Factores psicosociales que influyen en el ausentismo: Evaluación de un modelo explicativo / Work psychosocial conditions influencing on absenteeism: Evaluation of an explicative model

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar un modelo explicativo del ausentismo laboral, con base en la relación entre los factores de riesgo psicosocial y la mediación de la percepción de relaciones sociales y del estrés laboral; este se conformó con base en las predicciones de modelos teóricos como Demandas-Control, Desbalance Esfuerzo-Recompensas y Apoyo Social, implícitos en el instrumento usado, así como en los antecedentes de investigación consultados. Para ello, se lleva a cabo un modelado con ecuaciones estructurales con los datos de medición de riesgo psicosocial y ausentismo hecha con 252 trabajadores de una compañía agroindustrial del departamento del Cesar en Colombia; fue aplicada la Batería de Riesgo Psicosocial de Villalobos, Vargas, Rondón y Felknor (2013a, 2013b). Con base en los indicadores de bondad de ajuste, se descartó el modelo teórico inicial, así como otros dos modelos planteados, por lo que se afirma que solo algunas formas específicas de ausentismo son determinadas por el estrés laboral producto de la conjunción de riesgo ante relaciones interpersonales y demandas laborales, combinado con riesgo proveniente de condiciones extralaborales. La inclusión de las relaciones interpersonales en el modelo es totalmente esperable con base en los hallazgos de diferentes investigaciones precedentes. Por otro lado, la exclusión del factor control sobre el trabajo fue inesperada, pues en estudios antecedentes esta guardó mayor relación con el ausentismo que las demandas del trabajo. Se discute sobre las limitaciones del estudio y sobre la necesidad de complejizar en Colombia la investigación sobre la relación del riesgo psicosocial con otros constructos psicológicos y con las consecuencias organizacionales.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to evaluate an explanatory model of work absenteeism, based on the relationship between psychosocial risk factors and the mediation of the perception of social relationships and work stress. This was based on the predictions of theoretical models such as Demands-Control, Unbalance Effort-Rewards and Social Support, implicit in the instrument used; as well as in the research background consulted. It is justified principally by the impact that absenteeism has on the stability of organizations and the relevance of its prediction for the Psychology of Work and Organizations. For the fulfillment of the objective, a modeling SEM is carried out with the psychosocial risk and absenteeism measurement data made with 252 workers of an agro-industrial company of the department of Cesar in Colombia; 96 % of participants were men, with an average age of 35 years, the majority did not complete secondary studies, 89 % were in operational positions, the majority in indefinite hiring; workers less than 6 months old had been excluded. The Psychosocial Risk Battery of Colombian researchers Villalobos, Vargas, Rondón, y Felknor (2013a, 2013b) was applied. This is one of the few validated and standardized instruments on Colombian population that measures psychosocial risk globally and conforms to the definitions legally accepted in the country regarding such occupational hazards. This battery measures workers' perception of intra-occupational risk factors, in particular, demands for work, control over work, social relations and leadership, as well as rewards and recognition for work; Likewise, it evaluates the extra-labor psychosocial risk associated with working conditions, as well as symptoms of work-related stress. The path analysis was executed using statistical software SPSS v25 and AMOS v24; the goodness-of-fit for the models was verified with indicators CMIN/DF, CFI, TLI y RMSEA; the correlations coefficients between variables and the function "modification Indices" of AMOS was operated to specify the appropriate model to the data. Based on goodness-of-fit measures, the initial theoretical model was discarded. In a second model, the mediating role of the social relations factor is ruled out and Unjustified Absenteeism, Non-Remunerated Absenteeism and Work Accident Absenteeism were excluded, but the adjustment of the model was not adequate either. In a third model, the factors Control on Work and Rewards were also excluded, although the fourth model, that inlayed correlations between de independent variables was the one who had the best goodness of fit; so, it is affirmed that only some specific forms of absenteeism are determined by work-related stress due to the arrangement of risk before interpersonal relationships and labor demands, combined with risk from extra-labor conditions. The inclusion of interpersonal relationships in the model is fully expected based on the findings of different previous investigations. On the other hand, the exclusion of the control factor over work was unexpected, since in previous studies it was more related to absenteeism than the demands of work. It is suggested that the findings should be taken with caution, given the limitations of the research, in particular, the homogeneity of the participants and the lack of comparability with other productive contexts; However, the relevance of the study is sustained in the fact that it is one of the first attempts in the country that uses explanatory models to establish the effects of psychosocial risk factors on organizational outcomes. Complementing the above, the possibility of using the Psychosocial Risk Battery together with the measurement of other important organizational outcomes such as presenteeism, motivation and job satisfaction, job performance and productivity, organizational commitment, accident rate in the workplace, among others, are also considered to empirically validate various models exposed in theory or corroborated in other countries and productive sectors.

Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de intensificación de demandas del trabajo a partir de una muestra colombiana / Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de intensificación de demandas del trabajo a partir de una muestra colombiana

Abstract The acceleration of the pace of organizational management poses new challenges that can be expressed as an intensification of job demands, and people express it as an increase in the intensity levels of their task development, and a feeling of a greater time pressure in their work context. The objective of this study was to examine, in a sample of Colombian workers, the evidence of construct validity and reliability of the Spanish version of the Intensification of Job Demands Scale (IDS) developed by Kubicek, Paškvan and Korunka in 2015, which evaluates five job demands subject to intensification. The sample consisted of 420 healthcare professionals located in Bogotá, Colombia. Descriptive statistics, item discrimination indexes, internal structure through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and evidence of construct validity were established. The original five-factor structure of the test was maintained explaining 47.12% of the total variance. By using Structural Equation Models (SEM), an adequate adjustment and parsimony of the model in congruence with the theoretical proposal of the scale is evidenced. This Spanish version of the IDS has adequate psychometric properties and it can contribute to research in the country, on the intensification of work as a demand that is associated with the impairment of workers' health and well-being.

Resumen La aceleración del ritmo de gestión organizacional plantea nuevos desafíos para las empresas, que pueden reflejarse en la intensificación de las demandas del trabajo y en que las personas expresen un aumento tanto en los niveles de intensidad en el desarrollo de sus tareas como en la sensación de una mayor presión del tiempo en su contexto laboral. Teniendo esto en cuenta, el objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar en una muestra de trabajadores colombianos las evidencias de validez de constructo y confiabilidad de la versión en español de la escala Intensification of Job Demands Scale (IDS), desarrollada por Kubicek et al. en 2015 para evaluar cinco demandas del trabajo sujetas a la intensificación -la muestra estuvo compuesta por 420 profesionales del sector de servicios de la salud en Bogotá, Colombia-. Para esto, se establecieron los estadísticos descriptivos, así como los índices de discriminación de los ítems, la estructura interna del instrumento mediante análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, y las evidencias de validez de constructo. Como resultado, se mantiene la estructura original de cinco factores de la prueba, que explican el 47.12 % de la varianza total; y, por medio de la utilización de modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, se evidencia un adecuado ajuste y parsimonia del modelo en congruencia con la propuesta teórica de la escala. Se concluye que esta versión en español de la IDS posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas y que puede contribuir a la investigación en la región sobre la intensificación del trabajo como una demanda asociada al deterioro en la salud y al bienestar en los trabajadores.

The hierarchical structure of fear of personal death: from the general factor to specific forms

Abstract Purpose In the present study, we aimed to integrate unidimensional and multidimensional perspectives of the construct of the fear of personal death (FOPD). It has been assumed that (a) there is one general factor of FOPD, reflecting the unidimensional perspective and that (b) FOPD assumes a hierarchical structure reflecting the multidimensional perspective. Methods We administered the Death and Dying Anxiety Inventory (FVTS, Ochsmann, 1993) to 1217 Polish participants (602 women and 615 men) aged between 18 and 89 ( M Age = 31.13; SD Age = 12.65). Results The results of the bi-factor model of the confirmatory factor analysis proved the existence of a FOPD general factor. Using the bass-ackwards approach, we provided evidence on the hierarchical structure of FOPD, which stresses that specific types of FOPD distinguished in the FVTS, which, on a higher level, make up the factors of threats to self-fulfilling existence, threats to well-being and threats of physical destruction, which in turn depend on the subject's perspective: the physical self and/or the symbolic self. Conclusion The current study demonstrates that unidimensional and multidimensional approaches to FOPD do not necessarily exclude one another. The unidimensional approach to FOPD seems to be most appropriate for studying the intensity of FOPD, while the multidimensional approach seems to be more suitable for studying the individual differences in how people give meaning to FOPD.

