in those patients with bacterial endocarditis.

Espondilodiscitis a germen inusual: análisis de un caso clínico y revisión de la bibliografía / Spondilodiscitis caused be an unusual organism: clinical case report and literature review

La espondilodiscitis infecciosa es una entidad poco frecuente que afecta el disco intervertebral y las vértebras adyacentes. Su importancia clínica radica en la morbilidad que determina. En este caso nos centraremos en la espondilodiscitis piógena (EP) y, dentro de ella, en la estreptocócica. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente con espondilodiscitis por Streptoccocus intermedius perteneciente al grupo viridans, se analizan las características clínicas, y se realiza una breve revisión bibliográfica.

Infectious spondylodiscitis is a rare condition that affects the intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebrae. Its clinical relevance is related with its morbidity. In this case we will focus on the pyogenous spondylodiscitis (PS), and more specifically, streptococcal. Clinical case report of a patient with spondylodiscitis caused by Streptoccocus intermedius of the viridans group, with a description of the clinical features and a brief literature review.

Antimicrobial and plaque inhibitory potential of herbal and probiotic oral rinses in children: A randomized clinical trial.

Background: Antimicrobial agents serve as an effective adjunct with mechanical means in plaque control. Chlorhexidine has been the gold standard in the field of dentistry, but these days a growing number of dentists are embracing the philosophy that natural agents are better for children’s oral health, and the focus is shifted toward biogenic agents for oral hygiene maintenance in children. Aim: The aim was to evaluate antimicrobial and plaque inhibitory potential of herbal and probiotic rinses against Streptococcus viridans with commonly used antimicrobial agent like 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate. Materials and Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 60 subjects aged between 6 and 14 years and were divided into three groups comprising 20 subjects in each group. Three oral rinses were administered twice daily for a period of 1 week. Estimation of plaque scores and S. viridans counts was done before and after intervention, and the results were statistically analyzed. Results: The change in mean plaque index in Groups A, B, and C was 0.28 ± 0.16, 1.37 ± 0.43, and 0.60 ± 0.35 respectively. Furthermore, change in mean log10 colony forming unit (CFU)/ml of S. viridans in Groups A, B, and C was 0.13 ± 0.06, 0.53 ± 0.17, and 0.22 ± 0.06 CFU/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Based on observations done during the course of study herbal rinse proved equally effective as 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate in reducing S. viridans counts and plaque accumulation after 1 week of intervention, whereas probiotic rinse was least effective. However, long‑term clinical trial with larger sample size needs to be undertaken, especially to evaluate beneficial effects of biogenic agents such as herbal and probiotic rinses.

An analysis of clinical characteristics, etiologies and prognosis of 218 patients with infective endocarditis / 中华内科杂志

Objective To describe the profile of patients with infective endocarditis (IE) and assess prognostic factors of IE.Methods Clinical and etiology data of 218 patients with IE were collected retrospectively from January 2011 to January 2013.The distribution and antimicrobial susceptibilities of pathogens causing IE were evaluated.Prognostic factors associated with IE were determined by univariate and multivariate regression analysis.Results There were 148 men and 70 women with age of (46.0 ± 14.6)years.Ninety-five (43.6％) of them had heart diseases,including 72 cases (33.0％) of congenital heart disease and 23 cases (10.6％) of chronic rheumatic heart disease.Vegetations were detected by echocardiography in 171 (78.4％) patients.Microorganisms causing IE were identified in 84 cases (38.5％) cases.Streptococcus viridans was the dominant pathogen,accoumed for 63.1％ of all the pathogens,followed by Staphylococcus (13.1％) and Enterococcus (4.8％).Totally 7/11 Streptococcus viridans was susceptible to penicillin,while 100％ susceptible to the third and fourth generation cephalosporins,vancomycin and linezolid.One hundred and eighty cases underwent operations.The in-hospital mortality rate of IE was 3.2％.In univariate regression,health care-associated infection,prosthetic valve,anemia and chest symptoms (distress or pain) were related to the increased risk of mortality in patients with IE,while surgery appeared to be a protective factor.In the logistic regression model,the variables significantly associated with IE prognosis were health care-associated infection (OR =17.03,95％ CI 1.76-164.75,P =0.014) and anemia (Hb ＜ 90 g/L) (OR =13.47,95％ CI 2.46-73.60,P =0.003) and surgery treatment (OR =0.17,95％ CI 0.03-0.97,P =0.047).Conclusions Although Streptococcus viridans is the most common pathogen causing IE,the pathogens of IE become versatile.The antibacterial activity of penicillin against Streptococcus viridans is low.Health care-associated infection and anemia are risk factors of IE prognosis,while surgery treatment is a protective factor of severe IE.

