ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Consumption of high glycaemic index (GI) food is associated with a high risk for diabetes. There is a felt need to understand the GI of common Indian traditional foods using standard GI protocols. The present study was aimed to analyse the carbohydrate profile of common traditional Indian food preparation and to determine their GI using standardized protocols. Methods: Twelve food preparations made of millets, wheat, maize and pulses were evaluated for nutrient composition including detailed carbohydrate profiling and tested for GI in healthy volunteers using standard methodology. Capillary blood glucose responses for the test foods containing 50 g available carbohydrates were recorded and compared to the reference food (50 g glucose). GI was calculated from the incremental area under the curve (IUAC) for the test and reference foods. Results: Available carbohydrate content of the food preparations ranged between 13.6 and 49.4 g per cent. Maize roti showed the highest total dietary fibre (7.5 g%). White chick pea ‘sundal’ showed highest resistant starch content (3.95 g%). Amongst the 12 test foods, five fell in the high GI category (finger millet balls, sorghum, pearl millet and maize roti), four in the medium GI category (sorghum idli, wheat dosa, methi roti and adai) and three in the low GI category (broken wheat upma, white peas sundal and white chick peas sundal). Interpretation & conclusions: Merely being a whole grain-based food does not qualify for a lower GI. The method of processing, food structural integrity and preparation could influence the GI. The type and quality of fibre are important than the quantity of fibre alone. Judicious planning of accompaniments using low GI legumes may favourably modify the glycaemic response to high GI foods in a meal.
ABSTRACT
The ideal management of a severely damaged tooth structure with any sort of periapical or pulpal pathology is dependent on a definitive and careful endodontic treatment as well as on a good and strong prosthodontic management which should be tried to be accomplished by all clinicians. Majority of the teeth which have undergone pulp extirpation and subsequent treatment are weak structurally and require an endodontic post and core build system for adequate functionality as well as aesthetics. Amongst all the available options for post and core systems, the decision to select an appropriate one can be challenging to the clinicians. If a tooth has lost significant coronal structure due to underlying caries or any sort of pulpal pathology, it is important to treat it endodontically also equal attention should be paid to its restoration to its anatomic form and function. However when sufficient remaining tooth substance is present, there no need of a post and the tooth can be endodontically treated with a prosthetic crown for its restoration. If a tooth has lost most of its tooth structure, it definitely necessitates the use of a post. The function of a post is to help retain a core which will provide structure and support to the future crown. An endodontic post not only provides strength and support to the remaining crown structure by retaining the core but also to the radicular part of the tooth. The more the tooth structure is preserved, the lower is the risk of catastrophic failures for that tooth. Posts which are pre - fabricated have numerous options from material aspect. This review article emphasizes on the various parameters to be considered before planning an endodontic post for a tooth.
ABSTRACT
Purpose: To compare the structural integrity and functional status of the donor corneas stored in Cornisol and Optisol-GS. Methods: Fifteen optical grade corneal donor buttons (6 pairs; 3 individual) obtained from Rotary Aravind International Eye Bank were used for the study. The left eye of the paired sample was preserved in Cornisol and the right in Optisol-GS. The three individual buttons were used for the baseline data. The corneas were assessed with slit lamp and specular microscope before and after storage time (7, 10, or 14 days). They were then immunostained for markers of structural integrity (ZO-1, Phalloidin) and functionality (Na+/K+ ATPase). The images were acquired using confocal microscope and analyzed using ImageJ software. Results: There was no difference in the clinical evaluation of the corneal layers between the two media. No marked variation was observed in the immunostaining data with reference to the storage period. Intact cellular integrity was identified in 91% (51%, 98%) [Median (min, max)] of cells in Cornisol and 94% (38%, 98%) cells in Optisol based on ZO-1 staining, comparable to the baseline data [87% (76%, 97%)]. Stress fibers were detected in 42.5% (1%, 88%) cells in Cornisol stored corneas and in 55% (11%, 94%) in Optisol when stained for actin cytoskeleton, which correlated with the presence of epithelial defect before storage and vacuolated endothelial cells after storage. No difference was observed between the two media based on the staining pattern for Na+/K+ ATPase. Conclusion: Cornisol and Optisol-GS are equivalent in maintaining the structural integrity and functionality of the donor corneas.