Relaciones funcionales entre salud mental y capital social en víctimas del conflicto armado y personas en situación de pobreza / Functional relationships between mental health and social capital in victims of armed conflict and people in poverty

Se realizó una investigación que tuvo como objetivo establecer las relaciones funcionales entre salud mental y capital social personas que han sido víctimas del desplazamiento forzado en el marco del conflicto armado y personas en condición de pobreza. El estudio fue de tipo ex pos facto retrospectivo y participaron 380 adultos, clasificados en dos grupos: 190 en situación de desplazamiento y 190 en situación de pobreza. Se administraron los siguientes instrumentos: la Adaptación Española de las Escalas de Bienestar Psicológico de Ryff (Díaz, Rodríguez-Carvajal, Blanco, Moreno-Jiménez, Gallardo, Valle & Van Dierendonk, 2006), la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (Diener, 1994), la Escala de Bienestar Social (Keyes, 1998) y el Barómetro del Capital Social (Sudarsky, 1999). Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis con el software SPSS 18 para establecer las correlaciones y relaciones funcionales de las variables en los grupos de estudio. Los hallazgos dan cuenta de las correlaciones significativas entre las dimensiones constitutivas del capital social y la salud mental. En segunda instancia se presentan las relaciones funcionales, implementando los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales en cada grupo, asumiendo una relación funcional positiva entre el capital social y la salud mental, que se mantiene en cada grupo estudiado, siendo superior en el grupo de desplaza-os (β = .56) en comparación con el grupo de pobreza (β = .41). Estos hallazgos permiten evidenciar que las relaciones funcionales analizadas estructuralmente entre capital social y salud mental son directamente proporcionales y constituyen un insumo para el desarrollo de programas de intervención psicosocial orientados a la mejoría de la calidad de vida y el empoderamiento social comunitario.

This paper informs an investigation which had as objective to establish the functional relationships between mental health and social capital in people who have been victims of forced displacement in the context of the armed conflict, and people in poverty conditions. The social capital is understood from the proposal of Putnam (1993), such as the commitment that occurs between actors and social groups where there are networks and standards that facilitate collaboration, the commitment and confidence; through which you can set changes. For the present study, account is taken of the observable variables, measures through the Barometer of Social Capital developed by Sudarsky (2007) and worked in the third measurement of social capital in 2011, in the report presented by Hurtado, García, and Copete (2013), which gives an account of three factors: Solidarity, consolidation of groups and the construction of social fabric (Ksocial), institutional trust and social control (Confie) and credibility in sources of non-validated information (Fenoval). Mental health in research responds to the model of the entire state of health proposed by Keyes (2005b), which assumes the understanding of mental health as a state of well-being, more than the absence of disease, composed of three factors that for terms of the study are the observable variables that make part of the latent variable of mental health, these are: Spanish Adaptation of the Scales of Psychological Well-being of Ryff (Díaz, Rodríguez-Carvajal, Blanco, Moreno-Jiménez, Gallardo,Valle & Van Dierendonk, 2006) which focuses on the personal development, by which envisaged dimensions like the autoaceptación, positive relationships, autonomy, the domain of the environment, the personal growth and the project of life (Blanco & Valera, 2007); the Subjective Well-being (Diener, 1984), constitutes the cognitive and affective evaluations that a person generates around to his life and converges the aspects of the satisfaction and the positive emotions-negative (Blanco & Valera, 2007) and Social Welfare (Keyes, 1998), understood as the value that we of the circumstances and the operation that we have within the society. Includes items such as integration, acceptance, the contribution, the update and the social coherence. The study was retrospective exposfact type and counted 380 adults, classified in two groups: 190 in situation of displacement and 190 in situation of poverty. The instruments were the Scales Psychological Well-being (Ryff, 1989); Satisfaction with Life (Diener,1994); Social Welfare (Keyes, 1998), and the Barometer of Social Capital (Sudarsky, 1999). Subsequently, an analysis was carried out with the SPSS software 18 to establish correlations and functional relationships of the variables in the study groups. The findings give account of the significant correlations between the constituent dimensions of social capital and mental health. In second instance presents the functional relationships implementing structural equation models in each group, assuming a positive functional relationship between social capital and mental health, which is maintained in each of the groups of study, being higher in the group of displaced persons (β = .56) in comparison with the group of poverty (β = .41). These findings allowed to demonstrate that the functional relationships analyzed structurally between social capital and mental health are directly proportional and constitute an input to the development of psychosocial intervention programs aimed at the improvement of the quality of life and social empowerment community. This research is a systematic input of structural analysis of the functional relationships between Social Capital and Mental Health, to strengthen the horizon of future studies that should be directed to deepen the analysis of the complex reality that people live in a situation of vulnerability, such as is the case of those who have experienced the forced displacement by effect of the armed conflict and those who have lived in poverty.