Perfil de patógenos nas exacerbações agudas da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica: resultados preliminares / Pathogenic profile in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructuve pulmonary disease: preliminary results

Objetivo: Descrever os patógenos isolados em cultura quantitativa de escarro, nas exacerbações agudas de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, em pacientes internados no Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição – Tubarão/SC e no Hospital Nereu Ramos – Florianópolis/SC. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo de delineamento transversal, utilizando escarro coletado em pacientes internados, o qual foi submetido à cultura quantitativa. Foi utilizada como ponto de corte a presença de 106 ufc/mL. O uso da antibioticoterapia foi confrontado com o isolamento em cultivo de agente etiológico bacteriano, através do índice de concordância Kappa. Resultados: Foram avaliados consecutivamente 13 pacientes, sendo 69,2% pertencentes ao gênero masculino, com média de idade de 67,15. A cultura de escarro evidenciou o crescimento de 53,8% de Streptococcus viridans e 7,7% de Haemophilus influenzae. Em 38,5% das culturas, não houve crescimento bacteriano. Quantificou-se 38,5%(n = 5) das culturas com mais de 106 UFC e 23,1% (n = 3) com menos de 106 UFC. O índice de concordância Kappa entre o uso de antibioticoterapia e a presença de infecção foi de -0,519. Conclusão: Houve um predomínio de pacientes do gênero masculino, e o agente mais comumente isolado nas culturas foi o Streptococcus viridans. Ocorreu discordância entre o uso de antimicronianos e a presença ou ausência de infecção.

Objective: To describe the pathogens isolated through quantitative sputum culture, in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients admitted to the Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, Tubarão/SC and Hospital Nereu Ramos, Florianópolis/SC. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted using sputum collected from hospitalized patients, which was subjected to quantitative culture. The presence of 106 cfu/mL was used as a cutoff point. The use of antibiotics was compared with isolation of bacterial culture from the etiologic agent by Kappa index of agreement. Results:Thirteen patients were consecutive evaluated, 69.2% out of them were male, mean age 67.15. Sputum culture showed 53.8% growth of Streptococcus viridans and 7.7% of Haemophilus influenzae. There was no bacterial growth in 38.5% of the cultures. Of the total, 38.5% (n = 5) contained more than 106 CFU and 23.1% (n = 3) contained less than 106 CFU. The Kappaindex of concordance between antibiotic use and the presence of infection was -0.519. Conclusion: There was a predominance of male patients, and the agent most commonly isolated in cultures was Streptococcus viridans. There was disagreement between antimicrobial use and the presence or absence of infection.

Streptococcus viridans Meningitis After Epidural Nerve Block

We report herein a case of meningitis due to Streptococcus viridans that occurred after epidural nerve block. The low virulence of S. viridans resulted in milder clinical symptoms and signs than are usually observed for bacterial meningitis, thus mimicking viral meningitis. The infection may have originated from the oral cavity of the medical personnel, and so S. viridans infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of meningitis subsequent to spinal manipulation.

Brain abscess following odontogenic infection

Brain abscess is a rare, extremely aggressive, life-threatening infection. It may occur following : infection of contiguous structure, hematogenous spread, or cranial trauma/ surgery. Dental pathology and/or treatment have been linked to a small number of brain abscesses as possible source of infection. 50-year-old male patient was presented with a brain abscess caused by Streptococcus viridans. In the case presented, the significant oral findings were chronic periapical and periodontal infection due to root remnant of lower right 3rd molar. A case history and brief literature review of brain abscess related odontogenic infection was presented after successful treatment with antibiotics and craniotomy.

