ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases among Chinese students from 2011 to 2016 and to provide reference for the effective prevention and control programs on infectious disease among students.Methods Both morbidity and mortality of notifiable infectious diseases among Chinese students aged 6-22 years from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed,with main characteristics of the disease described.Results During 2011 to 2016,morbidities of Categories A,B and C infectious diseases among the Chinese students aged 6-22 years showed a decreasing trend,from 248.24/100 000 in 2012 to 158.57/100 000 in 2016.Mortality rates of Category A,B and C infectious diseases had also decreased from 0.12/100 000 in 2011 to 0.07/100 000 in 2016.The average morbidity of the top four diseases from Category A and B infectious diseases appeared as:tuberculosis (16.24/100 000),scarlet fever (9.39/100 000),hepatitis B (7.69/100 000) and bacillary and amebic dysentery (7.15/100 000).The average rates of mortality on the top four diseases appeared as:rabies (0.044 8/100 000),HIV/AIDS (0.027 7/100 000),tuberculosis (0.008 0/100 000) and Japanese encephalitis (0.005 9/100 000).The average rates of morbidity on the top four diseases appeared as:mumps (75.81/100 000),hand-foot-mouth disease (28.55/100 000),other infectious diarrhea (22.41/100 000) and influenza (15.67/100 000) in the Category C.Reported death cases were from hand-foot-mouth disease (11 cases),influenza (9 cases),mumps (1 case) and rubella (1 case).The prevalence rates varied among different student populations,with higher HIV/AIDS,hepatitis B and tuberculosis rates among college and senior high school students,while higher mumps,influenza and hand-foot-mouth disease rates among primary school and junior high school students.Conclusions Both morbidity and mortality of notiflable infectious diseases among Chinese students aged 6-22 years had decreased significantly in 2011-2016.However,the major infectious diseases had become new challenges among students.HIV/AIDS had become a key infectious disease among college students and the relatively high prevalence of tuberculosis was seen in college and high school students.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of notifiable infectious diseases among Chinese students from 2011 to 2016 and to provide reference for the effective prevention and control programs on infectious disease among students.Methods Both morbidity and mortality of notifiable infectious diseases among Chinese students aged 6-22 years from 2011 to 2016 were analyzed,with main characteristics of the disease described.Results During 2011 to 2016,morbidities of Categories A,B and C infectious diseases among the Chinese students aged 6-22 years showed a decreasing trend,from 248.24/100 000 in 2012 to 158.57/100 000 in 2016.Mortality rates of Category A,B and C infectious diseases had also decreased from 0.12/100 000 in 2011 to 0.07/100 000 in 2016.The average morbidity of the top four diseases from Category A and B infectious diseases appeared as:tuberculosis (16.24/100 000),scarlet fever (9.39/100 000),hepatitis B (7.69/100 000) and bacillary and amebic dysentery (7.15/100 000).The average rates of mortality on the top four diseases appeared as:rabies (0.044 8/100 000),HIV/AIDS (0.027 7/100 000),tuberculosis (0.008 0/100 000) and Japanese encephalitis (0.005 9/100 000).The average rates of morbidity on the top four diseases appeared as:mumps (75.81/100 000),hand-foot-mouth disease (28.55/100 000),other infectious diarrhea (22.41/100 000) and influenza (15.67/100 000) in the Category C.Reported death cases were from hand-foot-mouth disease (11 cases),influenza (9 cases),mumps (1 case) and rubella (1 case).The prevalence rates varied among different student populations,with higher HIV/AIDS,hepatitis B and tuberculosis rates among college and senior high school students,while higher mumps,influenza and hand-foot-mouth disease rates among primary school and junior high school students.Conclusions Both morbidity and mortality of notiflable infectious diseases among Chinese students aged 6-22 years had decreased significantly in 2011-2016.However,the major infectious diseases had become new challenges among students.HIV/AIDS had become a key infectious disease among college students and the relatively high prevalence of tuberculosis was seen in college and high school students.
ABSTRACT
Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders in individuals seeking psychiatric treatment, and a frequent psychological disorder among patients who seek primary healthcare. Therefore, it is vitally important to employ reliable and valid diagnostic instruments and norms, both in clinical and research work to investigate this problem. This article is part of a larger study which has been conducted for ten years now with the aim to create a clearer picture about the level of depression which may be expected in the nonclinical population in Serbia, and in that way provide a basis for comparisons when diagnosing the clinical population. The subsidiary aims were to monitor potential changes in level of depressive reactions within the set time and to examine the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scale. The sample consisted of 782 students (40% male, 60% female), mean age = 23.10 years, SD = 1.782. Mean score on the BDI-IA scale was 6.69; SD = 6.412. The study showed no significant relationships between the BDI scores and sociodemographic variables such as age, economic status, and educational profile, but showed significant differences within gender (t (780) = 3.222, p = 0.001). There was also a relatively stable level of depressive reactions in this population over the previous ten years. The Cronbach's coefficient of the BDI scale was α = 0.860, with the majority of item-total correlations above 0.37. The three-factor structure represents cognitive aspect, affective component of depression, and somatic problems attached to depression. The cognitive factor prevails in the entire sample, which is in accordance with the Beck theory about dysfunctional attitudes, ie cognitive vulnerability is a psychological predisposition to depression.
La depresión es uno de los desórdenes psicológicos más comunes en los individuos que buscan tratamiento psiquiátrico, y un trastorno psicológico frecuente entre los pacientes que buscan atención primaria de la salud. Por consiguiente, es sumamente importante emplear normas e instrumentos de diagnóstico confiables y válidos en el trabajo investigativo o en el clínico, para investigar este problema. Este artículo es parte de un estudio mayor, llevado a cabo por espacio de diez años, con el objetivo de crear un cuadro más claro del nivel de depresión que puede esperarse en la población no clínica de Serbia, y de esa manera proveer una base para las comparaciones a la hora de diagnosticar la población clínica. Los objetivos secundarios fueron monitorear los cambios potenciales a nivel de las reacciones depresivas dentro del tiempo establecido y examinar las propiedades psicométricas y la estructura factorial del Inventario de Depresión de Beck (escala de BDI). La muestra estuvo formada por 782 estudiantes (40% varones, 60% hembra), edad M = 23.10, SD = 1.782. La puntuación media en la escala de BDI-IA fue 6.69; SD = 6.412. El estudio no mostró una relación significativa entre las puntuaciones de BDI y las variables sociodemográficas tales como la edad, la condición económica, y el perfil educacional, pero mostró diferencias significativas dentro del género (t (780) = 3.222, p = 0.001). Hubo también un nivel relativamente estable de reacciones depresivas en esta población en los últimos diez años. El coeficiente de Cronbach en la escala de BDI fue = 0.860, hallándose la correlación ítem-total por encima de 0.37. La estructura trifactorial representa el aspecto cognitivo, el componente afectivo de la depresión, y los problemas somáticos vinculados con la depresión. El factor cognitivo prevalece en toda la muestra, lo cual concuerda con la teoría de Beck sobre las actitudes disfuncionales, es decir, la vulnerabilidad cognitiva es una predisposición ...