O uso de Modelos de Equações Estruturais na análise dos principais mecanismos de desenvolvimento de lipodistrofia em pessoas vivendo com HIV/AIDS / The use of Structural Equation Modeling analysis of main lipodystrophy development mechanisms in people living with HIV / AIDS

A tese tem por objetivo identificar diferentes padrões: resposta imunológica através das trajetórias da carga viral, CD4 e os regimes de tratamento com antirretrovirais e verificar associação com o desenvolvimento de lipodistrofia (LD). Estudou-se uma coorte prospectiva de 912 pacientes, durante cinco anos, com mensurações repetidas de CD4 e carga viral. Utilizou-se análise de equações estruturais com uso de classes latentes para identificar o modelo com o melhor número de trajetórias de CD4, carga viral, regime tratamento e drogas antirretrovirais com base em parâmetros estatísticos, e a associação dessas trajetórias com o desenvolvimento de LD por meio de regressão logística. A prevalência da LD na primeira reavaliação foi 40,6%, chegando a 77,6%. As trajetórias déficit imunológico temporário, déficit imunológico mantido e carga viral alta mostraram associação com o desenvolvimento de LD na análise univariada; depois de controladas pelos fatores de confusão, apenas déficit imunológico mantido e carga viral alta permaneceram associadas. As variáveis compostas proxy da reconstituição imunológica e da imunodeficiência, apresentaram forte associação com a LD. Agrupando essas duas últimas variáveis em uma categoria, encontra-se uma forte associação com a LD. Na análise do tratamento antirretroviral observou-se que os regimes Inibidor de Transcriptase Reversa análogos de Nucleosídeos (ITRN)+ Inibidor de Transcriptase Reversa não análogos de Nucleosídeos (ITRNN) estavam associados ao desenvolvimento da LD e não havia diferença entre os indivíduos tratados e não tratados. Entre as classes latentes verificou-se associação com o desenvolvimento da LD dos regimes ITRN+ITRNN e das drogas Lamivudina (3TC)+Zidovudina (AZT)+Nevirapina (NVP) e 3TC+Tenofovir (TDF)+Efavirenz (EFV). O uso das trajetórias permitiu identificar padrões de resposta imunológica e o envolvimento do regime ITRNN associados à LD, e esta pode ocorrer devido à exposição à TARV ou apenas pela exposição ao HIV. Os modelos de equações estruturais mostraram superar as ferramentas tradicionais que, apesar de eficientes, muitas vezes não são sensíveis suficiente para detectar possíveis características ou comportamentos implícitos