Brain abscess following odontogenic infection

Brain abscess is a rare, extremely aggressive, life-threatening infection. It may occur following : infection of contiguous structure, hematogenous spread, or cranial trauma/ surgery. Dental pathology and/or treatment have been linked to a small number of brain abscesses as possible source of infection. 50-year-old male patient was presented with a brain abscess caused by Streptococcus viridans. In the case presented, the significant oral findings were chronic periapical and periodontal infection due to root remnant of lower right 3rd molar. A case history and brief literature review of brain abscess related odontogenic infection was presented after successful treatment with antibiotics and craniotomy.

Identification of Streptococcus viridans group Isolated from the Blood of Patients / 대한임상미생물학회지

BACKGROUND: Streptococcus viridans group (SVG) is the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract, skin and genitourinary tract, and is the major causative agent isolated in 30-40% of bacterial endocarditis patients. However, SVG has not been properly identified to the species level for lack of diagnostic system which enables the accurate identification of SVG. Poyart et al. have recently described the identification of SVG to the species level by DNA sequencing of superoxide dismutase gene (sodAint). Using this method, we report here the identification of SVG isolated from the patients in Seoul National University Hospital within recent 2 years. METHODS: According to the method by Poyart et al., a set of two oligonucleotides, D1 (5 '-CCI TAY ICI TAY GAY GCI YTI GAR CC-3 ') and D2 (5 '-ARR TAR TAI GCR TGY TCC CAI ACR TC-3 ') were used as PCR primers, and PCR products of 480-bp size were obtained. The PCR products purified by MicroSpin S-400 HR Column were sequenced using ABI-PRISM 3700 Sequence Analyzer. D1 and D2 were used as sequencing primers. The clinical isolates were respectively identified as the species showing the greatest sequence homology which was demonstrated by the BLAST program provided by NCBI(USA). RESULTS: Clinical strains isolated from 26 patients who had shown two or more positive blood cultures were analyzed by DNA sequencing of superoxide dismutase gene, which showed 6 strains of S. salivarius, five S. oralis, four S. sanguis, three S. pasteuri, three S. equisimilis, two S. gordonii, one S. constellatus, one S. luteciae, and one S. mitis. S. salivarius and S. sanguis were clearly discriminated, while S. equisimilis and S. pyogenes were not. Species identification results by conventional method seldom corresponded to those by DNA sequencing. Among 7 patients suspected to have bacterial endocarditis, S. sanguis were isolated in 4 patients, and S. gordonii, S. oralis, S. pasteuri in one, respectively. Among 17 patients with liver cirrhosis or cancer, S. salivarius were isolated in 6 patients, and S. oralis in four. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we could identify the species of SVG isolated from the patients with bacteremia; S. sanguis were frequently isolated from patients with bacterial endocarditis, while S. salivarius from ones with malignancy. These results imply that a different group of underlying diseases could show correspondingly different group of SVG species which cause bacteremia, and we suggest that further pathophysiological study on the correlations between underlying disease and the species of SVG be performed.

Antimicrobial susceptibility test on streptococcus viridans in children's oral cavity

A Case of Crescentic Glomerulonephritis Associated with Bacterial Endocarditis / 대한신장학회잡지

A 25-year-old male presented with mitral insufficiency, perimembranous type of ventricular septal defect, pulmonary edema and renal insufficiency. The initial serum creatinine level was 16.2mg/dl. Blood cultures were positive for Streptococcus viridans and appropriate antibiotic therapy was initiated. Renal biopsy revealed diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis with crescents involving all of the glomeruli. Even after adequate duration of treatment with antibiotics, surgical therapy, and high dose steroid therapy, renal function did not recover and the patient ended up with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. We present a case of crescentic glomerulonephritis associated with bacterial endocarditis with a review of the literature.