Response inhibition and emotional responding in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with comorbid disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To characterize the traits of neuropsychological functioning deficits in patients with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with comorbid disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders (DICCD).@*METHODS@#Twenty out-patients with ADHD, 20 with ADHD with comorbid DICCD, and 20 with DICCD, all aged 6-16 years, were enrolled in this study, with 20 healthy subjects matched for age, gender and IQ serving as the healthy controls. The patients were diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Revision (DSM-5). All the subjects were assessed with Golden Stroop test and emotional Stroop test to evaluate their response inhibition and emotional responding.@*RESULTS@#In Golden Stroop test, the interference scores (IGs) of errors and reaction time both differed significantly among the groups ( < 0.05), and were the highest in patients with ADHD only. In emotional Stroop test, the mean reaction time (MRT) showed significant differences among the groups ( < 0.05); the MRT of positive- congruent trials in ADHD with comorbid DICCD group was shorter than that in ADHD group but longer than that in group DICCD; the MRT in the 3 case groups were all longer than that in the control group. The MRT of both positive-incongruent trials and negative-congruent trials in ADHD with comorbid DICCD group and DICCD group was shorter than that in ADHD group but longer than that in the control group. The MRT of negative- incongruent trials in DICCD group was shorter than that in ADHD group and ADHD with comorbid DICCD group but longer than that in the control group.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The response inhibition deficit and abnormal emotional responding are the core symptoms of ADHD. Bias emotional stimuli may render response inhibitory dysfunction in patients with DICCD with callous-unemotional traits of emotional responding disorder, especially in dealing with negative emotional trials, while the comorbidity of ADHD and DICCD tends to have the emotional response trait of DICCD.

Modulações dos efeitos Simon e Stroop espacial por tarefas prévias de compatibilidade espacial / Modulations of Simon and spatial Stroop effects due to previous spatial compatibility tasks / Modulaciones de los efectos Simon e Stroop espacial por tareas anteriores de compatibilidad espacial

A localização espacial é uma característica intrínseca do estímulo que não pode ser ignorada e afeta a seleção da resposta correta em várias tarefas. Este efeito, denominado Compatibilidade Estímulo-Resposta, está presente nas tarefas de Compatibilidade espacial, Simon e Stroop espacial. O efeito Simon é modulado se, antes de executar a tarefa, os participantes executam uma tarefa incompatível de compatibilidade espacial. Essa modulação, chamada de transferência de aprendizagem é atribuída a dissociações entre memórias de longo e curto prazo. Não foi ainda estudado se esta prática incompatível modula o efeito Stroop espacial. Neste trabalho, testamos 32 participantes empregando um desenho experimental que permite estudar e separar os efeitos Simon e Stroop espacial na mesma tarefa e testar a hipótese de uma transferência generalizada do aprendizado por uma prática incompatível. Os resultados indicaram que a tarefa prévia incompatível modula apenas o efeito Simon, contrariando a hipótese da transferência generalizada do aprendizado.

Spatial location is an intrinsic characteristic of the stimulus that influences the execution of the correct response in various tasks. The effect is named Stimulus-Response Compatibility, with the Spatial Compatibility, Simon, and Spatial Stroop tasks being examples of this phenomenon. The Simon effect is modulated if participants perform a previous incompatible spatial compatibility task. This modulation, called transfer-of-learning effect, has been attributed to dissociations between long-term memory and short-term memory. It had not yet studied whether this incompatible practice modulates the spatial Stroop effect. In this work, we tested 32 volunteers in an experimental design that allows us to study and separate the Simon and spatial Stroop effects in the same task and test the hypothesis of a generalized transfer-of-learning effect by an incompatible practice. The results indicate that a previous incompatible task modulates only the Simon effect, contradicting the hypothesis of the generalized transfer of learning after an incompatible practice.