The thesis aims to identify different patterns: immune response through the paths of viral load and CD4, treatment regimens and antiretroviral drug combinations and verify association with the development of lipodystrophy (LD).This was a cohort of 912 patients followed up over a period of 5years, with repeated CD4 count and viral load measurements. A structural equation analysis was conducted to identify the model with the bestnumber of CD4, viral load, treatment regimen and antiretroviral drugstrajectories, based on statistical parameters (entropy and bic), and through logistic regression, the association of these trajectories with the development of lipodystrophy. The prevalence of LD on the first visit after baseline assessment of cohort was 40.6% reaching 77.6%. The trajectories temporary immune gap, sustainedimmune gapand high viral load were associated with the development of LD in the univariate analysisand, after control for confounders, only sustained immune gap and high viral load remained associated. Composite proxy variables of immune reconstitution and immunodeficiency, suggesting the underlying inflammation, demonstratedanassociation with the LD, despite the wide confidence interval. Grouping the twolastvariables into one category, we encountereda strong association with LD. In the analysisof antiretroviral treatment (ART), it was observed that the Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) +Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)regimens were associated with the development of the LD and there was no difference between treated and untreated individuals. Among the latent classes found an association of the NRTI+NNRTI regimens and combination of drugs lamivudine (3TC) +zidovudine (AZT) +nevirapine (NVP)and tenofovir (TDF) +3TC+efavirenz (EFV)with the development of LD. The use of trajectories allowed us to identifythe immunologicalresponse patterns and the involvement of NNRTI regimeassociated with the LD and that LD can occur due to ART exposure or just by HIV virus exposure. The structural equation modeling showed to overcome the traditional tools which although effective, are often not sensitive enough to detect possible features or implied behavior.

Evaluación de la percepción de riesgo en diferentes grupos sociales: propuesta de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales / Risk perception assessment in different social groups: structural equation model proposal

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar la percepción de riesgo entendida como una interpretación del contexto basada en experiencias y/o creencias subjetivas (Rohrmann, 2005) aplicando la técnica estadística del Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales, SEM. El aporte original consiste en proponer la utilización de los modelos SEM para conirmar las relaciones teóricas hipotetizadas en la evaluación subjetiva de los peligros. A in de replicar el diseño de la investigación transcultural llevada adelante por el Prof. Rohrmann (Universidad de Melbourne, Australia), se seleccionaron participantes de los mismos grupos que este autor propone en su estudio internacional. En nuestro país, la muestra intencional estuvo conformada por estudiantes de Psicología, Geografía, Ciencias Ambientales, Ingeniería y participantes de organizaciones feministas. Se utilizó la Adaptación Argentina del Cuestionario de Percepción de Riesgo (Rohrmann, 2005; Mikulic et al., 2009) que permitió evaluar la percepción de riesgo en distintos grupos sociales, así como diversas dimensiones asociadas a la percepción de riesgo. Entre estas últimas se destacan los aspectos subjetivos intervinientes en dicha percepción, como la opinión, la aceptación del riesgo, los beneficios del riesgo, etc. Los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación muestran correspondencia con los reportados por Rohrmann (1994), al poner a prueba el mismo modelo conceptual en Australia y en otros países como Alemania, Nueva Zelanda y China.

The aim of the study is to analyse the perception of risk, considered as the interpretation of the context based in experiences and subjetive beliefs (Rohrmann, 2005) applying the statistical technique called Structural Equation Models, SEM. The original contribution when using SEM models is to conirm theoretical relations in the subjective evaluation of risks. Participants were selected following the same groups proposed by Prof. Rohrmann (University of Melbourne, Australia) in the international study, in order to replicate the crosscultural research design carried out by this author. In our country, the intentional sample was composed by students of Psychology, Geography, Environmental Sciences, Engineer and participants of feministic organizations. Risk Perception Questionnaire (Rohrmann, 2005; Argentinian Adaptation: I. M. Mikulic, 2009) was administered and showed the association between differences according to social groups and constructs linked to risk perception. Among these psychological aspects included in that perception, opinion, risk acceptance, risk beneits, etc. are considered. Results in this study show correspondence with those reported by Rohrmann (1994), when testing the same theoretical model in Australia and other countries such as Germany, New Zealand and China.

