Lutas operárias da Construção Civil no COMPERJ: questões para a ação sindical e a saúde dos trabalhadores / Civil Construction workers' struggles at COMPERJ: issues for union action and occupational health

Resumo O Complexo Petroquímico do Rio de Janeiro é uma das maiores obras da construção civil pesada no Brasil. Em 2014, foi realizada uma grande greve por melhorias nas condições de trabalho que expôs diferentes perspectivas acerca da representação dos trabalhadores e por motivo sindical. Este estudo analisa os sentidos postos pelos modos de ação operária e sindical em suas implicações à defesa coletiva da saúde nesta experiência grevista. Realizou-se uma pesquisa social de caráter qualitativo, lançando mão de técnicas de investigação como observação participante, levantamento documental e entrevistas com trabalhadores e dirigentes sindicais. Nos resultados, produziu-se uma breve reconstrução dessas lutas sob a perspectiva dos trabalhadores analisando as pautas de greve e a organização, mobilizações e tensões presentes entre trabalhadores de base e o sindicato da categoria. Ressaltou-se a formação de uma Comissão de Base, por decisão dos próprios operários, na tentativa de atuar de maneira autônoma ao sindicato oficial. Constatou-se diferentes respostas do Estado, empresas e sindicato representativo como forma de desarticular a luta dos trabalhadores. Ao fim, verificou-se luta para melhoria das condições de trabalho e defesa coletiva da saúde, por parte das organizações de trabalhadores nos locais de trabalho.

Abstract The Rio de Janeiro Petrochemical Complex is one of the most significant heavy civil construction projects in Brazil. In 2014, we witnessed a significant strike for improved working conditions, which exposed different perspectives on workers and union representation. This study analyzes the meanings exposed by worker and union action in their implications for the collective defense of health in this strike experience. Qualitative social research employed investigation techniques such as participant observation, documentary survey, and interviews with workers and union leaders. The results produced a brief reconstruction of these struggles from the workers' perspective, analyzing the strike agendas such as the organization, mobilizations, and tensions between base workers and the union representing the category. Noteworthy was establishing a Base Commission decided by the very workers to act independently from the official union. We observed different responses from the State, companies, and the representative union to stifle the workers' struggle. Finally, we identified a struggle for improved working conditions and the collective defense of health by workers' organizations in the workplace.

O movimento grevista paranaense (abril / 2015) e suas ressonâncias midiáticas / The striker movement of paraná (april / 2015) and its mediatic resonances / El movimiento huelguista paranaense (abril / 2015) y sus resonancias mediáticas

RESUMO Esta pesquisa problematizou os discursos veiculados em noticiários digitais sobre a manifestação grevista do dia 29 de abril de 2015 na cidade de Curitiba, Paraná. A análise proposta segue o referencial foucaultiano e analítico-institucional. Foi realizada uma busca de notícias que retrataram os eventos relacionados às manifestações na referida data, constituindo analisadores, os quais possibilitam a compreensão dos jogos de poder-saber envolvidos no engendramento de regimes de visibilidade que sancionam e/ou vetam enunciados. Destacamos os processos de criminalização das manifestações sociais; as práticas divisoras que fixam os papeis de "bom manifestante" e "mau manifestante", em uma perspectiva individualizante e descontextualizadora; e, por fim, a disputa das narrativas em torno do evento analisado.

ABSTRACT In addressing the role of the media in societies, it is understood that discourses, more than true or false, are producers of reality. Therefore, this research problematized the discourses broadcast on digital news on the strike demonstration on April 29, 2015 in the city of Curitiba, Paraná. The proposed analysis follows the Foucaultian and analytic-institutional framework. A search was carried out of news that portrayed the events related to the manifestations on that date, resulting in the construction of a news bank. Among them, we set up analyzers, which make it possible to understand the power-knowledge games involved in engendering regimes of visibility that sanction and / or veto statements. We highlight the processes of criminalization of social movements; the dividing practices that fix the roles of "good protester" and "bad protestor", in an individualizing and decontextualizing perspective; and, finally, the dispute of the narratives on the analyzed event.

RESUMEN Al abordar el papel de los medios de comunicación en las sociedades, se comprende que los discursos, más que verdaderos o falsos, son productores de realidad. En este sentido, esta investigación problematizó los discursos difundidos en noticieros digitales sobre la manifestación huelguista del 29 de abril de 2015 en la ciudad de Curitiba, Paraná. El análisis propuesto sigue el referencial foucaultiano y analítico- institucional. Se realizó una búsqueda de noticias que retrataron los eventos relacionados con las manifestaciones en esa fecha, resultando en la construcción de un banco de noticias. Entre ellas, establecimos analizadores, los cuales posibilitan la comprensión de los juegos de poder-saber involucrados en el engendramiento de regímenes de visibilidad que sancionan y / o vetan enunciados. Destacamos los procesos de criminalización de los movimientos sociales; las prácticas divisoras que fijan los papeles de "buen manifestante" y "mal manifestante", en una perspectiva individualizante y descontextualizadora; y, por fin, la disputa de las narrativas en torno al evento analizado.