La localización espacial es una característica intrínseca del estímulo que afecta la selección de la respuesta en diversas tareas. Este efecto, denominado la compatibilidad estímulo-respuesta, es presente en la tarea compatibilidad espacial, Simon y Stroop espacial. El efecto Simon es modulado si los participantes realizan previamente una tarea incompatible de compatibilidad espacial. Esta modulación, llamada efecto de transferencia de aprendizaje, se ha atribuido a las disociaciones entre memoria a largo e corto plazo. Todavía no se ha estudiado si esta práctica incompatible modula el efecto Stroop Espacial. En este trabajo, probamos 32 estudiantes en un diseño experimental que nos permite estudiar y separar los efectos de Simon y Stroop espacial en la misma tarea y probar la hipótesis de un efecto generalizado de transferencia de aprendizaje por una práctica incompatible. Los resultados indican que la tarea incompatible anterior modula sólo el efecto Simón, contrariamente a la hipótesis de la transferencia generalizada de aprendizaje.

Effect of short-term breathing exercise training on perceived stress and Stroop effect in chronic smartphone users

Background: Mobile phones occupy a significant place in our day to day life. Psychological stress involves the relationship between an individual and the environment and this is appraised by the individual as a threat to his wellbeing. Stroop effect is considered as an indicator of attention disorder and general mood fluctuations. Aim: To study the effect of six weeks of breathing exercise training on perceived stress and stroop effect in chronic smart phone users. Materials and methods: After obtaining approval from the Institute Human Research and Ethics Committee, present study was conducted at Department of Physiology, Govt. Thiruvarur Medical College, Thiruvarur on 60 healthy volunteers (30 females and 30 males) who use smart phones more than 4 hours/day for 1 year were included in the study. Breathing exercise training was given to them for 15 minutes in two sessions per day for 5 days in a week for a total period of 6 weeks. Perceived Stress Score (PSS) and Stroop effect was recorded before and after 6 weeks of study period. Intergroup comparison was done by Student’s unpaired t-test. and intra group comparison was done by Student’s paired t-test. Dinesh T, Dinesh Kumar E, Rajajeyakumar M, Charumathi V. Effect of short-term breathing exercise training on perceived stress and Stroop effect in chronic smartphone users. IAIM, 2018; 5(11): 1-7. Page 2 Results: Average age of the male and female volunteers was 19.9 +1.18 and 19.5+1.07 respectively. There was a significant decrease in Perceived Stress (p<0.001 and p<0.01) among the male and female volunteers respectively. Also there was a statistically significant improvement in stroop effect in male (p<0.001) and female volunteers (p<0.01). The improvements were higher in males compared to females. Conclusion: Results of our study indicates that regular practice of breathing exercises even for short duration like six weeks improves autonomic functions, reduces perceived stress which in turn improves stoop effect

Effects of impulsivity on executive functions in heroin addicts:an ERP study / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the influence of impulsivity on the functions of the conflict monitoring and the conflict resolution process for heroin addicts.Methods 80 heroin addicts were drawn randomly using simple random sampling method and finished Opioid Addiction Severity Inventory ( OASI ) and Barratt Impulsivity Scale ( BIS-11) .High impulsivity group( 7 females of 22) and low impulsivity group (8 females of 21) were divided according to 27%of the total BIS-11score followed the grouping method in psychometrics.Then the event-related potentials (ERPs) technique with the classical color-word Stroop task was used to reveal the influence of impulsivity on the executive function for heroin addicts.Results ( 1) The scores of motor impulsivity(23.00±1.73) and no-plan impulsivity(27.77±3.22) were higher in high im-pulsivity group than those in low impulsivity group(19.31±2.80,23.38±3.59)(P<0.01);and there was posi-tive correlation between impulsivity and addiction severity( r=0.415, P<0.05).(2) The behavioral data showed significant Stroop interference effects in both groups(P<0.01).(3) ERPs data showed that there were significant incongruent-N450 and SP effects in the low impulsivity group,whereas incongruent N450 and SP effects disappeared in high impulsivity group ( Low impulsivity group incongruent vs congruent condition N450:(2.82±3.09)μV vs (4.51±2.77)μV, P<0.05; SP:(3.54±1.25)μV vs (2.84±1.03)μV, P<0.05;High impulsivity group incongruent vs congruent condition N450:(4.98±4.10)μV vs (3.39±3.31)μV, P<0.05;SP:(3.43±3.84)μV vs (4.66±4.53)μV, P<0.05).Conclusion The brain time-interval change of executive function such as the conflict monitoring and the conflict resolution process is influenced by the im-pulsivity levels of heroin addicts.