Relaciones entre los hongos filamentosos y solubilizadores de fosfatos con algunas variables edáficas y el manejo de cafetales / Filamentous and phosphate solubilizing fungi relationships with some edaphic parameters and coffee plantations management

Soil properties and the environment have multiple outcomes on fungal communities. Although, the interaction effects between management intensity, pH, available phosphorus, organic carbon, soil texture and different fractions of water stable macro-aggregates on the communities of microscopic filamentous fungi (MFF), iron phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF-Fe), and iron and calcium phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF-(Fe+Ca)), have been previously evaluated in field conditions, this has never been performed in terms of their combined effects, neither with phosphate solubilizing fungi. To assess this, we collected 40 composite soil samples from eight Mexican and Colombian coffee plantations, with different management intensities and physico-chemical edaphic parameters, during 2008-2009. We isolated different communities of MFF, PSFFe and PSF-(Fe+Ca), by wet sieving and soil particles culture in Potato-Dextrose-Agar from soil samples, and we classified isolates in terms of their phosphate solubilizing ability. Following the principal component analysis results, we decided to analyze fungal communities and abiotic factors interactions for each country separately. Structural Equation Models revealed that organic carbon was positively associated to MFF richness and number of isolates (λ>0.58), but its relationship with PSF-Fe and PSF-(Fe+Ca) were variable; while the available phosphorus, pH and water stable macro-aggregate fractions did not show a clear pattern. Management intensity was negatively related to PSF-Fe (λ≤-0.21) morphotype richness and the number of isolates in Colombian coffee plantations. We found that the relationships of clay and organic carbon content, and available phosphorus and soil pH, with the species richness and number of isolates of MFF, PSF-Fe and PSF-(Fe+Ca) were highly variable; this made impossible to generalize the responses between saprotrophic fungal groups and geographic zones. The management intensity was not related to species richness and number of isolates of MFF in any coffee areas, while for PSF the relationship could not be defined. The different water stable macro-aggregates fractions did not show a defined pattern in relation to the species richness and the number of isolates of saprophytic and phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF). This study highlights the need to take into account edaphic and geographic context in order to reach a better understanding of the intensity management effects on MFF and PSF function in agroecosystems.

El suelo y sus propiedades tienen múltiples relaciones con las comunidades fúngicas. El efecto conjunto de la intensidad de manejo y las variables edáficas, incluida la estabilidad de agregados sobre las comunidades de hongos microscópicos filamentosos (HMF), solubilizadores de fosfato de hierro (HSP-Fe) y solubilizadores tanto de fosfato de hierro como de calcio (HSP-(Fe+Ca)) no han sido evaluadas en campo. A partir de 40 muestras edáficas de ocho plantaciones de café de Colombia y México, con diferentes intensidades de manejo (IMPC) y con diferencias en sus variables edáficas, se aislaron y evaluaron las comunidades de HMF, HSP-Fe y HSP-(Fe+Ca) durante 2008-2009. Empleando modelos basados en ecuaciones estructurales se encontró que el carbono orgánico se relacionó positivamente con la riqueza y abundancia de HMF (λ>0.58) y fue variable en su relación con HSP-Fe y HSP-(Fe+Ca). Las relaciones del fósforo disponible, pH y las fracciones de macro-agregados fueron altamente variables. El IMPC se relacionó negativamente con HSP-Fe (λ≤-0.21) en cafetales colombianos. Se discuten las interacciones para cada conjunto de variables (químicas, estabilidad de macro-agregados y de manejo de plantación) y se explican las relaciones resultantes. Las relaciones de cada variable son inseparables del contexto edáfico y geográfico, los cuales imprimen marcadas diferencias.

Structural Equation Analysis to the Attribution of Responsibility and Aggressive Retaliation / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective:This research integrated the attribution of responsibility and aggressive retaliation to find their relationship. Methods: 204 subjects attended this experiment, and two structural equation models that reflect the relationship among intentional attribution, affect, responsibility and aggressive retaliation were set up. EQS was used to test the models. Results: The data fitted both Weiner's model and ours well, which suggested that intentional attribution contributed to the judgment of responsibility and the response of affects, and then linked with the retaliation action. And in this process, judgment of responsibility and the response of affects were two media variables that had two-way interrelationship. Conclusion:A general model suggested here was:intentional attribution →judgment of responsibility, affect response →aggressive retaliation.