Análisis de la velocidad y la aceleración entre un golpe de boxeo y uno de taekwondo / Analysis of speed and acceleration between a boxing attack and taekwondo

RESUMEN Dentro del ámbito nacional e internacional, se carecen de estudios que evalúen la semejanza o la diferencia entre los golpes principales de deportes de combate. Por tal razón, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar los golpes más representativos de boxeo y de taekwondo, con los cuales, se pretende reconocer las diferencias entre la velocidad y la aceleración de la ejecución del golpe recto, en boxeo y bandal chagi, en taekwondo. El método utilizado fue observacional, de corte transversal y descriptivo. Mediante captura videográfica, los golpes recto y bandal chagi, fueron analizados por el software Ehuman versión 5.0. El procedimiento estadístico involucró una prueba Mann Whitney U Test, para determinar la semejanza o diferencia entre las variables. La muestra estuvo constituida por 8 boxeadores y 8 taekwondocas, de rama masculina de Bogotá, quienes hacen parte de los equipos de rendimiento de la capital. Dentro de los resultados obtenidos, se destacó la diferencia entre velocidades del golpe recto en boxeo, correspondiente a 4,17±1,35m/s, frente a la patada bandal chagi, de 11,75±1,04m/s; la diferencia estadística fue de p=0,0008. Para la evaluación de aceleración, el golpe recto presentó, como resultado, 12,3±5,41m/s2, mientras que la patada bandal chagi, tuvo un resultado promedio de 74±37,85m/s2; la diferencia estadística fue de p=0,00033, utilizando, para ambas medidas, un nivel de significancia de p=0,05.

ABSTRACT Within the national and international scope, studies that assess the similarity or difference between the main knock of combat sports will be seen. For this reason, the maims of this research is to analyze the most representative knock of Boxing and Taekwondo, pretent to recognice the differences between the speed and acceleration of the execution of the straight punch in boxing and the chagi bandal in the taekwondo. The method used was observational, cross-sectional and descriptive. It was processed by the video capture of the straight strokes and chagi bandal, it was analyzed by means of the Ehuman software version 5.0. The statistical procedure involved a Mann Whitney U Test to determine the similarity or difference between the variables. The sample was conformed by 8 boxers and 8 takwondo athletes from the male category of Bogotá, who had part of the capital's performance teams. Among the results affected, the difference between speeds of the straight punch in boxing, corresponding to 4.17 ± 1.35 m/s, was highlighted, compared to the bandal chagi kick of 11.75 ± 1.04 m/s, the difference statistic was p = 0.0008. For the evaluation of the acceleration the straight hit, the following results are shown, 12.3 ± 5.41m/s2, while the bandal chagi kick had an average result of 74 ± 37.85m/s2, the statistical difference was of p = 0.00033 using a significance level of p = 0.05 for the measurements.

Ecology, endemism, and conservation status of birds that collide with glass windows in Monteverde, Costa Rica

Worldwide, billions of birds die annually due to window collisions. Nevertheless, few accounts document bird-window collisions in the Neotropics. In this study, we document species that collided with windows in Monteverde, Costa Rica, and describe their ecological and conservation status. We gathered information from different sources, including data from museum records and accounts by Monteverde residents who participated as "citizen scientists" between May 2014 and December 2017. We conducted carcass searches between March 2015 and February 2016. We classified window-strike species by migratory, forest dependence, trophic guild, weight, abundance, conservation, and endemism status. We registered 103 species striking windows in Monteverde, which includes 98 of 267 species known to occur in three life zones in Monteverde and five not registered in the area. Window strike casualties' frequencies differed by species, trophic guild and migratory status. Most window victims were residents, small, insectivorous, considered common or fairly common, with declining population trends. The families with the most species represented were Parulidae (14 spp.), Trochilidae (13 spp.), Turdidae (10 spp.), and Tyrannidae (9 spp.). Most species were passerines (Order Passeriformes) (71 spp.). No hawks or vultures were found colliding with buildings. The three species most commonly killed by windows were frugivores: Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus), Northern Emerald-Toucanet (Aulacorhynchus prasinus), and Black-faced Solitaire (Myadestes melanops). Among window-kills were five species whose status on the IUCN Red List are Near Threatened and one Vulnerable, including the Resplendent Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) and the Three-wattled Bellbird (Procnias tricarunculatus). Six species are listed as in danger of extinction and four are listed as species with reduced populations by the National System of Conservation Areas for Costa Rica (SINAC). 12 endemic species are strike casualties. The premontane wet forest is the life zone where more species were found (n=64 spp.), followed by the premontane moist forest (n = 49 spp.) and the lower montane wet forest (n = 31 spp.). These findings demonstrate the urgent need for conservation measures to mitigate bird mortality due to window collisions. Promoting use of methods to protect birds from windows should be an important goal for this IBA and the rest of Costa Rica. We also recommend collecting data in order to increase understanding about bird window collisions.