Cold and hot executive functions between high-level and low-level ruminant thinking individuals / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the character of ruminant thinking individuals in cold executive functions(cool EF) and hot executive functions(hot EF).Methods According to the score of rumination response scale( RRS) ,17 low-level ruminant thinking individuals and 21 high-level ruminant thinking indi-viduals were screened out and finished the classic Stroop test.Results In the cool EF,it was consistent be-tween low-level and high-level ruminant thinking individuals for color naming task response time ((10.61± 23.20)ms vs (10.79±29.32)ms),and there was no significant difference in the classic Stroop test( t=0.21, P>0.05) .In the hot EF,the respone time of the low-level group was longer than that of high-level group on the positive and negative((-5.01±22.20)ms vs (-10.88±20.33)ms;(8.78±29.96)ms vs (-8.68±19.94) ms) ,and the main effect of the emotional Stroop interference scores between positive and negative words was highly significant(F=10.88, P<0.05) .The interactive effect of emotional Stroop interference scores of words × subjects was significant(F=5.70, P<0.05) .The simple effect tests showed that the emotional Stroop interfer-ence scores between high-level and low-level ruminant thinking subjects were significant in the negative group(F=4.69, P<0.05) .And it was also significant between positive and negative words in the low-level group(F=14.63, P<0.05).Conclusion Two types of subjects in the cold EF have no significant difference. High-level ruminant thinking individuals in the cold EF are normal,but impaired in the hot EF that meaning high-level ruminant thinking individuals had bias to negative emotion.These results provide new clues for the intervention of negative emotions caused by ruminants.

Relación entre ansiedad, desempeño y riesgo de deserción en aspirantes a bachillerato / Relationship Between Anxiety and Probability of Academic Failure for Middle School Students

El propósito de la presente investigación fue explorar la relación entre las calificaciones académicas de los estudiantes con su tendencia a presentar conductas emocionales de ansiedad en el ámbito escolar mediante un estudio empírico descriptivo transversal. Adicionalmente se exploró la relación de esas dos variables con la probabilidad de fracaso escolar. Participaron 385 estudiantes de secundaria, que aspiraban a ingresar al bachillerato en una escuela pública. El rendimiento académico se evaluó a partir del promedio de secundaria, así como de una prueba de admisión. La probabilidad de deserción escolar se evaluó mediante una prueba de autorreporte (Hernández-Pozo, 2005). Adicionalmente se empleó una tarea computarizada basada en la versión emocional del paradigma de Stroop para medir la tendencia a la ansiedad escolar (Hernández-Pozo, Macías-Martínez, & Torres-Chávez, 2004). Se encontró que los estudiantes con las calificaciones más altas en la prueba de admisión, con mejores promedios en secundaria o con menor riesgo de deserción, difirieron de sus contrapartes en cuanto a los índices de interferencia de la prueba Stroop. Se concluye que la prueba emocional Stroop es un instrumento que refleja de manera ordenada el riesgo a la deserción escolar y el perfil académico de los aspirantes al bachillerato.

The purpose of this research was to explore the relationship between the academic qualifications of students with their tendency to experience emotional anxiety behaviors towards the school setting by means of a transversal descriptive study. Additionally, the association of these two variables with the likelihood of school failure was investigated. 385 junior high school students participated aspiring to enter a public senior high school. Academic performance was assessed based from the average grades at junior high school as well as from an admission exam. The probability of dropout was assessed by a self-reported questionnaire (Hernández-Pozo, 2005). Additionally a computerized task was used based on the emotional version of the Stroop paradigm to measure the tendency for school anxiety (Hernández-Pozo, Macías-Martínez, & Torres-Chávez, 2004). Results showed that students with the highest marks in the admission test, with better high school average or lower risk of dropout differed from their counterparts in terms of indices of the Stroop interference test. It is concluded that the emotional Stroop test is an instrument that reflects orderly risk to dropout and academic profile of applicants to senior high school.