Cada año, a nivel global, mueren miles de millones de aves al colisionar contra ventanas. A pesar de ello, pocos registros documentan colisiones aves-ventanas en zonas altamente diversas en el Neotrópico. En este estudio, nosotros documentamos especies que colisionaron en ventanas en Monteverde, Costa Rica y describimos su estatus ecológico y de conservación. Nosotros obtuvimos información de distintas fuentes, incluyendo datos de registros de museos y de observaciones de residentes de Monteverde que participaron como "científicos ciudadanos" entre mayo 2014 y diciembre 2017. Nosotros realizamos búsquedas de cuerpos de aves entre marzo del 2015 y febrero 2016. Clasificamos especies que hubieran golpeado de acuerdo a su estatus de migración, dependencia del bosque, gremio alimentario, peso, abundancia, endemismo y de conservación. Nosotros registramos 103 especies que habían golpeado ventanas en Monteverde (98 de 267 especies documentadas en tres zonas de vida y cinco no registradas en el área). Muchas especies víctima de colisiones se caracterizan por ser residentes, pequeños, insectívoros, considerados comunes o bastante comunes, con poblaciones decrecientes. Las familias más representadas son Parulidae (14 spp.), Trochilidae (13 spp.), Turdidae (10 spp.) y Tyrannidae (9 spp.). La mayoría de las especies son paseriformes (Orden Passeriformes) (71 spp.). Ni gavilanes ni zopilotes golpearon en edificios durante nuestro estudio. Las tres especies más comúnmente muertas por ventanas fueron el Zorzal de Swainson (Catharus ustulatus), el tucancillo verde (Aulacorhynchu sprasinus) y el jilguero (Myadestes melanops). Entre las especies afectadas cinco especies tienen estatus de Casi Amenazadas y una Vulnerable según la Lista Roja de la UICN, incluyendo el Quetzal (Pharomachrus mocinno) y los pájaros campana (Procnias tricarunculatus). Cinco especies están en lista de peligro de extinción y cuatro con poblaciones reducidas según la lista del Sistema Nacional de Áreas de conservación de Costa Rica (SINAC). 12 especies endémicas fueron víctimas de colisiones. El bosque premontano húmedo es la zona de vida donde más especies fueron encontradas (n = 64 spp.), seguidos por el bosque premontano muy húmedo y el bosque muy húmedo montano bajo (n = 31 spp.). Estos hallazgos demuestran la urgente necesidad de implementar medidas de conservación para mitigar la mortalidad de las aves originada por colisión contra ventanas. El aplicar métodos para proteger a las aves de las ventanas debe ser una importante meta para esta AICA así como para el resto de Costa Rica. Recomendamos desarrollar acciones educativas, legales y continuar recolectando información, tanto en Monteverde como en otras áreas de Costa Rica para aumentar el conocimiento acerca de la colisión de aves con ventanas.

Conhecimento social em Piaget: um estudo sobre noções de greve / Social knowledge in Piaget: a study of notions of strike / Conocimiento social en Piaget: un estudio sobre nociones de huelga

O estudo investigou a evolução da noção social de greve por meio das significações construídas por alunos de diferentes níveis de escolaridade, tomando-se por base a compreensão de conhecimento social no aporte teórico-metodológico da epistemologia genética. Adotou-se a pesquisa qualitativa, modalidade estudo exploratório, no qual foram empregados entrevista e desenho, apoiados no método clínico-crítico. A amostra configurou-se com 16 alunos, dois de cada série (2º, 4º, 6º e 8º anos do Ensino Fundamental; 1ª e 3ª séries do Ensino Médio e Ensino Superior (2º e 4º anos do curso de Pedagogia). Os resultados revelaram três níveis de compreensão da realidade social. Indicaram que as relações sociais constituem condição necessária, mas não suficiente para o desenvolvimento das noções sociais e que a escola exerce papel fundamental na formação dos sujeitos oportunizando para além do acesso à informação, a construção do conhecimento social.