An experimental study of difference of affective priming and attentional bias in young people / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore whether there will be attentional bias under the condition of fear,disgust and positive emotional arousal. Methods:Totally 96 college students were selected as participants in this study,inclu-ding 60 males and 36 femalesaged 18-22 years. Affective priming videos were adopted to prime participants'emo-tion (dread,disgust,joviality),and then they named the color of the cognitive words (positive words,negative words,neutral words)as quickly and accurately as possible. Reaction time and correctness were recorded. E-prime was adopted to write the experimental program. The reaction time for neutral words was baseline. Results:The aver-age reaction time (RT)of color-naming tasks of negative words were shorter than that of neutral words after fright-ening affective priming[(648 ±118)ms vs. (743 ±124)ms,P<0. 01]. Furthermore,the average RT of color-na-ming tasks of positive words were also shorter than that of neutral after frightening affective priming[(683 ±123) ms vs. (743 ±124)ms,P<0. 05]. The average RT of color-naming tasks of negative words were shorter than that of neutral words after disgusting affective priming[(579 ±86)ms vs. (720 ±101 )ms;P<0. 01 ]. Moreover,the av-erage RT of color-naming tasks of positive words were shorter than that of neutral words after delighted affective priming[(634 ±122)ms vs. (716 ±141)ms;P<0. 01]. Furthermore,the average RT of disgusting priming group-were shorter than the frightening priming grouptowards negative information[(579 ±86)ms vs. (648 ±118)ms,P<0. 05 ]. Conclusion:It suggests that the youth perform more obvious attentional bias towards negative information after disgusting affective priming than the frightening one. Frightening affective priming could evidently induce the attentional bias on positive information.

Executive control for methadone maintenance patients:an event-related potential study / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To discuss the neuropsychological mechanism of executive control for methadone maintenance patients(MMP).Methods Using the event-related potentials (ERPs) technique to reveal the time course of information processes with high temporal resolution,and exam the function of attention monitoring and response inhibition in heroin-dependent MMP.Results (l) The behavioral results: there were significant withinsubjects Stroop interference effects for the MMP and control groups (reaction time:control group' s congruent condition(766.57±75.64) ms,incongruent condition(879.52±62.31) ms,MMP group' s congruent condition (821.89±64.44) ms,incongruent condition (906.29 ± 69.46) ms,P＜ 0.001 ; error rate: control group' s congruent condition (4.15± 2.92) ％,incongruent condition (8.70 ± 6.12) ％,P＜ 0.001,MMP group' s congruent condition (12.07 ±10.80) ％,incongruent condition (16.60±12.43)％,P＜0.01).(2)ERPs data showed that MMP demonstrated significantly smaller incongruent-N2/N450/SP amplitudes than controls,and all disappearing incongruent effects in N2,N450 and SP,comparing statistically significant incongruent effects for controls in N2,N450 and SP.In MMP group,the amplitudes of N2 and N450 incongruent condition (N2 (1.40± 2.91) μV、N450 (1.29 ± 0.55) μV) were bigger than congruent condition amplitudes(N2(0.77±3.61) μV 、N450(0.83± 1.07) μV,P＜0.05),but the amplitude of SP (0.37±3.58)μV was smaller than congruent condition(1.53±3.05) μV,P＜0.001 ;in control group,the amplitudes of N2 and N450 incongruent condition((-0.30±3.45) μV,N450(1.77± 1.55)tμV) were smaller than congruent condition (N2(1.10±3.64) μV,P＜0.001； N450(2.37±2.12) μV,P＜0.05),the amplitude of SP ((1.93±1.65) μV) was bigger than congruent condition((0.98±2.02)μV,P＜0.01).Conclusion There are impaired executive control functions during the conflict monitoring process and the conflict resolution process for MMP.These results provide the neural electrophysiological evidence to explain relapse behaviors in methadone maintenance patients.

Interferencia entre el procesamiento de estímulos gustativos y estímulos visuales lingüísticos incompletos en la memoria operativa / Processing Interference Between Gustative Stimuli and Incomplete Linguistic Visual Stimuli in Working Memory

El propósito de este estudio consiste en extender la evidencia disponible sobre el efecto stroop al cruce de las modalidades gustativa y visual por palabras incompletas. Este fenómeno es indicativo de cierta interferencia en la memoria operativa para la información proveniente de diferentes canales sensoriales. En estudios previos del mismo paradigma se encontró menor interferencia para la congruencia entre los diferentes canales y mayor interferencia para la incongruencia. Los hallazgos previos se extienden por el presente estudio a las modalidades gustativa y visual para estímulos lingüísticos codificados como palabras escritas con letras omitidas. Los resultados sugieren que el mismo efecto de interferencia stroop hallado en estudios previos se presenta también en las modalidades específicas aquí estudiadas. Se destaca la condición ecológica del presente aporte por su utilización de estímulos naturales. Se discuten las limitaciones y se proponen nuevos experimentos.

This study aims to expand evidence about the stroop effect on cross-modalities of taste and incomplete visual stimuli. The specific case studied herein is for written words with missing letters. The stroop effect indicates some interference in working memory for information coming from different perceptual sources. In previous studies, congruence between different modalities generated faster responses and more accurate recognitions. This paper shows that the same results can be obtained for the cross-modalities of taste and incomplete visual stimuli. The ecological materials applied in this study are considered relevant for the current discussions of the topic. Limitations of this contribution are presented as well as and some suggestions for future research.

Interferencia stroop intermodal entre representaciones gustativas y auditivas / Cross-modal stroop interference between gustative and auditory representations

La integración intermodal es un mecanismo altamente adaptativo en el que la información de las modalidades se combinan proporcionando información más ajustada acerca de las propiedades externas del ambiente. Sin embargo, los sujetos no siempre son capaces de procesar dos fuentes de información de manera simultánea. El propósito de este estudio es evaluar la interferencia del procesamiento entre las representaciones gustativas y auditivas en la memoria operativa. Participaron del experimento 47 sujetos argentinos universitarios cuya edad promedio resultó de 22,45 años (de=3,787 años). Se empleó un diseño intra-sujetos de medidas repetidas. Se utilizó el paradigma de la tarea stroop intermodal. Los resultados sugieren que durante el nivel de estímulos congruentes la competencia atencional entre los estímulos gustativos y auditivos es menor en relación con los estímulos incongruentes y controles. Adicionalmente, se encontró una correlación inversa entre el tiempo de reacción y el número de aciertos de los estímulos congruentes.

The cross-modal integration is a highly adaptive mechanism in which information patterns are combined in order to provide more accurate information about the external properties of the environment. However, subjects are not always capable of processing two sources simultaneously. The aim of this study is to evaluate the processing interference between gustative and auditory representations in working memory. The experiment recruited 47 participants whose age average was 22.45 years (SD = 3.787 years). A within-subjects design (repeated measures) was used, as well as the cross-modal stroop task . The results suggest that the attentional competition between gustative and auditory stimuli under congruent stimuli is lower compared to incongruent stimuli and controls. Additionally, it was found an inverse correlation between reaction time and the number of correct congruent stimuli.

Atención y motivación ante estímulos afectivos en personas con ansiedad social / Attention and motivation to affective stimuli in people with social anxiety

El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las diferencias en el tiempo de respuesta ante una tarea tipo stroop emocional entre sujetos con y sin ansiedad social. Se utilizó un diseño descriptivo comparativo y participaron 63 personas divididas en dos grupos según las puntuaciones en el instrumento FNE. Todos los participantes de ambos grupos debieron resolver tres tareas tipo stroop: una tradicional, otra neutral y una emocional. Se evidenciaron diferencias significativas en los tiempos de ejecución en todas las tareas tipo stroop, siendo siempre mayor el tiempo de ejecución en las personas con ansiedad social. Todas las diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas, aunque la que obtuvo lamayor significancia fue la tarea de stroop emocional. Estos resultados son analizados a partir de los procesos atencionales y motivacionales.

The purpose of this research was to identify differences in response time to an emotional stroop task in subjects with and without social anxiety. A comparative descriptive design was used in a sample of 63 participants, which were divided into two groups according to the scores on the FNE instrument. All of them were measured by three different Stroop type tasks: the traditional, the neutral and the emotional. It was found, significant differences in execution times in the Stroop type tasks, and the greatest executive time was presented by people with social anxiety. All differences were statistically relevant, although the emotional Stroop task got the highest significance. The results were analyzed from attentional and motivational processes.