The study investigated the evolution of the social notion of strike through the meanings constructed by students of different levels of schooling, based on the understanding of social knowledge in the theoretical-methodological contribution of genetic epistemology. We have adopted the qualitative research, exploratory study modality, in which interview and design used, supported by the clinical-critical method. The sample consisted of 16 students, two in each grade (2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th years of elementary school, 1st and 3rd grades of high school and higher education (2nd and 4th year of Pedagogy course). three levels of understanding of social reality. And they indicated that social relations are necessary but not sufficient condition for the development of social notions, and that the school plays fundamental role in the training of subjects, providing access to information, the construction of social knowledge.

En el presente estudio se investigo la evolución de la noción social de huelga por intermedio de las significaciones construidas por alumnos de diferentes niveles de escolaridad, tomándose por base la comprensión de conocimiento social en el aporte teórico-metodológico de la epistemología genética. Se adoptó la investigación cualitativa, modalidad estudio exploratorio, en el cual se empleó entrevista y diseño, apoyados en el método clínico-crítico. La muestra se configuró con 16 alumnos, dos de cada curso (2º, 4º, 6º y 8º cursos de la Enseñanza Básica; 1ª y 3ª cursos de la Enseñanza Secundaria y Enseñanza Universitaria (2º y 4º años do curso de Pedagogía). Los resultados apuntaron tres niveles de comprensión de la realidad social. Indicaron que las relaciones sociales constituyen condición necesaria, pero no suficiente para el desarrollo de las nociones sociales y que la escuela ejerce papel fundamental en la formación de los sujetos dando oportunidad para más allá del acceso a la información, la construcción del conocimiento social.

Aspectos éticos de la conducta del médico ante personas en huelga de hambre: opinión del Departamento de Ética del Colegio Médico de Chile / Ethical aspects of the doctors' behavior towards people on hunger strike: position paper from the Ethics Department of the Chilean Medical Association

Every so often, in Chile there is a discussion about the role of physicians in the care of people on hunger strike (HS). In this document, we review the ethical aspects of health care for persons in HS, aiming to provide guidelines to medical doctors who are required to attend them. First, we make an important distinction between HS and suicide, since the former is used as a protest and denunciation tool, while suicide seeks deliberately to end a life. Then we describe the three roles that the health professional can fulfill: as a treating doctor, as an expert or as an official of a prison. The respect for the autonomy and dignity of the person in HS must prevail whatever the role of the physician. Therefore, we maintain that under no circumstances, people who have autonomously decided to be in HS should be fed by force. Due to the complexity of the issue, we make special considerations about the management of minors and the non-competent persons in HS. In conclusion, we adhere to the principles that inspire the Declaration of Malta, which indicate that it would be preferable to "allow a person on hunger strike to die in dignity, rather than subjecting them to repeated interventions against their will".

Médicos, hospitales y servicios de inteligencia: el movimiento médico mexicano de 1964-1965 através de reportes de inteligencia / Doctors, hospitals and intelligence agencies: the Mexican medical movement (1964-1965) as seen from intelligence reports

En el otoño de 1964 los residentes e internos de los hospitales de México iniciaron un paro pidiendo aumento de salarios, mejores condiciones de trabajo y la oportunidad de seguir estudiando. El movimiento duraría casi un año y al paso del tiempo las demandas dejaron de ser estrictamente por cuestiones laborales y se tornaron más universales. Los internos y residentes comenzaron a hablar sobre justicia social, el derecho a la salud de todos los mexicanos, y aun sobre el problema agrario en la nación. El gobierno, preocupado por la influencia que tenían estos profesionales, envió al servicio de inteligencia a patrullar a diario todos los hospitales de la capital y a seguir clandestinamente a ciertos médicos. Utilizando solo unos cuantos de estos reportes diarios, se muestra cómo el gobierno de Gustavo Díaz Ordaz utilizó al movimiento médico para entender al movimiento estudiantil de 1968.

In the autumn of 1964, residents and interns of Mexico's hospitals began a strike to demand salary increases, better working conditions, and more educational opportunities. As time passed, however, these workplace demands shifted to encompass more global issues of social justice, the right of all Mexicans to healthcare, and even peasant rights and agrarian reform. The Mexican government, concerned by the growing influence of these young doctors, made it a top priority of the intelligence service to monitor on a daily basis all Mexico City hospitals and to clandestinely follow certain physicians. Using only a sampling of these intelligence reports, the article reveals how the government of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz used the medical movement to better understand the student protests of 1968.