The development of inhibitory ability on 7- to 12-year-old children: a stroop study / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective Inhibitory ability plays an important role in individuals' development process.It has close relationship with intelligence and other cognitive ability.This study aims to explore the development of inhibitory ability on 7- to 12-year-old children.Methods A sample of 187 children aged from 7 to 12 were divided into three age-groups:7- to 8-year-old,9- to 10-year-old and 11-to 12-year-old.They perfonned the Stroop Color and Word Test and their reaction time and accuracy were recorded.Results Compared with incongruent trials ( ( 801.88 ± 344.05 ) ms ),the reaction time on congruent trials ( ( 743.16 ± 227.20ms ) of all the children was shorter( F ( 1,181 ) =7.29,P ＜ 0.0 1 ).The accuracy of congruent trials (0.94 ± 0.11 ) was higher than that of incongruent trials (0.90 ± 0.13 ) (F ( 1,181 ) =28.41,P ＜ 0.001 ).The reaction time difference of 7- to 8 -year-old children ( 117.81 ± 396.68 ) ms was longer than that of 9- to 10-year-old children ( ( 24.70 ± 177.65 ) ms) (P ＜0.05).There was no significant difference between the reaction time of difference 9- to 10-year-old children and 11- to 12-year-old children ( (32.44 ± 120.07 ) ms) (P ＞ 0.05 ).The gender effect was not significant (F ( 1,181 )=1.69,P＞ 0.05).Condusion The inhibitory ability increases from 7 to 12-year-old.The ability of 9-to 12-year-old children is reasonably stable.There is no gender effect on children's inhibitory ability.

Influence of arousal in emotional stroop effect / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the arousal effect in the emotional Stroop effect by systematically manipulating the valence and arousal of affective stimuli.Methods 27 college students were recruited to distinThe main effect of emotion on RT was significant (F(5.130) = 5.90, P ＜ 0.01 ), RTs in positive (( 893±36 ) ms)main effect of Emotion on ACC was marginally significant (F(5.130) = 2.63, P = 0.05 ), ACC in high arousing negalence on RT was significant (F(1.26 = 7.03, P =0.013 ).Further analysis revealed that RTs in positive condition was significant (F(1.26) =5.63, P=0.025),ACC in high arousing condition (0.93 ±0.17) was lower than ACC in low arousing condition (0.95 ± 0.09 ).Conclusion The emotional Stroop effect mainly depends on the arousal information of affective stimuli.

Advance in Clinic Applications of Stroop Effect (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

@# This article reviewed classic and variable Stroop effect paradigms applied in clinic medicine research. The researchers mainly focus on two aspects of this area. Fistly, researchers apply classic and variable paradigms of Stroop effect to study special diseases, by which reserachers can enrich the knowledge of patients' cognitive function and get more information about the curative effect or side-effect of some medicine. These studies also can provide more foundation for farther diagnosis and therapy. Secondly, according to the normal participants' brain areas engaged in Stroop task, researchers applied Stroop task to patients with diseases at the same brain areas as the normal ones. By comparing normal subjects and patients, researchers comfirmed which parts of the brain are involved in Stroop task and what are these areas' functions. The final purpose is enriching the theoretical modal of Stroop effect.

The Effects of Test-Anxious on the Color Naming of the Words related to Tests / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:The present study explored the effects of test-anxious on the color naming of the words which related to tests. Methods:Utilizing the research model of Stroop effect,the high test anxious individuals and low test anxious individuals were asked to name the colors of words which related to test and the colors of the words which not related to words. Results:Test-anxious had remarkable interference effect to the color naming of the words related tests made by the high test anxious individuals, compared to the color of the words which unrelated to test, the naming response time of the high anxious subjects were prolonged 56 ms to test-related words (556.0?58.2/500.0?46.5,t=2.56, P=0.016), the naming response time of the low anxious subjects were promoted 40 ms, they had shorter reaction time to test-related words (470.0?51.1/510.0?45.7,t=-6.76, P